雷公藤胚状体培养合成雷公藤甲素与总生物碱的初步研究

雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)是一种多年生的木质藤本植物,生长周期长,次生代谢产物含量低,野生自然资源已经无法满足对其药用与农用的需求。为解决自然资源的短缺并保护雷公藤植物野生资源的生态环境,通过细胞工程技术生产雷公藤药用与农用活性物质是解决自然资源短缺,保护生态环境的途径之一。本研究中的雷公藤愈伤组织诱导自扦插一年生雷公藤叶片,将获得的愈伤组织建立细胞悬浮体系,诱导悬浮细胞得到生长稳定的胚状体培养体系。研究结果显示,添加60 mL/L椰汁的1/2 MS液体培养基可诱导愈伤组织形成浅绿色的胚状体,分离后的胚状体在1/2 MS添加0.5 mg/L a-萘乙酸(NAA)的液体培养基中可继续增殖分化。通过对接种量、培养基、装液量和pH值等培养条件的筛选和优化,在1/2MS培养基添加1.0 mg/L NAA和30 g/L蔗糖,胚状体接种量为1.5 g/100 mL,pH值调至5.8,250 mL三角瓶中装液量为120 mL时最适合胚状体的培养生长;添加内生真菌诱导子,以生物量为指标,在1/2MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+30 g/L蔗糖+Y1(叶的内生菌),pH 5.8时雷公藤甲素在胚状体中的含量是叶中的1.07倍,是自然根皮粉中的1.44倍;在1/2MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+30 g/L蔗糖+G4(根的内生菌),pH 5.8时胚状体中总生物碱量17.02倍于叶中总生物碱量,1.46倍于自然根皮粉中总生物碱量。对3龄小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)的毒杀试验表明,胚状体提取物与根皮粉提取物相似,100 mg处理浓度下,72 h时死亡率均在90%以上。通过雷公藤叶愈伤组织诱导的雷公藤胚状体培养体系,其次生代谢物(雷公藤甲素与雷公藤总生物碱)含量与野生雷公藤叶和根皮中的相当,胚状体提取物的杀虫活性与雷公藤根皮粉的杀虫活性无明显差异,说明雷公藤胚状体可作为解决雷公藤植物资源短缺的一条途径,为进一步研究和利用雷公藤这一植物资源提供基础资料。     

骆驼蓬种子提取物对斜纹夜蛾的生物活性效应

用甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、苯、石油醚等7种溶剂对骆驼蓬种子进行冷浸提取。提取率分别为23．91％。18．68％．17．80％，18．49％，14．31％．15．13％，17．96％。7种提取物中．以种子乙醇提取物(ESPH)对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的非选择性拒食活性最高。24h拒食率为70．15％。采用酸水总生物碱提取法对ESPH进行初步分离。得到氯仿、正丁醇、水及总生物碱萃取物。生物测定结果表明．总生物碱萃取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的生长发育抑制作用最为强烈，其次为氯仿萃取物。     

模拟稻田生态系统对农村污水中磷的消纳

通过模拟试验研究了垄作、平作以及在不同施肥水平下,稻田生态系统对农村污水中磷的消纳效果.结果表明:TDP(总水溶性磷)浓度为2.0 mg/L的污水加入1 d后,稻田田面水中DRP(溶解态活性磷)和TDP浓度分别降低了22%～36%和6%～27%;3 d后,DRP和TDP浓度分别降低了73%～89%和53%～66%.各处理田面水中DOP(溶解态有机磷)浓度在污水加入后均迅速上升,3 d后达到峰值0.21～0.30 mg/L;7 d后DOP浓度平均降至0.11 mg/L.田面水中磷素的形态特征,在水稻生长发育前期.田面水中TDP主要以DRP形式存在,在水稻生长发育中期DRP和DOP的含量基本相同;在水稻生长发育后期DRP的百分含量又有升高的趋势.各处理田面水中CODcr,BOD5在污水加入后均迅速上升,3 d后达到峰值(CODcr为64.2～90.0 mg/L,BOD5为2.09～2.76 mg/L),7 d后CODcr,BOD5降至较低水平(CODcr平均为35.0 mg/L,BOD5平均为0.76 mg/L)并保持较长时间,但是在水稻生长发育后期CODcr有上升的趋势.相关分析表明田面水中DOP与BOD5之间存在良好的线性关系,达到极显著水平.     

