遮光对沪油018油桃果皮花色苷含量及果实着色的影响

以沪油018为试材,在果实硬核期进行套袋遮光处理,以不套袋果为对照,探讨遮光对果皮花色苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等色素含量及果实颜色的影响。结果表明,套袋遮光处理后20d,果皮中花色苷含量迅速下降并接近于0,此后一直保持较低的水平,直到果实成熟时略有回升其含量仅为对照的2%;同时,套袋处理也降低了果皮中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮含量,果实成熟时果皮叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和类黄酮含量分别降低到对照的63.59%、46%和66%。套袋通过改变果实的底色与着色来改变果实的颜色,使果实成熟时的颜色为橘黄色而不同于对照果呈现的浓红色。     

Content levels of various fruit metabolites in the ‘Conference’ pear response to branch bending

The response of ‘Conference’ pear subjected to branch bending in the content levels of various metabolites in its fruit was investigated. The fruits in commercial maturity were sampled in 2004 and 2005 from branches bent in the late summer of 2003 (the summer treatment), from branches bent in the late spring of 2004 (the spring treatment) and from control branches. The content levels of carbohydrates, organic acids and phenolic compounds were compared among treatments in two successive years. The fruit revealed various responses in content levels of metabolites. In the first year after bending, no significant differences were found in the content of each carbohydrate, but in 2005 by far the highest content level of glucose and fructose and the lowest content level of sucrose were found in fruits from the control. The control fruit showed significantly higher content levels of malic acid and lower content levels of some phenolics (chlorogenic and vanillic acid) in the first year after bending, but in the next year the opposite reaction occurred—the control fruit had the lowest content level of malic acid and the highest content level of epicatechin, quercetin-3-d-galactoside and quercetin-3-β-d-glucoside. The comparison of the two bending treatments alone in 2004 showed that the summer treatment often produced a slightly higher value of each phenolic in comparison to the spring treatment. However, in 2005 the significantly highest content of chlorogenic acid was in fruit from the spring treatment. Sorbitol, as well as citric acid, catechin and sinapic acid showed no clear tendency among treatments, neither in 2004 nor in 2005. It is suggested that these variations of ‘Conference’ fruit subjected to different bending treatments could not be the result of bending alone, but that they could be indirectly affected by other physiological responses of the fruit tree. However, it seemed that variations are affected by the time of bending and by the year-to-year, and such responses can be attributed to the ‘Conference’ genotype only.     

Delayed harvest improves red blush development and quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple

The poor red blush development on ‘Cripps Pink’ (Malus x domestica Borkh.) apple fruit at commercial maturity (CM) reduces the economic return to apple growers in warmer regions of the world. The effects of delayed harvest maturity up to 6 weeks following CM on the development of red blush and fruit quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple were investigated at two locations in Western Australia during 2003 and 2004. The red blush, export-grade fruit, total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin of apple fruit skin tissues increased with advancement of harvest maturity at both locations in both years, whereas hue angle, concentration of phloridzin, fruit firmness, and titratable acidity (TA) of apple fruit tissues decreased with delayed harvest. The internal ethylene concentration was elevated with the delayed harvest. The concentrations of quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, and quercetin 3-glucoside increased up to 2 weeks following CM, and then declined in 2003 at both locations and at Perth Hills in 2004. Delayed harvest resulted in improved development of red blush on the fruit surface, accumulation of total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin glycosides in fruit skin, SSC:TA ratio and reduced fruit firmness possibly due to the increased ethylene production.     

The effect of maturity,sunburn and the application of sunscreens on the internal and external qualities of pomegranate fruit grown in Australia

Consumer interest in pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) is increasing in Australia as a result of its unique external and internal qualities. This work looked at the effect of applying sunscreen treatments to pomegranate fruit on the degree of sunburn damage and the effect of maturity and sunburn on the internal antioxidant concentration of the juice. The pomegranates, cultivar ‘Wonderful’ were grown in Condobolin, New South Wales, Australia.     

