Sensing of tomato plant response to hypoxia in the root environment

A severe drawback in hydroponic production systems and irrigated field cultivation arises due to the risk of hypoxia, provoked by water logging in the root environment. The effects of hypoxia become temporarily visible when plants are irreversibly damaged. For this reason, non-invasive methods are required for detecting hypoxia in good time. In five experiments, tomato plants at two stages of development were grown in containers in aerated nutrient solution. Aeration was interrupted to trigger hypoxic conditions in the root environment. Whereas young plants were able to adapt to hypoxia in the root environment and survived, mature plants wilted two days after aeration interruption and died rapidly. A decrease in leaf photosynthesis, leaf transpiration rates and efficiency of the photosystem II was observed in older plants, while leaf diffuse reflectance changed slowly. On the other hand, if young plants were able to adapt to hypoxia in the root environment and survived, no clear reduction of leaf photosynthesis and the efficiency of the photosystem II arose, although the dry matter growth was decreased by 50%. Changes in leaf colour and reflectance spectra occurred. The latter indicated changes in the profile of the carotenoids. The ratio of intensities at 550 and 455 nm in particular provided a sensitive and diagnostic parameter for hypoxia in the root zone of adapted plants which, nevertheless, displayed severe growth limitation.     

土壤含水量对阿月浑子叶片净光合速率及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

 研究了土壤相对含水量对阿月浑子叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn) 和荧光参数的影响。结果表明: 干旱胁迫降低了阿月浑子叶片Chl1a、Chl1b 含量和Pn , 增加了类胡萝卜素含量; 20 %供水处理降低了阿月浑子叶片的PS Ⅱ活性, 原初光能转化效率(Fv/ Fm) , 光化学猝灭系数(qP) , 非光化学猝灭系数(qN) 和PS Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(ΦPS Ⅱ) 。轻度干旱胁迫下, 气孔限制是Pn 降低的主要原因; 严重干旱胁迫下, 非气孔限制是Pn 降低的主要原因。干旱胁迫下阿月浑子叶片Pn 的下降是水分胁迫和强光胁迫双重作用的结果, PS Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(ΦPS Ⅱ) 降低是阿月浑子叶片Pn 下降的内在原因。     

梨实生苗枝条高接后枝叶生长及光合特性的变化

以梨实生苗1年生枝条为接穗,高接在5年生金二十世纪梨上,研究高接后梨实生苗枝条生长及光合特性的变化。结果表明,实生苗高接后生长势显著增强,其单叶面积及叶片厚度极显著增加,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均有所提高;自根苗的非光化学淬灭(qN)极显著高于高接树,最大荧光产量(Fm)、光化学淬灭(qP)和实际光化学量子产量(Yield)显著低于高接树。由此可见,实生苗高接后增加了有效光合面积,提高了光能转化效率及光合作用效率,可能是高接可以缩短童期的缘故。     

冬、春田间枇杷叶片光合机构的运转

冬季枇杷光合作用的最适温度低于春季,光合作用的最适叶温高于环境温度;冬季枇杷的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、Rubisco活性、RuBP再生速率、表观量子效率(AQY)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光下的光化学效率(Fv'/Fm')、光化学猝灭系数(qP)及电子传递速率较低,PSⅡ反应中心失活或破坏,细胞间隙CO2浓度与环境CO2浓度比值(Ci/Ca)、光呼吸速率与净光合速率比值(Rp/Pn)、光呼吸速率与暗呼吸速率的比值(Rp/Rd)及非光化学猝灭系数(qN)较高。这些结果说明,枇杷光合作用的最适温度与环境温度的变化相适应,低温环境是限制枇杷光合作用的重要因子;光合碳代谢和光化学反应受到低温的限制是冬季光合作用较低的重要原因;在碳代谢中光呼吸所占的比例增加和非辐射能量耗散对光合机构运转有保护作用。     

不同栽培基质对温室茭白幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为筛选出以椰糠为基础并适合茭白幼苗的栽培基质,以茭白浙茭2号为试材,以普通土壤、粗粒椰糠、细粒椰糠、珍珠岩为基质原料,按照不同体积配比设置5种栽培基质:普通土壤(CK)、粗粒椰糠(T1)、V粗粒椰糠:V珍珠岩=3:1(T2)、细粒椰糠(T3)、V细粒椰糠:V珍珠岩=3:1(T4),探究不同栽培基质对茭白幼苗生长及光合特...     