茄二十八星瓢虫对雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物的敏感性

为研究寄主植物对茄二十八星瓢虫药剂敏感性及体内酶活力的影响,采用浸渍法分别测定了取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的茄二十八星瓢虫幼虫(以下简称幼虫)对雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物的敏感性,用生化方法测定了雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对幼虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和主要解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,雷公藤提取物对取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫LC50值分别为1.407 9 mg.L-1、1.595 8 mg.L-1、1.464 7 mg.L-1和1.109 7 mg.L-1,相对毒力指数为78.82、69.54、75.76和100;曼陀罗提取物对取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫LC50值分别为0.641 7 mg.L-1、0.610 3 mg.L-1、0.758 0 mg.L-1和0.488 3 mg.L-1,相对毒力指数为76.09、80.01、64.42和100;取食龙葵的幼虫对2种植物提取物的敏感性显著高于取食茄子、马铃薯和番茄的幼虫。取食4种寄主植物的幼虫体内靶标酶AChE和主要解毒酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)活力顺序均为茄子>马铃薯>番茄>龙葵。其中,取食番茄和龙葵的幼虫体内AChE和GST活力显著低于取食茄子和马铃薯的幼虫,取食马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫CarE活力显著低于取食茄子的幼虫,取食4种寄主植物的幼虫MFO活力差异达极显著水平。雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对幼虫体内AChE和GST、CarE和MFO活性均有抑制作用。其中,对取食马铃薯幼虫的AChE活力抑制作用最强,其次为取食茄子和番茄的幼虫,对取食龙葵的幼虫抑制作用最低。雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对取食龙葵幼虫CarE活力的抑制作用最强,而对取食马铃薯的幼虫MFO活力的抑制作用最强。寄主植物中的次生物质对解毒酶的诱导或抑制可能是引起药剂敏感性差异的主要原因。     

两种植物源杀虫剂对甘薯小象甲的室内防效

为了探明两种植物源杀虫剂印楝素和茶皂素对甘薯小象甲室内防效,挖掘其防治甘薯小象甲的潜力,测定了两种植物源杀虫剂对甘薯小象甲的忌避和拒食效果。结果表明,两种试验药剂浓度越大对甘薯小象甲的忌避和拒食具有更好防效,茶皂素浓度10%、20%在48 h忌避率逐渐上升到100%;浓度大于5%时,甘薯小象甲出现了强烈的拒食行为,拒食率大于90%,且随着时间延长而增加。印楝素试验组在浓度600、120 mg/L时,印楝素对甘薯小象甲有较好的忌避作用,但是仅在浓度为600 mg/L时,表现出较好的拒食效果。     

雷公藤提取农药用总生物碱工艺的优化(简报)

为杀虫活性物质雷公藤生物碱的产业化开发利用奠定基础,以雷公藤根皮中总生物碱提取率为评价指标,综合考察pH值、提取时间、乙醇浓度、固液比和提取次数5个关键因素的影响,以L16(45)正交试验设计优选了雷公藤总生物碱的提取工艺条件,并利用人工神经网络进行仿真、评估和优化,最终获得了雷公藤根皮中总生物碱的提取优化工艺:根皮粉细度30目,pH2.5,固液比1︰10,乙醇浓度65%,提取时间2h,提取2次。该优化工艺条件不仅可减少成本,降低能耗,而且使雷公藤总生物碱提取率略有提高,在实际生产中具有较好的应用价值。     

玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染过程及接菌方法对其致病力的影响

采用扫描电镜观察玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)分生孢子在小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫体表的萌发和侵染过程及玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉、孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力.结果表明:小菜蛾幼虫体表嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子较多, 刺状突起结构区附着的孢子较少;刺状突起结构区附着的孢子萌发较早, 多数孢子在接菌后16 h开始萌发, 而嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子多数在20 h开始萌发, 在平缓结构区孢子萌发最迟.在嵴状突起结构区和刺状突起结构区, 多数孢子萌发后产生芽管, 直接以芽管侵入幼虫体壁, 少数形成附着胞侵染寄主.此外玫烟色拟青霉3种不同接菌方法对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率和致病力大小明显不同, 其中孢子培养液比孢子悬浮液和孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率快, 接菌44 h虫体表现出明显的感病症状, 致死中时为3.18 d;孢子悬浮液和孢子粉处理的小菜蛾幼虫, 60 h虫体出现感病症状, 致死中时分别为4.20 d和4.34 d;而且致病力大小也存在明显差异, 接孢子粉的处理明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液, 小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率达76.2%, 而其他两种处理小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率仅为59.8%和58.5%.本研究结果表明, 小菜蛾幼虫的体表结构影响玫烟色拟青霉孢子在寄主体表的附着、萌发和侵入, 玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力最强, 明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液.     

