细叶百合休眠与解除SSH文库构建及其调控基因的初步筛选

 为了验证百合鳞茎休眠解除过程中基因表达的差异性，以细叶百合休眠鳞茎和休眠解除鳞 茎为材料，利用抑制消减杂交技术构建了百合鳞茎休眠及解除正、反向抑制消减文库。文库富集了差异 基因，消减效率符合要求，插入片段集中于250 ~ 1 000 bp 之间。对正、反向文库随机挑选阳性克隆测序， 各获得100 个表达序列标签（EST），在NCBI 上进行BLASTx 分析，并用KOBAS 系统将获得的unigene 定位到Pathways 中。分析结果表明，休眠文库ESTs 功能主要涉及胁迫响应方面，如苯丙氨酸代谢途径、 促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶途径等与休眠有关。休眠解除文库在糖代谢、激素响应及信号转导方面表达量 较高，如亚油酸代谢途径、淀粉及蔗糖代谢途径等参与了休眠解除过程。     

利用SSH分离TDZ诱导金钗石斛成花相关基因

 以金钗石斛（Dendrobium nobile Lindl.）腋芽为材料,利用抑制消减杂交（SSH）技术构建了TDZ处理后金钗石斛腋芽的正向和反向SSH文库。通过PCR和反向Northern杂交验证后,得到的正向文库的314个阳性克隆和反向文库的59个克隆测序后经过聚类,最终得到39条受TDZ正向调控的EST序列,以及21条受其反向调控的EST序列。对其中某些差异基因进行半定量RT-PCR,结果显示这些基因的表达受TDZ的影响。利用Blastn和Blastx进行比对分析,其中20个没有同源序列,属于未知功能基因。其余序列的同源基因编码的产物参与包括光合作用、合成代谢、转录调控等多种生物学过程。在反向文库中分离到1个MADS-box基因的同源序列和1个Sos同源基因,而正向文库中存在多个反转录转座子,这些结果表明TDZ可以影响开花过程中的某些转录因子和信号基因的表达,进而促进金钗石斛开花。     

荔枝采后果皮褐变过程中差异表达基因的SSH分析

 以‘妃子笑’荔枝果实为材料,采用抑制差减杂交（SSH）与cDNA 微阵列技术相结合,研 究了采后荔枝果皮褐变过程中的基因差异表达。分别以采后0 h 与32 h 的果皮总RNA 为驱动组与检测组, 构建了正向与反向SSH 文库,分别获得了282 个与76 个阳性克隆。通过cDNA 微阵列杂交筛选获得了在 采后32 h 果皮中上调表达克隆17 个,下调表达克隆49 个,分别代表了在采后32 h 果皮中上调表达基因 16 个和下调表达基因17 个,其中有较多的热击蛋白基因、糖代谢相关基因、细胞壁代谢相关基因等。 RT-PCR 检测基因表达结果与cDNA 微阵列杂交结果一致。     

金钗石斛花芽cDNA表达文库的构建及鉴定

 cDNA文库是分离、筛选基因的重要平台。利用SMARTTM cDNA library construction技术, 成功构建了金钗石斛花芽cDNA表达文库。结果表明该文库的克隆数为3.02 ×10⁵ pfu, 插入片段的大小在0.5～2.5 kb范围, 插入片段的重组率接近100% , 说明所构建的cDNA文库质量较好。该文库的构建为克隆与金钗石斛花芽分化相关功能基因奠定了基础。     

月季突变体抑制差减杂交cDNA文库构建及分析

为了分析月季花色花香突变机理和揭示花色花香代谢的相关基因, 利用抑制性消减杂交技术分离了月季红花无香突变体‘往日情怀’ (以下简称突变体) 与其野生型金黄色浓香品系‘金银岛’ (以下简称野生型) 之间表达差异cDNA片段。分别以突变体作为驱赶子, 野生型为检测子, 以及以野生型作为驱赶子, 突变体为检测子建立了两个差异表达cDNA文库WSSH和JSSH, 分别代表在突变体和野生型中特异表达的cDNA; 再经文库高密度点阵膜的杂交差示筛选分析, 在WSSH库中获得特异表达的27个阳性克隆, 在JSSH文库中得到25个阳性克隆。差异表达克隆测序后经BLAST比对分析发现WSSH文库中含有与红花突变体的花青素积累直接相关的CHS、DFR、细胞色素P450加单氧酶、乙二醛酶Ⅰ、己糖转移因子、MYB1 转录因子、S - 腺苷蛋氨酸转移酶、ADR等花色相关EST; JSSH文库中含有与野生型花香形成相关的月季甲基间苯二酚O - 甲基转移酶、转醛醇酶、Acyl-CoA 结合蛋白、钙调素结合蛋白、MYB92转录因子的EST以及导致芽变的Ty1-cop ia-like逆转座子。     