Effects of interlighting on yield and external fruit quality in year-round cultivated cucumber

The effects of interlighting and of the proportion of interlight on the yield and fruit quality of year-round cultivated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Cumuli) were investigated for this study. Artificial lighting was provided by high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps and the lighting regimes included top lighting (TL), top + interlighting 24% (T + IL24) and top + interlighting 48% (T + IL48). In TL, all of the lamps were mounted above the canopy. In T + IL24 and T + IL48, top lamps covered 76 and 52% of the lighting, respectively, while 24 and 48% of the lighting came from interlighting lamps which were mounted vertically 1.3 m above the ground between the single plant rows. The outdoor daily light integral (DLI) varied greatly during the cultivation periods; the mean values were 36.8, 5.3 and 19.9 mol m⁻² day⁻¹ for the summer, autumn–winter and spring stands, respectively. Lighting regime affected both yield and external fruit quality. Interlighting increased first class yield and decreased unmarketable yield, both in weight and number. The increase in the annual first class yield in weight was 15% in the two T + IL regimes. Interlighting improved energy use efficiency in lighting, being for the whole year 120, 130 and 127 g total yield kW h⁻¹ in TL, T + IL24 and T + IL48, respectively. Interlighting increased the fruit skin chlorophyll concentration in all seasons, but had only a minor effect on the fruit dry matter concentration. The mean total chlorophyll concentration in fruit skin was 70.8, 76.7 and 82.2 μg cm⁻² in TL, T + IL24 and T + IL48, respectively. In addition, interlighting extended the post-harvest shelf life of cucumber fruits in spring. Besides interlighting per se, also the higher proportion of interlight tended to further improve the fruit quality. For example, the fruit skin chlorophyll concentration increased along with the higher proportion of interlighting. In general, the effects of lighting regime were more prominent in lower natural light conditions in winter and spring. It is concluded that interlighting is a recommendable lighting method in cucumber cultivation, especially in lower natural light conditions.     

Eggplant relatives as sources of variation for developing new rootstocks: Effects of grafting on eggplant yield and fruit apparent quality and composition

We propose the utilization of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) interspecific hybrids derived from crosses with closely related species as an approach for developing new improved rootstocks for eggplant. Here we investigate rootstock effects on fruit yield, apparent quality and proximate and mineral composition of S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ (BB) scions grafted on interspecific hybrid rootstocks developed from crosses of S. melongena with Solanum incanum L. (SI × SM) and Solanum aethiopicum L. (SM × SA). The results are compared with non-grafted (BB control) and self-grafted (BB/BB) controls and with S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ scions grafted onto Solanum torvum Sw. (STO) and Solanum macrocarpon L. (SMA) rootstocks. All treatments were grown in a soil naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (mostly Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood). SI × SM and SM × SA interspecific hybrids had high germination (≥90%) and total graft success (100%). Contrary to what occurred with all other treatments, no plants from scions grafted onto these hybrid rootstocks died during the experiment. In particular, the SI × SM hybrid rootstock conferred the highest vigour to the scion, which resulted in the highest values for fruit earliness and early and total yield. Little difference was observed among treatments for apparent fruit quality traits, except for a greater fruit calyx length and prickliness of fruit grafted onto SMA rootstocks. A similar result was obtained for fruit composition where phenolics content was higher in fruit from plants grafted onto SMA rootstocks. Grafting eggplant onto interspecific eggplant hybrids, especially on the SI × SM hybrid, has proved advantageous for eggplant production, as the high vigour and good compatibility of the rootstock with scion results in improved early and total yield without negative effects on apparent fruit quality or composition. Interspecific hybrids represent an alternative to the commonly used STO rootstock, which is a wild species with irregular germination.     

Effect of phosphite fertilization on growth,yield and fruit composition of strawberries

Traditionally, phosphates (Pi, salts of phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄) have been used for plant fertilization, and phosphites (Phi, salts of phosphorous acid, H₃PO₃) have been used as fungicides. Nowadays several Phi fertilizers are available in the EU market despite the fact that in research trials Phi has often had a negative influence on plant growth. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of a Phi fertilizer on plant growth, yield and fruit composition of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Experiments were carried out with ‘Polka’ frigo plants in South Estonia in 2005 and 2006. The number of leaves per plant, total and marketable yields, fruit size, fruit ascorbic acid content (AAC), soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), anthocyanins (ACY) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were recorded.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on growth and morphological characteristics of ornamental bromeliads

Three ornamental bromeliads, i.e. Aechmea ‘Maya’ (CAM), Aechmea fasciata ‘Primera’ (CAM) and Guzmania ‘Hilda’ (C₃) were grown under greenhouse conditions at ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (750 ppm) CO₂. The effects of long-term exposure (34 weeks) to elevated CO₂ on growth and morphological traits constituting the ornamental value were assessed.     