广西不同地区小菜蛾对杀虫剂的敏感性研究

采用浸叶法在室内测定了广西5个菜区的小菜蛾种群对13种杀虫剂的敏感性.结果表明,这5个小菜蛾种群对印楝素和氟虫腈的敏感性最高,LC50值在0.08～0.26 mg/L之间;对苏云金杆菌、多杀菌素、溴虫腈、阿维菌素和定虫隆也具有较高的敏感性,LC50值在0.30～16.39 mg/L之间;而对辛硫磷、杀虫双、毒死蜱和敌敌畏的敏感性较低,LC50值在319.74～8 133.98 mg/L之间;对灭多威和杀螟丹的敏感性极低,已无法建立这两种杀虫剂对南宁安吉和石埠种群的毒力回归方程.不同地区小菜蛾种群对苏云金杆菌和毒死蜱的敏感性差异最大,超过6倍;其次为灭多威、杀虫双和定虫隆,种群敏感性差异达4～6倍;而不同种群对辛硫磷和溴虫腈的敏感性几乎没有差异.     

植物提取物对菜青虫的拒食活性研究

测定了广西30科74种植物提取物对菜青虫4龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,在10 m g/mL浓度下,处理24 h,拒食率在90%以上的有鸦胆子(果实)、番荔枝、灵香草和木防已等4种植物提取物;拒食率在80%~90%的有楝科一种A(学名待定)、海木、木花生、鸦胆子(枝叶)和毛鸦胆子(果实)等5种植物提取物;拒食率在70%~80%的有米仔兰、海南木和鱼藤等3种植物提取物;处理48 h,鸦胆子(果实)、番荔枝、灵香草和木防已等4种植物提取物仍然维持高拒食活性,拒食率在9 0%以上;拒食率在80%~90%仅有海木1种植物提取物;拒食率在70%~80%的有米仔兰、楝科一种A(学名待定)、鸦胆子(枝叶)和毛鸦胆子(果实)等4种植物提取物;其余的供试植物提取物24 h和48 h的拒食率均在70%以下。     

甲基叔丁基醚和Cd复合作用对小麦幼苗生理指标的影响

以小麦为试验对象,通过水培试验研究不同浓度的MTBE(0,5,10,50,100,200,300,400,500mg/L)和Cd(5mg/L)复合作用对小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、抗氧化酶系统活性、MDA和游离脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白的含量随着MTBE浓度升高出现先增高后降低的趋势;抗氧化酶系统(SOD、POD)和游离脯氨酸的趋势是一致的,在MTBE浓度为400,500mg/L时,SOD酶活性与对照相比降低了17%,18%,POD酶活性降低了26.8%,27.8%;在MTBE浓度为200,300,400,500mg/L时,MDA含量与对照相比有显著差异(P<0.05),分别降低了27.5%,30.6%,34.9%,36.7%;游离脯氨酸的含量在MTBE浓度为200mg/L时高于对照62.3%。     

杠柳根皮粗提液对菜青虫生物活性的影响

试验研究杠柳根皮粗提液对菜青虫生物活性的影响测定结果表明,杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫的生物活性影响高于杠柳根皮氯仿提取液和石油醚提取液,杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫幼虫有较强的拒食作用和生长抑制作用,胃毒作用一般。用100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液浸叶饲喂3龄、4龄、5龄菜青虫幼虫后24h其拒食率分别为94.9%、87.8%和92.7%,拒食后幼虫的化蛹率和蛹重均比对照显著降低。100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液浸叶饲喂4龄菜青虫幼虫后24h和72h其生长抑制率分别为96.6%和82.5%。杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫成虫产卵具有明显忌避作用,用50~100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液喷雾处理油菜苗后2~4d其产卵忌避率达89.5%以上。     

Aliphatic ketones from Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) induce paralysis on root knot nematodes