Effects of leaf aging and light duration on photosynthetic characteristics in a cucumber canopy

Photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll index and leaf area were examined in selected leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Euphorbia). In the first experiment, plants of cucumber were grown horizontally at a lighting period of 20 h day⁻¹. Photosynthetic measurements in horizontally growing cucumbers showed that there was no decline in photosynthetic capacity when cucumber leaves are developing under good light conditions. In a second experiment, plants were grown in a traditional high-wire cultivation system under 20 h day⁻¹ lighting period until they reached final height and then exposed to different lighting periods (20 and 24 h day⁻¹) for 3 weeks. In stands of cucumber plants photosynthetic measurements showed that the lower leaves have a significant reduction in photosynthetic capacity due to reduced light conditions. Three weeks exposure to 24 h day⁻¹ lighting period reduced leaf area by 20%. Plant grown under continuous light had also lower chlorophyll index compared to plants grown under 20 h day⁻¹ lighting period.     

夏季温室三药槟榔光合特性及不完全遮荫的影响

 以热带观叶植物三药槟榔为材料，研究其光合特性以及夏季温室不完全遮荫的影响。结果表明：夏季温室内三药槟榔光合作用饱和有效辐射在200 300,mnol·mI2·S 之间，光合作用最适叶温在25℃左右。温室遮荫后的日均光合有效辐射比遮荫前降低了55％，平均气温和叶温降低3～4~C。遮荫前的强光高温下，三药槟榔有明显的光抑制现象，初始荧光(F0)明显上升。不完全遮荫措施使光抑制现象消失，F0没有明显上升，对日均光合速率影响也较小(日平均净光合速率降低12％)。对三药槟榔的生长有利。     

低温胁迫对甜瓜幼苗叶绿素含量及荧光参数的影响

采用人工控温的办法,研究了30℃/20℃、21℃/12℃、15℃/8℃(昼/夜)3个温度条件下甜瓜的光合色素含量和叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明:低温条件造成了甜瓜幼苗叶绿素含量下降,并且随着温度的下降情况加剧;叶绿素荧光分析表明,在不同的低温胁迫下,甜瓜幼苗Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和qP下降,qN升高,15℃/8℃条件下最为严重.说明低温胁迫使甜瓜叶光系统PSⅡ活性中心受损;低温使光化学反应的相对份额FPSⅡ下降,表明温度胁迫使光舍电子传递过程受抑制,光合电子传递速率下降.     

喷施磷酸二氢钾对桃叶片和果实性状的影响

以不同成熟期的桃品种豫甜、豫香、秋甜、秋蜜红为试材,研究了喷施磷酸二氢钾对其叶片叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比及果实的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量等品质特性的影响。结果表明,喷施磷酸二氢钾能提高叶片中叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比和果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量;对果实的可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量影响不明显;叶片喷施不同浓度和次数的磷酸二氢钾均可推迟桃果实成熟期;喷施清水和对照处理间叶片性状和果实品质差异不明显;喷施磷酸二氢钾浓度和次数以500mg/L3次效果最显著,以300mg/L3次最经济有效。     

Canopy profiles of starch and leaf mass per area in greenhouse tomato and the relationship with leaf area and fruit growth

Better knowledge of patterns of carbon allocation in plants growing in CO₂-supplemented atmospheres may help to guide more efficient management of CO₂ applications in tomato greenhouses. Leaf starch and LMA (leaf mass per unit area) were investigated in commercially grown greenhouse tomato plants to determine the distribution and influence of leaf area and fruit load on these measures.     

Impacts of water stress on gas exchange,water relations,chlorophyll content and leaf structure in the two main Tunisian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars

Leaf structural adaptations for the reduction of water loss were examined in two olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (Chemlali and Chétoui) growing under water stress conditions. Leaf measurements included leaf tissue thickness, stomatal density, trichome density, specific leaf area, leaf density, water relations, and gas exchange. We found considerable genotypic differences between the two cultivars. Chemlali exhibited more tolerance to water stress, with a thicker palisade parenchyma, and a higher stomatal and trichome density. Chemlali leaves also revealed lower specific leaf area and had higher density of foliar tissue and lower reduction in net CO₂ assimilation rate. The mechanisms employed by these two cultivars to cope with water deficit are discussed at the morpho-structural level. The morphological and structural characteristics of the leaves are in accordance with physiological observations and contribute to the interpretation of why the olive cv. Chemlali is more drought-tolerant than cv. Chetoui. Furthermore, from the behaviour of Chemlali plants we consider this cultivar very promising for cultivation in semi-arid areas.     

设施黄沙栽培条件下肥料施用量对番茄生长的影响

为探究在设施黄沙栽培条件下不同生物有机肥、化肥施用量及其配施对番茄生长发育及产量、品质的影响,以黄沙为栽培基质,番茄为试验材料,设置5个不同的施肥处理。测定了不同处理下番茄的生理生化指标。结果显示,黄沙栽培条件下只施生物有机肥时番茄株高、茎粗、根长、植株鲜质量、产量显著低于其他处理;可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量高于其他处理。只施化肥时,可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量低于其他处理。在化肥和有机肥配施时植株生长情况、产量均高于只施生物有机肥、化肥的处理;可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量高于只施化肥的处理,低于只施有机肥的处理;在黄沙栽培条件下有机肥和化肥搭配施用时产量、营养品质处于各处理中的较高水平,在黄沙栽培条件下能够实现番茄优质高产。     

Silicon supplementation ameliorated the inhibition of photosynthesis and nitrate metabolism by cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cucumis sativus L.