桃花芽休眠解除SSH文库构建及相关基因表达分析

 为了深入研究桃花芽休眠的分子机制,利用抑制差减杂交技术（SSH）,以解除休眠期的花芽的RNA为实验方Tester,以休眠期花芽的RNA为驱动方Driver,构建休眠解除cDNA文库,测定分析了180 个上调表达的cDNA 片段,测序成功128个,除去冗余序列,得到28个单一序列。对序列进行BLAST比对及功能注释,发现这些序列分别属于新陈代谢、氧化还原、信号转导、抗性相关等类别基因。运用qRT-PCR 技术对HisH3、Dhn 和Metallothionein基因进行检测,结果表明它们在花芽休眠解除过程中均上调表达。     

A deep-coverage BAC library for Ponkan mandarin and its further use in screening ethylene regulated genes

A deep-coverage bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of Yanxiwanlu Ponkan, a late maturing cultivar, was constructed and evaluated. Results showed that the library contained a total of 61,000 clones. Restriction analysis indicated that the DNA insert sizes ranged from 30 to 170 kb with an average of ∼82 kb. No empty clone was found. Therefore, the library should cover ∼13.6-fold of the citrus genome. Continuous sub-cultivation of 5 randomly chosen clones for up to 100 generations showed no detectable change in their restriction profiles. To demonstrate the application of the library in discovery of genes, 7 ethylene-regulated genes were screened by PCR amplification from hierarchically pooled library clones with gene-specific primers. Five positive clones, each representing a different gene, were thus identified from 3840 clones. Sequencing of the clones showed that all of them matched the expected genes, indicating that the library was highly representative.     

Screening and identification of differentially expressed genes in hippocampus of mice during hypobaric hypoxic delayed preconditioning

AIM: This study was designed to explore the differentially expressed genes between hypobaric hypoxic delayed preconditioning (HHDP) and normal mouse hippocampus. METHODS: HHDP was produced by treating the animals at a 7 000 m high altitude for 2.5 h/d for 3 d. At 36 h after last time decompression, total RNA was isolated from hippocampus. cDNA was synthesized and amplified by SMART PCR. cDNA libraries of differentially expressed gene between HHDP and control hippocampus were constructed. 452 clones from forward (subtracted control from preconditioning) cDNA library and 74 clones from backward (subtracted preconditioning from control) one were screened by reverse Northern hybridization. RESULTS: Screening with subtracted probes, hybridization signal of 85 gene fractions decreased and that of 217 gene fractions increased by more than 2 times in HHDP hippocampus compared with control. Screening with unsubtracted probe, hybridization signal of 44 gene fractions decreased and that of 135 gene fractions increased by more than 2 times in HHDP hippocampus compared with control. Some of the clones had been sequenced. Analysis and comparison with the data of GenBank were performed. The results showed that mouse cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and 6, deleted in split-hand/split-foot 1 region (DSS1) and cDNA corresponding to clone IMAGE: 5251089 of mice cDNA library were increased in hippocampus of HHDP mice. cDNA corresponding to clone IMAGE: 3593193, mus musculus adult male olfactory brain cDNA and mus musculus bladder RCB-0544 MBT-2 cDAN were decreased in hippocampus of HHDP mice. CONCLUSION: Many genes expresses differentially in hippocampus of mice during HHDP. This may be one of the molecular mechanisms of HHDP.     