This paper reports on the use of Ruta chalepensis L. extracts as a potential nematicide against root knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica . The essential oil (REO) and methanol extract (RME) of R. chalepensis were tested against second-stage juveniles, with REO inducing paralysis in both species (EC(50/1d) = 77.5 and 107.3 mg/L) and RME being selective for M. incognita (EC(50/1d) = 1001 mg/L). Chemical characterization of extracts was done by means of GC-MS and LC-MS, revealing mainly aliphatic ketones and coumarins, respectively. The first-ranking volatile nematicidal component in terms of individual activity against both species was 2-undecanone (EC(50) = 20.6 and 22.5 mg/L for M. incognita and M. javanica, respectively). This fact together with its high concentration in the most active extract found in this study, namely, REO (2926 mg/kg), categorizes 2-undecanone among the nematicidal principles of R. chalepensis. On the contrary, coumarins rutin and 8-methoxypsoralen were not found to be nematicidal at concentrations of ≤500 mg/L. Interestingly, M. incognita was found more sensitive than M. javanica.     

Anthraquinones isolated from Cassia tora (Leguminosae) seed show an antifungal property against phytopathogenic fungi

The fungicidal activities of Cassia tora extracts and their active principles were determined against Botrytis cineria, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea, and Rhizoctonia solani using a whole plant method in vivo and were compared with synthetic fungicides and three commercially available anthraquinones. The responses varied with the plant pathogen tested. At 1 g/L, the chloroform fraction of C. tora showed a strong fungicidal activity against B. cinerea, E. graminis, P. infestans, and R. solani. Emodin, physcion, and rhein were isolated from the chloroform fraction using chromatographic techniques and showed strong and moderate fungicidal activities against B. cinerea, E. graminis, P. infestans, and R. solani. Furthermore, aloe-emodin showed strong and moderate fungicidal activities against B. cinerea and R. solani, respectively, but did not inhibit the growth of E. graminis, P. infestans, P. recondita, and Py. grisea. Little or no activity was observed for anthraquinone and anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid when tested at 1 g/L. Chlorothalonil and dichlofluanid as synthetic fungicides were active against P. infestans and B. cinerea at 0.05 g/L, respectively. Our results demonstrate the fungicidal actions of emodin, physcion, and rhein from C. tora.     

赤霉素对盐害下碱茅的萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以碱茅为试材,在100 mmol/L的NaCl盐胁迫下,通过种子培养、室内盆栽试验,研究盐胁迫下不同浓度赤霉素（8,15,20,25,50 mg/L）对碱茅种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:（1）100 mmol/L的NaCl严重抑制碱茅的种子萌发和幼苗生长,碱茅种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数、根茎长显著降低,根系活力、过氧化物酶活力受到严重抑制;（2）在外源赤霉素溶液为8～20 mg/L的范围内,随着浓度的升高,碱茅种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数、根茎长逐渐升高,根系活力、过氧化物酶活力、耐盐指数明显提高;（3）高浓度（ > 20 mg/L）的外源赤霉素浸种处理,对种子的促进作用逐渐下降,当赤霉素浓度为50 mg/L时,碱茅的发芽率和根茎比低于对照,产生了抑制效应。结论:不同浓度赤霉素对提高碱茅种子耐盐性有不同程度的促进作用,以赤霉素浓度为20 mg/L时作用效果最佳。     

爵床提取物的抑菌杀虫活性研究

爵床(Justicia procumbens var.procumbens L.)是一种传统中药。为探明爵床提取物的抑菌杀虫活性,采用冷浸和超声波提取相结合的方法,分别获得了爵床甲醇、氯仿、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和正己烷等溶剂提取物;并应用抑菌圈法研究了5种提取物对柑橘炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosprioides)、芦笋茎枯病菌(Phomopsisasparagi)、稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia grisea)、棉花红腐病菌(Fusarium graminearum)和草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytiscinerea)等5种植物病原真菌的抑制效果,测定了甲醇提取物对柑橘炭疽病、芦笋茎枯病、草莓灰霉病和柑橘溃疡病(Xanthomonas campestris)等4种植物病菌及白蚊伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)、家蝇(Musca domestica)和菜青虫(Pieris rapae)等3种害虫的毒力。结果表明,不同极性溶剂提取物8 mg.mL 1对5种植物病原真菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中甲醇提取物对柑橘炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌、草莓灰霉病菌的抑制率均达50%以上。爵床甲醇提取物具有较强的抑菌杀虫活性,对柑橘炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为5.94 mg.mL 1、4.61 mg.mL 1和5.27 mg.mL 1,EC90分别为63.69 mg.mL 1、58.01 mg.mL 1和54.57 mg.mL 1;0.25~1.00 mg.mL 1爵床甲醇提取物对柑橘溃疡病病菌显示强抑菌作用,0.125 mg.mL 1显示中度抑菌作用,最小抑制浓度(MIC)为0.062 5 mg.mL 1;爵床甲醇提取物对白蚊伊蚊、家蝇和菜青虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0.195 8 mg.mL 1、0.351 4 mg.mL 1和0.287 7 mg.mL 1,LC95分别为0.988 4 mg.mL 1、3.053 2mg.mL 1和2.584 4 mg.mL 1。因此,爵床提取物作为生物农药,在农业生产中具有较好的应用前景。     