The effects of silicon (Si) application on plant growth, pigments, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence parameters and nitrogen metabolism were studied in Cucumis sativus L. under cadmium (Cd) toxicity. Compared with the control, 100 μM CdCl₂ treatment caused dramatic accumulation of Cd in cucumber leaves, greatly induced chlorosis, and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis indicated that Cd treatment cucumber chloroplast showed obvious swollen, thylakoids and chloroplast membrane were seriously damaged, and could not be observed clearly. Application of Si reversed the chlorosis, protected the chloroplast from disorganization, and significantly increased the pigments contents, which might be mainly responsible for the higher photosynthetic rate and accumulation of biomass under Cd stress. Further investigation of chlorophyll a fluorescence indicated that Cd treatment decreasing photosynthesis was not due to stomatal restriction, while was closely related integrity damage or function lost of the photosynthetic machinery which can be concluded from the higher intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) and lower F_v/F_m and ΦPSII. Application of Si alleviated the inhibited level of photosynthesis and F_v/F_m and ΦPSII by Cd, which might imply that Si plays important roles in protecting photosynthetic machinery from damaging. The Cd treatment also greatly inhibited the enzymes of nitrogen metabolism including nitrogen reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and Si supply decreased the inhibiting effects of Cd.     

Role of 24-epibrassinolide in mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on stomatal conductance,membrane permeability,and leaf water content,ionic composition in salt stressed strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)

In order to study the effect of brassinosteroids on the amelioration of the inhibitory effect of salinity on strawberry plants, a short-term experiment was conducted in greenhouse to test different concentrations of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) (0.0, 0.5, and 1 μM) by foliar application on some agro-physiological properties, such as shoot dry weight, and root dry weight, stomatal conductance (SC), leaf relative water content (LRWC), leaf chlorophyll reading values (LCRV) and membrane permeability (MP) of strawberry ‘Fern’ and ‘A6’ cultivars irrigated with salt water (35 mM NaCl). 24-EBL solutions were applied twice during late afternoon hours with 7 d intervals using a hand-held sprayer. Plant shoot dry weight, root dry weight, SC, LRWC and LCRV were reduced by 29–33%, 45–15%, 71–55%, 11–13%, and 12–13% for ‘A6’ and ‘Fern’ cultivars at 35 mM (without 24-EBL applied), respectively, as compared to the nonsaline treatment, but MP increased 40% and 12%. An exogenous supply of 24-EBL was found to be successful in alleviating of the inhibitory effects of salt stress on plant growth parameters and nutrient contents. 24-EBL (1 μM) application under saline condition significantly increased shoot and root dry matter, SC, LRWC and LCRV of plants, and alleviation effects of 1 μM 24-EBL application was 20%, 15%, 122%, 5.8%, and 10.9% for ‘A6’ and 47%, 8.0%, 83%, 33.3% and 6.0% for ‘Fern’ cultivars, respectively. Macro-micro element content of plant leaf and root increased with increase 24-EBL except for Na under salinity stress. These results support the view that supplementary 24-EBL application can overcome the effects of salinity stress on plant growth and growth parameter under saline conditions.     

The effect of plant density and day-length on growth and development in the carnation

Carnation plants cultivar ‘White Sim’ were grown in containers arranged to simulate the aerial environment of bed-grown crops. The effects of 2 plant densities (9 plants and 100 plants m^?2) and 2 day-lengths (natural days and continuous light) were recorded on the growth of individual plants. The reduction in yield of flowers per plant at high density was greater than could be accounted for simply by a reduction in light intensity. An interaction between light intensity and intra-plant competition is proposed as an explanation of this effect. Continuous light had little effect on the growth and flowering of 2nd and 3rd generation shoots grown at high density.     

The growth rate and the variation in growth in relation to the stock plant of Hedera canariensis Willd. ‘Gloire de Marengo’

When leaf-bud cuttings from Hedera canariensis Willd. ‘Gloire de Marengo’ were prepared with various stem lengths, the subsequent shoot length was inversely correlated with the stem length below the axil. The shoot growth was also correlated with the size of the leaf of the cutting but not by the position along the stem of the stock plant. Certain stock plants yielded cuttings with significantly greater shoot lengths than did others.The shoot length obtained was variable (coefficient of variation 36%), and this variation was reduced neither by standardising the length of the stem below the axil, nor by standardising the area of the original leaf on the cuttings. However, some stock plants produced less variable cuttings than others, and variability was shown to be inversely correlated with the shoot length of the propagated plants.     