香石竹水孔蛋白基因的克隆及表达分析

以香石竹(Dianthus caryophyllus)‘马斯特’为试验材料,在分析香石竹和石竹转录组数据的基础上克隆得到10个水孔蛋白(AQP)基因,7个属于PIP亚家族,3个属于TIP亚家族;其中DcaAQP1、DcaAQP2、DcaAQP3、DcaAQP4、DcaAQP6、DcaAQP8和DcaAQP10在萼片中优势表达,DcaAQP5在茎和花瓣中优势表达,DcaAQP7在叶中优势表达,DcaAQP9在各个组织中表达均比较低;在切花开放萎蔫过程中,DcaAQP1、DcaAQP3和DcaAQP6的表达量从花蕾期开始升高,半开期达到最高,DcaAQP4、DcaAQP7、DcaAQP9和DcaAQP10在盛开期表达量达到最高;DcaAQP2在花蕾期表达量最高,DcaAQP5在开始萎蔫期表达量达到最高,表明多个AQP基因协同作用来维持切花开放萎蔫过程中花瓣细胞水分吸收和营养物质转运。     

越橘果实转录组及R2R3-MYB转录因子分析

以‘泽西’越橘（Vaccinium corymbosum‘Jersey’）不同发育阶段的果实为试材,构建De novo转录组测序文库并进行数据分析,利用WebLogo 3、CLC Sequence Viewer 6等软件和荧光定量PCR技术对所获数据中的R2R3-MYB转录因子进行生物信息学分析和表达分析。结果表明,转录组测序共获得有效数据6.01 Gb,通过组装得到Unigene序列60 481个。功能注释结果显示,有39 612个Unigene可以注释到GO和COG等数据库上;20 869个Unigene无匹配信息。利用GO和COG分类工具可将这些序列分别划分为55个和25个功能类别,涉及信号转导和转录调控等功能。利用所获数据分析越橘R2R3-MYB基因,结果表明共得到21个R2R3-MYB。序列分析显示,这21个基因均含有完整的R2R3-MYB区域,在此区域内2（G）和4（W）等30个氨基酸保守不变。进化树分析结果显示,越橘R2R3-MYB基因分为11个亚组。其中,S4、S5和S6亚组中有6个基因涉及到花青苷生物合成。荧光定量PCR结果分析显示,这6个基因在果实发育的7个阶段均能表达,但表达模式不同,这6个基因可能对越橘果实着色具有一定作用。     

柑橘衰退病晚期抑制差减cDNA文库的构建及初步分析

为了研究柑橘衰退病晚期应答的分子机理,利用经典的抑制差减杂交技术,以感染柑橘衰退病3年后的‘不知火’杂柑实生苗叶片组织的c DNA为测试方,以脱毒的‘不知火’实生苗叶片组织的c DNA为驱动方进行差减杂交,构建了柑橘衰退病诱导的正向抑制差减c DNA文库。随机挑取此文库中210个阳性克隆进行测序,获得了192条有效序列。将这些EST序列聚类拼接后,共获得77条非重复序列。对这些EST进行GO和KEGG分析,发现这些EST的功能主要与胁迫及防御、代谢、转录、转运、蛋白命运等途径相关。用实时定量RT-PCR验证了其中4个基因:几丁质酶基因、茉莉酸响应基因的转录抑制因子1基因(JAZ1)、钙调素结合蛋白基因、咖啡酸—氧甲基转移酶基因,结果表明在衰退病的诱导下,‘不知火’杂柑叶片中这4个基因的表达量均有明显提高,说明这些基因可能参与了‘不知火’杂柑叶片晚期衰退病应答。JAZ1基因的上调表达表明可能宿主衰退病晚期应答过程中的诱导系统抗性受到了抑制。     

梨雄性不育系‘新梨7号’花器官内氨基酸含量和过氧化氢酶活性分析

以梨雄性可育系‘香梨’为对照,研究了不育系‘新梨7号’在小孢子发育期间花蕾花药中游离氨基酸总量、游离脯氨酸含量和过氧化氢酶活性的变化。结果表明,伴随着花芽萌动和花粉母细胞减数分裂,花芽花药中氨基酸总量呈上升趋势,并且‘香梨’略高于‘新梨7号’。‘新梨7号’与‘香梨’脯氨酸含量均在萌芽期表现出上升态势,进入4月后‘香梨’增幅明显高于‘新梨7号’,以至在4月中旬开花时‘香梨’脯氨酸含量比同期‘新梨7号’高出数倍。在整个花芽萌动期,‘香梨’过氧化氢酶活性持续升高,‘新梨7号’在花芽萌芽前期与‘香梨’同步提高,但在4月1日达到峰值后呈快速下降趋势,以至在开花时‘香梨’花药中过氧化氢酶活性已高出‘新梨7号’数倍。为此,我们初步认为‘新梨7号’不育系花药内氨基酸代谢失调是其小孢子败育的重要特征,其中脯氨酸缺乏是其花粉败育的主要结果。同时,包括过氧化氢酶在内的保护性酶代谢失调与小孢子败育关系密切。     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系和保持系SSH-cDNA文库的构建