Low leaf to fruit ratio delays fruit maturity of ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry on Gisela 5

Canopy leaf to fruit ratio (L:F) of 6-year-old ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry trees on Gisela 5 rootstock was manipulated at the end of stage II (38 DAFB) of fruit development. While control trees showed a L:F ratio of 0.7:1 without alteration, on other trees young fruit were manually removed to yield L:F ratios of 2:1 and 3:1, respectively. All leaves and young fruit on trees were counted 30 DAFB. The effect of altering the source–sink ratio of whole trees on sweet cherry fruit quality parameters (fruit increment, fruit mass, color, total soluble solids content, contents of individual sugars and organic acids) was evaluated in the study. High leaf area to fruit (LA:F) ratios influenced significantly darkest fruit color, higher fruit mass, higher total soluble solids content and higher ratio between sugars and acids, which corresponded to better ripening stage. Contents of glucose, fructose and sorbitol, but not sucrose, sum of individual sugars, and the content of malic acid differed significantly among fruit of the different treatments. Fruit of the most advanced maturity stage (treatment 3:1) had the highest quality. Each day of improved L:F ratio counts towards better sweet cherry fruit quality. The results show that low L:F ratio influenced prolonged ripening process and delayed fruit maturity of ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry.     

Effects of NaCl stress on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. ‘Autumn Bliss’)

The increasing interest in the cultivation of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in warmer climates and in the mild-Southern parts of Europe requires better understanding of the salinity effects especially in the primocane-fruiting type cultivars. The aim of this work was to study the response of the ‘Autumn Bliss’ primocane-fruiting cultivar in elevated NaCl concentrations.     

Impact of iron stress on biomass,yield, metabolism and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

In order to study the influence of variable iron on biomass, economic yield and role of iron in potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Chandramukhi metabolism, plants were grown in refined sand at variable iron ranging from 0.001 to 2.0 mM. Exposure of potato plants to Fe stress (i.e. a Fe concentration different from 0.1 mM) shows retarded growth, decreased chlorophyll concentration and Hill reaction activity, induced changes in enzyme activities and concentration of Fe and Mn. The visible symptoms of iron deficiency appeared on day 15 at 0.001 mM Fe as chlorosis of young leaves. The excess of iron (at >0.1 mM Fe) appeared later, after 25 days and the chlorosis was observed on older leaves. Both deficiency (0.001 mM) and excess (>0.1 mM) of iron reduced the tuber yield, deteriorating its quality by lowering the concentration of sugars, starch and protein nitrogen and increasing the accumulation of non-protein nitrogen and phenols in tubers.     

Effects of defoliation on fruit growth,carbohydrate reserves and subsequent flowering of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines

A partial defoliation study was carried out on ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines with the aim of evaluating effects on fruit yield, changes in concentration of carbohydrates, and return bloom. At full bloom, ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines trained to the pergola system were submitted to 0% (control), 50% and 75% defoliation in the 2.0 m wide central horizontal area of the canopy. This area represents the vine ‘replacement cane zone’ (RCZ), whereas the remaining external area represents the ‘fruiting zone’ (FZ). Removing 50% of the leaves resulted in a small (−9 g in the RCZ and −3.3 g in the FZ), but significant, reduction in fruit weight compared to the control vines. More severe defoliation (75%) reduced fruit weight by 13 g in the RCZ and 7 g in the FZ. The defoliation treatment reduced the concentrations of starch and total soluble carbohydrates (glucose + fructose + sucrose) in the shoots and starch in trunk bark compared to those in control vines. The treatments caused a large reduction in return bloom, expressed as number of flowers per winter bud, by about 25% and 53% in vines with 50% and 75% defoliation, respectively.     