The response of different almond genotypes to moderate and severe water stress in order to screen for drought tolerance

In order to screen almond genotypes for drought tolerance, three different irrigation levels including moderate and severe stress (Ψs = −1.2 and −1.8 MPa respectively) and a control treatment (Ψs = −0.33 MPa) were applied for five weeks to six different cultivated almond seedlings. A factorial experiment was conducted with a RCBD which included 3 irrigations factors, 6 genotype factors and 3 replications. Seeds were prepared from controlled pollination of the bagged trees (after emasculation and flower isolation using isolator packets in the previous year). Genotypes included: homozygote sweet (Butte), heterozygote sweet (SH12, SH18, SH21 and White) and homozygote Bitter (Bitter Genotype). Leaf and root morphological and physiological traits including; midday relative water content, midday leaf (xylem) water potential, shoot dry weight and growth, total leaf area, leaf size, total leaf dry weight, specific leaf area, leaf greenness (SPAD), stomatal size and density, root and leaf nitrogen content and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured throughout the study. Results showed the six genotypes had different reactions to water stress but all genotypes showed an ability to tolerate the moderate and severe stresses and they showed different degrees of response time to drought stress. Almond seedling leaves could tolerate Ψ_w between −3 and −4 MPa in short periods. Water availability did not significantly affect stomatal density and size of young almond plants. The analysis of leaf anatomical traits and water relations showed the different strategies for almond genotypes under water stress conditions. Although almond seedlings even in severe stress kept their leaves, they showed a reduction in size to compensate for the stress effects. All genotypes managed to recover from moderate stress so Ψ_w = −1.2 could be tolerated well by almond seedlings but Ψ_w = −1.8 limited young plant growth. Leaf greenness, leaf size, shoot growth, shoot DW, TLDW and stomatal density were not good markers for drought resistance in almond seedlings. Root DW/LA, lower stomatal size and lower SLA might be related to drought resistance in cultivated almonds. Butte had the least resistance and White showed better performance during water stress while other genotypes were intermediate. Bitter seedlings showed no superiority in comparison with other genotypes under water stress conditions except for better germination and greater root DW which might make them suitable as rootstocks under irrigation conditions.     

The effect of combined Azospirillum inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer on plant growth promotion and yield response of the blanket flower Gaillardia pulchella

The investigation was carried out to examine the performance of Azospirillum isolates on growth and N uptake of Gaillardia pulchella with two nitrogen levels. Azospirillum strain OAD-2 inoculation significantly increased plant height, number of leaves per plant, branches per plant and total dry mass accumulation in G. pulchella than other inoculations and/or uninoculated control. The application of 150 kg N ha⁻¹ further enhanced the above plant growth parameters significantly over application of 112 kg N ha⁻¹. The N uptake of G. pulchella was enhanced due to Azospirillum strain OAD-2 inoculation, which was further augmented in the presence of nitrogen. The combination of Azospirillum strain OAD-2 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ showed the highest N uptake at 120 DAT. Plant growth and yield parameters also increased when inoculated with the non-diazotrophic, but efficient IAA producing, Azospirillum strain OAD-57. From this investigation, it can be concluded that Azospirillum strains OAD-2 and OAD-11 can play an important role in the N nutrition of G. pulchella.     

The designation of a historical site to maintain plant diversity in the Tokyo metropolitan region

Although urban habitats contribute to the conservation of species diversity, urbanization has significantly reduced biodiversity by causing environmental changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation. Therefore, research on urban biodiversity studies has become increasingly important. Historical heritage sites are recognized as important habitats in remnant green spaces in urban areas. We aimed to evaluate the role of historical sites in conserving biodiversity in urban areas. As the land in these historical sites is not modified, they have the potential to conserve biodiversity through continued maintenance activities such as mowing and tree cutting. In Japan, Tamagawa-josui, a waterway that runs from west to east through the Tokyo megacity (35° 40′ N, 139° 25′ E), has been recognized as a civil engineering heritage landmark that preserves water utilization technology from the early modern period (1600s, Edo-era). The present study examined the relationships between plant diversity and green space in a historic site of a megacity (i.e., Tamagawa-josui) and determined the factors that influence plant diversity. Specifically, we examined the relationships between plant species indices (species richness and species compositions) and environmental factors (management, environmental conditions, and landscape factors). The present study analyzed spatial changes in the plant species composition in Tamagawa-josui. We demonstrated that tree canopy openness was positively correlated with plant species richness, and the increased disturbance associated with developing historical sites as urban parks was negatively correlated with native plant species richness. In addition, there was significant species turnover in the plant community from upstream to downstream in Tamagawa-josui, which could largely be explained by spatial factors. We demonstrated that historical sites can provide potential habitats for the conservation of the plant species diversity, which is based on the effectiveness of the management of their vegetation.