以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系A1、A5为驱动方(driver),以其相应的保持系B1、B5为测验方(tester),利用抑制差减杂交技术构建了1个辣椒细胞质雄性不育保持系表达基因的正向差减cDNA文库。从差减文库中筛选到189个阳性单克隆,经高密度点阵膜杂交筛选和测序分析,共获得了42条表达序列标签(ESTs)。BLAST比对分析后,得到了35条有比对结果的序列,其中包括26条已知功能基因序列和9条未知功能基因序列,已知基因功能多与基础物质代谢、胁迫应答、信号转导等方面有关;有7条ESTs没有比对结果,可能代表一些新基因。     

Biochemical attributes of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis) at different developmental stages in the Kangra region of India

Physiological and biochemical attributes were studied in different developmental stages from unopened bud (stage 1) to full bloom (stage 5) of flowers of tea (Camellia sinensis). The proteins recorded higher levels in stages 1 and 2 and decreased thereafter with development of flowers. Like the tea shoots, flavan-3-ol EGCG and EC were present in highest and lowest amounts, respectively in all stages of flower development. The highest content of flavan-3-ols EGC and EGCG were found in stage 3. The highest proanthocyanidins content was observed in stage 2 and decreased to a minimum at full bloom stage. Polyphenol oxidase, β-glucosidase activities were found to increase from bud to stage 3 where petals started to split and slightly decreased thereafter. Glycosidic bound volatile compounds viz. Linalool oxide cis (3.11%), linalool (22.73%), geraniol (2.69%), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (9.71%), methyl palmitate (2.78%), methyl linoleate (2.74%), methyl salicylate (2.62%), α-terpineol (0.33), beta-ionone (1.24%) and nerolidol (0.8%) were present in higher amounts at stage 3 of flower development. The volatile flavour components recorded higher values at stage 3 of flower development with higher contents of linalool, geraniol, linalool oxides, acetophenone, pentadienal, benzaldehyde and hexanoic acid. Antioxidant activity of tea flowers also increased from bud to reach the maximum at stage 3 and decreased to a minimum in the full bloom stage.     

Sucrose,water and nutrient use during stage II multiplication of two turmeric clones (Curcuma longa L.) in liquid medium

Two clones of turmeric (Cucruma longa L.) were assessed nine times during a 28-day culture period in double phosphate MS liquid medium containing 2%, 4% and 6% sucrose. The phase of rapid shoot bud multiplication lasted for 21 days or less, in both clones in all media. The maximum multiplication rate was 3.4× at 20 and 19 days, with 3.9% or 4.7% initial sucrose concentration being optimal for the clones 9-3 and 35-1, respectively. Dry mass increased over the entire culture period and was greatest with 4.8% or at least 6% initial sucrose concentration for the two clones, 9-3 and 35-1, respectively. Maximum tissue water mass required 2.8% and 3.9% initial sucrose, respectively, in the two clones. Tissue relative water content (tissue water mass/fresh mass) was better correlated with sucrose concentration in medium, than the osmolality of medium, for both clones at all sucrose concentrations. Relative water content increased over time (water was incorporated more rapidly than dry mass in growing tissue) and sucrose concentration in media decreased over time (sucrose was used at a relatively more rapid rate than water). The concentrations of 10 nutrients (P, K, S, Zn, Mg, Fe, B, Ca, Mn and Cu) and Na assayed in time course all decreased rapidly over time. The rates of nutrient use were better related to growth of plant mass than shoot bud multiplication. P and Cu were completely depleted from medium before the end of the culture period. P concentration in tissues was in the lower ranges of that considered optimal, and Cu was in excess concentrations, based on comparison to high-yielding field-grown plants. Sugar, water, and nutrient use were more closely related to plant mass than shoot multiplication. The stationary phase of bud multiplication was coincident with continued growth of tissue dry and water mass. Among inorganic nutrients, lowered concentrations of P were most likely related to the stationary phase of bud multiplication, but still permissive of dry and water mass increases. Lowered availability of sugar, other inorganic nutrients, or less available water, did not precede day 21 and the end of active shoot bud multiplication. In batch culture, the concentration of a nutrient that is rapidly used (e.g. sucrose) does not remain at an optimal range for a prolonged period of time.     