Volatile constituents from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. and their antibacterial activities

Volatile substances of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. were examined for their antibacterial activities against six foodborne microorganisms using the optical densitometer Bioscreen C. Extracts of C. japonica were obtained by simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction (SDE), and those extracted for 1.5 and 2.0 h at pH 6.0 strongly inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium; the content of the volatile substances of leaves at these pH levels were 543.1 and 706.7 mg/kg, respectively. All foodborne microorganisms tested were strongly inhibited by the addition of >8% (v/v) of the SDE extracts to broth medium. The major volatile components of the SDE extracts obtained at 1.5 h and pH 6.0 were gamma-caryophyllene, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-hexenal, germacrene B, and aromadendrene II, with corresponding peak areas of 44.14, 15.6, 9.86, 5.24, and 4.01%, respectively, and major antibacterial components were 1-octen-3-ol and 2-hexenal. Among the 32 materials identified as volatile flavor components, 2-hexenal, 2,4-hexadienal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2,4-heptadienal, and epiglobulol strongly inhibited microorganism growth. In particular, 2-hexenal (107.52 mg/L) and 1-octen-3-ol (678.64 mg/L) inhibited the growth of most microorganisms tested by >90%.     

Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse

Fungicidal activity of Curcuma longa rhizome-derived materials against Botrytis cineria, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia oryzae, and Rhizoctonia solani was tested using a whole plant method in vivo. It was compared with synthetic fungicides and four commercially available compounds derived from C. longa. The response varied with the tested plant pathogen. At 1000 mg/L, the hexane extract of C. longa showed fungicidal activities against E.graminis, P. infestans, and R. solani, and the ethyl acetate extract of C. longa showed fungicidal activities against B. cineria, P. infestans, Pu. recondita, and R. solani. Curcumin was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction using chromatographic techniques and showed fungicidal activities against P. infestans, Pu. recondita, and R. solani with 100, 100, and 63% control values at 500 mg/L and 85, 76, and 45% control values at 250 mg/L, respectively. In the test with components derived from C. longa, turmerone exhibited weak activity against E. graminis, but no activity was observed from treatments with borneol, 1,8-cineole, sabinene, and turmerone. In comparison, potent fungicidal activity with chlorothalonil against P. infestans at 50 mg/L and dichlofluanid against B. cinerea at 50 mg/L was exhibited. These results may be an indication of at least one of the fungicidal actions of curcumin derived from C. longa.     