Effects of the commercial product based on Trichoderma harzianum on plant,bulb and yield characteristics of onion

Effects of the commercial product TrichoFlow WP™ (Agrimm Technologies Ltd., New Zealand), based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, on quality characteristics and yield of bulb onion was investigated. Bulb sets of the local cultivar Kantartopu was planted in soil with in and between row distances of 0.15 m and 0.40 m, respectively. The product, at considerably high dosages of 5 g m⁻², 10 g m⁻² and 15 g m⁻², was mixed with water and sprinkled once to the plots at planting. Analyses of data at harvest did not show statistical significance for Trichoderma effect on total bulb yield, bulb diameter, leaf length, number of shoot apex, %titratable acidity, number of internal (fleshy) leaves, number of external (papery) leaves, %soluble solids and %bulbs with diameters of 20–39 mm, 40–69 mm and ≥70 mm. The yields obtained from the plots treated with the dosages of 5 g m⁻², 10 g m⁻² and 15 g m⁻² and the control plots were 1063.7 kg da⁻¹, 1051.0 kg da⁻¹, 1066.5 kg da⁻¹ and 985.0 kg da⁻¹, respectively. Our results showed that high dosages of the Trichoderma product were not effective in enhancing onion bulb and yield characteristics under the given conditions.     

Effect of Glomus mosseae and Entrophospora colombiana on plant growth,production, and fruit quality of ‘Maradol’ papaya (Carica papaya L.)

The effect of inoculating ‘Maradol’ papaya plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae (GM) and Entrophospora colombiana (EC) was assessed. The results showed that both mycorrhizae species increased the number of fruits and yield in papaya plants by 41.9 and 105.2% for GM and 22.1 and 44.1% for EC, respectively, with respect to control plants. GM significantly increased plant height. Sugar content, firmness, color (°Hue), and ripening process of mycorrhized plant fruits were similar to those of the control. Weight loss of mycorrhized plant fruits was considerably less than that of the control. Inoculation of papaya with AMF is recommended, particularly with GM since it increases yield, and fruit weight (45.1%), furthermore, it reduced fruit weight loss during ripening.     

Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield,growth and nutrient contents in organically growing raspberry

During 2003 and 2005, plant growth promoting effects of two Bacillus strains OSU-142 (N₂-fixing) and M3 (N₂-fixing and phosphate solubilizing) were tested alone or in combinations on organically grown primocane fruiting raspberry (cv. Heritage) plants in terms of yield, growth, nutrient composition of leaves and variation of soil nutrient element composition in the province of Erzurum, Turkey. The results showed that Bacillus M3 treatment stimulated plant growth and resulted in significant yield increase. Inoculation of raspberry plant roots and rhizosphere with M3 and/or OSU-142 + M3, significantly increased yield (33.9% and 74.9%), cane length (13.6% and 15.0%), number of cluster per cane (25.4% and 28.7%) and number of berries per cane (25.1% and 36.0%) compared with the control, respectively. In addition, N, P and Ca contents of raspberry leaves with OSU-142 + M3 treatment, and Fe and Mn contents of the leaves of raspberry with M3 and OSU-142 + M3 applications significantly improved under organic growing conditions. Bacterial applications also significantly effected soil total N, available P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn contents and pH. Available P contents in soil was determined to be increased from 1.55 kg P₂O₅/da at the beginning of the study to 2.83 kg P₂O₅/da by OSU-142, to 5.36 kg P₂O₅/da by M3 and to 4.71 kg P₂O₅/da by OSU-142 + M3 treatments. The results of this study suggest that Bacillus M3 alone or in combination with Bacillus OSU-142 have the potential to increase the yield, growth and nutrition of raspberry plant under organic growing conditions.     

Effect of pollination intensity,frequency and pollen source on fig (Ficus carica L.) productivity and fruit quality

Yield and fruit quality in fig (Ficus carica L.) are highly dependent on cultural practices especially caprification (pollination). However, this technique remains not well controlled in Tunisia. This study was conducted during two successive years, 2009 and 2010, to investigate different pollination conditions, i.e. number of caprifigs and repetitions of caprification on fruiting of two cultivars Bouhouli (San Pedro type) and Zidi (Smyrna type). In addition, the efficiency of four pollen sources was evaluated to identify the most effective pollinator for female cultivar Zidi. The following parameters were recorded: fruit number per shoot, fruit set, productivity, fruit characteristics and vegetative growth.     