广叶绣球菌子实体不同发育阶段的比较蛋白质组学分析

利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification,iTRAQ)标记结合二维液相色谱串联质谱(two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,2D LC-MS/MS)技术,研究广叶绣球菌(Sparassis latifolia)原基期、幼菇期和成熟子实体阶段的差异表达蛋白质组.采用Q-Exactive质谱鉴定并经ProteinPilot软件搜库,对所获得的差异蛋白进行GO (gene ontology)、KEGG(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)和转录因子注释分析.结果共鉴定到可信蛋白2305个,其中2219个蛋白具有相对定量信息.与原基期相比,幼菇期显著上调蛋白104个,下调蛋白142个,子实体阶段显著上调蛋白155个,下调蛋白460个.GO分子功能提示这些差异性蛋白主要参与催化活性、蛋白结合和水解酶活性.KEGG代谢通路分析结果显示,差异蛋白主要涉及碳代谢、氨基酸合成、核糖体、糖酵解/糖衍生等代谢过程.差异蛋白中与信号传导和转录因子相关的蛋白数量分别为27个和7个.     

从茶树幼苗中分离茶尺蠖取食诱导的基因

 通过抑制差减杂交、差异筛选和实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析，从茶树叶片中分离出19个受茶尺蠖取食诱导的基因，所分离的基因参与茉莉酸（jasmonic acid，JA）的生物合成，细胞壁修饰，次生代谢产物的合成，糖类代谢，病原菌抗性反应，氧化胁迫保护等，其中15个基因在茶树中首次被分离，4个基因在研究植物与昆虫相互作用时首次被发现。研究结果表明茶尺蠖取食激活一系列抗性相关基因，诱导茶树的防御反应。     

芜菁二氢黄酮醇4–还原酶基因的克隆与功能鉴定

二氢黄酮醇4–还原酶（dihydroflavonol 4-reductase,DFR）是花青素生物合成晚期阶段的关键酶,属于NAD/NADP依赖型还原酶家族,催化从二氢黄酮醇转变成无色花色素苷的反应。利用UV-A处理‘津田’芜菁（‘Tsuda’turnip）和‘赤丸’芜菁（‘Yurugi Akamaru’turnip）块根24 h后提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR方法分别克隆了‘津田’芜菁BrDFR1和‘赤丸’芜菁BrDFR2基因。BrDFR1和BrDFR2的开放读码框分别为1 158 bp和999 bp,分别编码385和332个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示,BrDFR1和BrDFR2与大白菜DFR具有高度同源性,从第8到第302位氨基酸的肽段具有FR_SDR_e结构域。BrDFR1和BrDFR2基因组全长序列均含有5个位置与序列完全相同的内含子。Southern杂交结果显示,‘津田’芜菁BrDFR1和‘赤丸’芜菁BrDFR2基因均为单一拷贝。UV-A可以诱导BrDFR1基因表达,对BrDFR2基因表达的诱导效果不明显。BrDFR1和BrDFR2基因在大肠杆菌细胞中可以表达并纯化出分子量约为42.8 kD的BrDFR1蛋白和37.5 kD的BrDFR2蛋白。过量表达BrDFR1和BrDFR2基因的烟草花色加深。芜菁DFR基因的RNAi载体遗传转化烟草后,转基因植株的花色变浅。这些工作将为阐明依光型和非依光型花青素生物合成机理奠定研究基础。     

Evaluation of ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) clones

‘Tonda di Giffoni’ is among the most highly appreciated Italian hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars. Due to its round kernels and excellent processing quality, it was awarded a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) from the European Union. To identify clones expressing improved nut and production qualities, a ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ clonal selection programme was conducted across hazelnut orchards in the Irno valley of Italy from 1995 to 2006. One hundred different clones were selected and propagated in a replicated trial under similar climate, soil, and cultural conditions. From this work, the 29 best clones were identified and from 2006 to 2008 their agronomic and pomological characteristics were observed. Microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to successfully confirm true-to-type identity of the clones. Traits evaluated included flowering time (anthesis), bud break, suckering, trunk diameter, nut and kernel characteristics and productivity (yield). Best linear unbiased predictions for clone means and estimates of intraclass correlation coefficient were obtained using R environment, lme4 and ggplot2 packages. Five clones superior to that of the standard of ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ were identified in this study. Furthermore, yield and number of suckers produced showed sufficient variability to likely be exploited for breeding. The selected clones express features useful for both growers and the processing industry and will be propagated and planted in hazelnut orchards for further study and commercial production.