高磷处理下矿山生态型水蓼根系耐受特征

  【目的】  磷富集植物对高磷具有良好的耐性是其应用于植物修复的前提。本研究探讨磷富集植物矿山生态型水蓼根系对高磷的耐受能力,为后期利用其修复环境中的过量磷提供一定的理论依据。  【方法】  采用矿山生态型和非矿山生态型水蓼(ME和NME)进行了水培试验,营养液中设置无机磷2、4、8、16 mmol/L 4个高浓度处理,以正常磷0.5 mmol/L浓度为对照,分析对比了两种生态型水蓼根系对高磷的耐受特征。  【结果】  随着磷浓度的增加,ME地上部和根系生物量和磷积累量均先显著增加后降低,在磷浓度4 mmol/L时出现峰值,而NME则大体呈降低趋势。高磷处理ME地上部和根系生物量分别为NME的1.35～2.56和1.18～1.86倍,除磷浓度16 mmol/L处理外,ME地上部和根系磷积累量分别为NME的1.35～2.58和1.36～1.96倍,磷积累能力更强。ME根系质膜开始受到明显损伤的营养液磷浓度是8 mmol/L,而NME是磷浓度4 mmol/L。随着磷浓度的增加,ME根系中H₂O₂、MDA和NME根系中的MDA含量均表现为先稳定后显著增加,而NME根系中的H₂O₂含量则持续增加;两种生态型水蓼根系SOD、POD和CAT活性均先显著增高后降低,分别在磷浓度4和2 mmol/L时显著高于对照。与NME相比,ME根系抗氧化酶活性更高,对H₂O₂和MDA的清除能力更强。两种生态型水蓼根系亚细胞组分磷含量均表现为可溶部分(含液泡)＞细胞壁＞细胞器。随着磷浓度的增加,两种生态型水蓼各亚细胞组分磷含量均显著增加,且在磷浓度2和4 mmol/L处理下,根系可溶部分(含液泡)磷分配比例明显高于对照,液泡是其磷素储存的重要场所。  【结论】  矿山生态型水蓼对高磷的耐受能力和磷积累能力均强于非矿山生态型水蓼。高磷处理下矿山生态型水蓼存在根系自由基和保护酶动态平衡、细胞壁固持和可溶部分的液泡区隔化现象,这是其根系的重要耐受特征。     

宛氏拟青霉提取物增强水稻抗低温胁迫的最佳施用水平

【目的】施用生物刺激素是可持续农业中缓解作物低温胁迫的重要措施。本文主要研究了本课题组从野生沙棘内生菌提取的一种新型生物刺激素（宛氏拟青霉提取物）增强水稻抗低温胁迫的最佳施用浓度和生物学机制。【方法】通过室内培养，于野生沙棘体内分离出宛氏拟青霉 (Paecilomyces variotii) 菌株，菌株再经发酵和提纯获得供试生物刺激素PVE (Paecilomyces variotiiextracts)。以水稻为试验材料设置了萌发和液培试验，试验设0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.50和1.00 μg/L 6个PVE施用水平，研究了低温 (15℃) 胁迫下不同浓度PVE对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长、根系发育、光合特性和氧化损伤的影响。【结果】1)施用PVE的各处理提前打破了种子休眠，种子发芽率在第5天和第6天较CK分别提高66.7%～106.7%和28.2%～47.8%。2) PVE在0.05～0.50 μg/L浓度范围较CK显著增加地上部生物量7.9%～20.4%，提高了根系重量12.5%～28.1%。3) PVE在0.10 μg/L浓度条件下，较CK显著提高水稻总根长、根表面积、根体积和根平均直径48.0%、36.6%、36.2%和35.2%。4) PVE在0.05～0.50 μg/L浓度范围较CK显著提高水稻叶片光合速率5.1%～34.4%，并提高了叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率。5) PVE在0.10 μg/L浓度条件下较CK显著提高叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性46.9%、9.6%和18.4%，提高根系SOD、CAT和POD活性28.0%、12.7%和16.4%，并显著降低叶片和根系中MDA含量22.0%和29.8%。6) PVE在0.05～0.50 μg/L浓度范围内均具有缓解低温胁迫的能力，以0.10 μg/L为最佳施用浓度。当超过0.10 μg/L，PVE对低温胁迫的缓解能力随着施用浓度的提升反而减弱。【结论】PVE在0.10 μg/L的浓度下可提高叶片光合能力和减少细胞氧化损伤，增加根系吸收养分的面积，显著缓解低温对水稻幼苗的胁迫。建议PVE的施用水平为0.10 μg/L。     

Patatin,the tuber storage protein of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), exhibits antioxidant activity in vitro

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber storage protein, patatin, was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of 45 kDa. The purified patatin showed antioxidant or antiradical activity by a series of in vitro tests, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (half-inhibition concentration, IC(50), was 0.582 mg/mL) scavenging activity assays, anti-human low-density lipoprotein peroxidation tests, and protections against hydroxyl radical-mediated DNA damages and peroxynitrite-mediated dihydrorhodamine 123 oxidations. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry for hydroxyl radical detections, it was found that the intensities of the EPR signal were decreased by the increased amounts of patatin added (IC(50) was 0.775 mg/mL). Through modifications of patatin by iodoacetamide or N-bromosuccinimide, it was found that the antiradical activities of modified patatin against DPPH or hydroxyl radicals were decreased. It was suggested that cysteine and tryptophan residues in patatin might contribute to its antioxidant activities against radicals.