Effect of different girdling dates on tree growth,fruit characteristics and reserve accumulation in a late-maturing persimmon

Trunks of 8-year-old vigorous ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) were girdled to a 1 cm width on April 20 and June 10 2004. Tree growth and fruit characteristics were monitored for two years, with special emphasis on the carry-over effect in 2005. Girdling reduced trunk and shoot growth especially of April-girdled trees over two consecutive years. However, the most significant effect of girdling was in the occurrence of water sprouts: a control tree had 29.5 in 2004 and 27.3 in 2005, whereas the April-girdled trees had only 0.3 and 5.3, respectively. Girdling increased fruit set by nearly 50% and enhanced fruit colour in 2004 only. Girdling date did not significantly affect fruit size and soluble solids for two years. Fruit flesh of girdled trees in 2004, especially in the April-girdled trees, had lower N and P concentrations. The levels of starch, soluble sugars, and inorganic elements in flower-bearing distal buds measured just before new growth in 2005 were not significantly altered by the girdling in 2004.     

The conjunctive use of compost tea and inorganic fertiliser on the growth,yield and terpenoid content of Centella asiatica (L.) urban

The conjunctive use of a compost tea (CT) and an inorganic fertiliser (NPK) on the growth, yield and terpenoid content of Centella asiatica (L.) urban was evaluated. CT and NPK applied at half the recommended concentration resulted in the significant enhancement of vegetative growth, yield and antioxidant content. The synergistic effect of CT₅₀ and NPK₅₀ was highly pronounced on the bioactive components Asiatic acid, madecassoside and asiaticoside. The distribution of the total antioxidants was highest in roots (80%), followed by leaves (66%) and petioles (54%). There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.990) between fertility and total antioxidant content, suggesting an enhanced synthesis of bioactive components resulting from the treatment. This response by C. asiatica to the integrated experimental treatment suggests a viable option for the commercial cultivation of the herb. Augmenting the vegetative biomass production and bioactive components will increase the availability of this medicinal herb for the treatment of various human ailments.     

Effects of simple and double grafting melon plants on mineral absorption,photosynthesis, biomass and yield

The Spanish type cultivar ‘Piel de Sapo’ (Cucumis melo L. var. saccharinus), has a limited compatibility with the Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata hybrids currently used as rootstocks. Double grafting can be used to improve compatibility between rootstock and scion by means of an intermediate rootstock compatible with both. Non-grafted, single, and double grafted melon plants of the cultivar Piel de Sapo were evaluated for water, nutrient absorption, photosynthesis activity, biomass production in early phases, as well as for yields and fruit quality in a long term trial. The hybrid ‘Shintoza’ (C. maxima × C. moschata) was used as rootstock, and the cantaloupe type melon cultivar ‘Sienne’ as an intermediate scion. Grafting did not affect net photosynthetic values, yet increased water use efficiency (35%). Double grafted plants increased aerial dry weights (66% and 31% with respect to non-grafted and simple graft plants, respectively), and also increased capacity for uptaking beneficial minerals (between 61% and 13% and particularly for NO₃⁻, P, K, Ca, Mn, and Zn) with respect to non-grafted and single grafted plants. The quantum efficiency PSII photochemistry values increased in double grafted plants (12%) with respect to the control plants. Consequently, double grafting on a vigorous rootstock such as ‘Shintoza’, with an intermediate scion, results in improved mineral and water absorption and achieves an increase in ion influx to the scion – so enabling an increase in light photosynthetic reaction and biomass. Double grafted plants increased fruit yield when compared to simple grafted and non-grafted plants (12% and 56%, respectively) and did not affect fruit quality in terms of °Brix and colour. In conclusion, double grafting presents several beneficial aspects that are counter-balanced by the extra cost of the technique. The difference in yields reflects compatibility problems.     

Influence of sulfur supply,ammonium nitrate ratio,and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on growth and composition of Chinese chive

Tissue concentrations of phytochemicals formed by Allium species may be influenced by plant nutrient supply or rhizosphere microorganism activity. To test these relations, three plant nutritional factors were varied in two experiments with Chinese chive [Allium tuberosum]: (a) increasing sulfur concentrations in the substrate, (b) two ratios of ammonium to nitrate in supply, and (c) inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Shoot dry weight, nutrient composition (nitrate, N, P, S), and organosulfur compounds (measured indirectly as pyruvic acid) were determined.