Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers applied during successive crop seasons on growth and nitrate accumulation in lettuce

A romaine-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Corsica was cultivated during three successive crop seasons (late-spring, late-autumn and late-winter) in the same soil of an experimental greenhouse in S.W. Peloponnese, Greece. Seven long-term fertilization treatments were tested for their effect on plant growth and nitrate concentration in the external lettuce leaves. Treatments included: three different doses of organic fertilization (composted sheep manure) applied at the start of each crop season, three different doses of inorganic N fertilization applied via fertigation during each crop season, and a control treatment in which no fertilizer was applied. A drip irrigation system was used to water all plants. The highest nitrate levels were observed in the medium and maximum inorganic fertilization treatments (572–664 mg kg⁻¹) in all crop seasons. They were significantly higher compared to the respective organic fertilization treatments (253–435 mg kg⁻¹) and all other fertilization treatments (148–435 mg kg⁻¹). Crop season affected lettuce growth more than nitrate accumulation in the lettuce leaves: lettuce biomass production was the smallest and most uniform in the late-autumn season and did not respond to the fertilization treatments tested (ranging from 409 to 439 g plant⁻¹), while in the late-spring season biomass production was the highest and most variable (561–841 g plant⁻¹), it correlated with nitrate concentration in the leaves and in the medium and maximum inorganic fertilizer doses it significantly exceeded production from all other fertilization treatments (827–841 g plant⁻¹). Following the three crop seasons the residual availability of N, P and K was clearly enhanced in the soil receiving the organic compared to the inorganic fertilization. Nitrate concentration in lettuce leaves was far below the upper limits set by the European Commission in all fertilization treatments throughout the three crop seasons, a result attributed mainly to the sufficient level of light intensity and duration throughout the year in Southern Greece.     

不同减肥增效模式对生菜产量和品质的影响

为阐明不同减肥增效模式下土壤和作物各指标的变化规律,采用田间小区试验研究了不同减肥措施对生菜产量、品质及土壤理化性质变化的影响.试验结果表明,不同化肥减量措施中,推荐施肥的生菜产量最高,为2907 kg/667 m2.减肥增效措施下,生菜产量比习惯施肥增加19.83％～76.82％,叶片硝酸含量降低47.49％～63....     

不同施肥方式对甘蓝种植的影响及综合效益评价

以甘蓝为试材,采用大田种植试验的方法,分析了不同肥料对作物生长、氮磷损失、土壤结构、土壤重金属含量的影响,探究了不同施肥方式种植甘蓝所产生的经济效益,以期为不同施肥方式对保护流域环境、保证作物产量、降低生产成本、增加农户收入的比较研究提供可靠的综合评估。结果表明:不同施肥处理中,甘蓝成熟时期产量性状表现为处理D>处理E>处理C>处理A>处理B>处理F。处理E、D、C、B以及处理F氮、磷元素的损失明显少于施用化肥模式。处理B、C、D、E、F有机质均上升,处理E上升最多,为69.92%,处理A有机质下降1.33%。处理E中生物炭直接用于土壤后,降低了土壤中Cr的变化量。甘蓝收获后不同施肥处理的利润大小为处理C>处理D>处理E>处理B>处理A>处理F。综上,评定得分最高的分别为处理C 1.778分、处理E 1.522分、处理D 1.462分,即"沼肥+生物炭""全沼肥""沼肥+化肥"3种施肥方式更适合于"三湖"流域。     

A Factorial NPK Field Experiment with Strawberry,Var. Royal Sovereign

Two phases of a factorial NPK field experiment with strawberry are described and discussed. The object of the experiment was to study the effect of NPK fertilizers on soil fertility, leaf nutrient status, crop yield, and the relationships of these.

Treatments had significant effects on soil pH and soil exchangeable-K at all depths sampled, and on 0·5 N acetic acid-soluble P at 0-6 in. and 6-12 in. depths only.

Nitrogenous fertilizer had no significant effect on crop yield or fruit grade; phosphatic fertilizer had a small but significant effect on crop yield in the first season only; potassic fertilizer was effective mainly in the later stages of the experiment when it enhanced crop yield.

Nitrogenous fertilizer increased leaf-N significantly in all seasons; phosphatic fertilizer increased leaf-P in one season only; potassic fertilizer increased leaf-K in all seasons.

Leaf-K, soil exchangeable-K, soil potassium potential (AR°_e) and crop yield were significantly related with each other. When individual plot values for leaf-K and exchangeable-K were correlated with crop yield, 90% of the yield variance was due to factors other than potassium.     

Improvement of soil properties using compost for optimum parsley production in sandy soils

In the warm and wet north Florida climate, growing Italian parsley (Petroselinum crispum [Mill.]) is gaining popularity with small producers as a short duration crop on sandy soil. Application of compost to agricultural land can benefit the low fertile sandy soils in Florida and subsequent crop production, while providing an outlet for recycling municipal solid wastes (MSW) and biosolids. A field study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications to evaluate the effects of compost (75% MSW:25% biosolids) application in comparison to fertilizer, fertilizer + compost (50:50), and control treatments on: (a) parsley fresh weight (FW), (b) soil and plant tissue nutrient concentrations, and (c) soil bulk density and moisture retention in winter and spring seasons. Soil amended with fertilizer or compost + fertilizer doubled parsley FW from 15.02 Mg ha⁻¹ in the non-amended control plot to 30.75 and 32.67 Mg ha⁻¹ in soils that received fertilizer + compost or fertilizer alone, respectively. Significantly higher total soil carbon (C) levels of 2.16% and 1.95% and nitrogen (N) levels of 0.19% and 0.16% were recorded in compost and fertilizer + compost treatments, respectively. Addition of compost reduced soil bulk density significantly to 1.03 Mg m⁻³ and increased soil moisture retention in simulated drier conditions at 1500 kPa to 0.12 m³ m⁻³ in plots that received only compost at the end of winter growing season. Overall, addition of compost resulted in improvement of both physical and chemical properties as well as increased parsley yields.     

松树针叶有机肥与减量化肥配施对辣椒生长及土壤肥力的影响

研究松树针叶有机肥与减量化肥配施对辣椒生长及土壤肥力的影响,为实现松树针叶有机肥在辣椒实际生产中的应用和减肥增效提供理论依据。通过田间小区试验,设置不施肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(FP)、化肥减量20%配施有机肥处理(OP_1)、化肥减量50%配施有机肥处理(OP_2)、化肥减量80%配施有机肥处理(OP_3)5个处理。结果表明:化肥减量配施有机肥同样可以达到常规施肥对辣椒生长的促进效果,较CK处理,FP、OP_1处理均能显著促进辣椒的生长,增加辣椒株高、茎粗、生物量,且FP、OP_1处理之间无显著差异。化肥减量配施有机肥能有效改善辣椒产量构成与产量,较FP处理,OP_1处理的单株挂果数、单株果质量、果长、果肉厚度分别增加11.01%、10.11%、1.26%、1.05%;施肥处理FP、OP_1、OP_2、OP_3较CK处理产量显著增加,分别增加了69.54%、86.76%、42.62%、23.85%。施肥显著增加了辣椒磷、钾含量,较CK处理,FP、OP_1、OP_2、OP_3处理辣椒果实磷含量分别显著提高58.63%、59.44%、25.70%、9.24%;钾含量分别显著提高63.75%、82.72%、39.28%、20.93%。化肥减量配施有机肥可以保障并提高土壤养分的含量,其中,OP_1处理土壤碱解氮含量最高(102.33 mg/kg),较FP处理显著提高了9.16%;常规施肥处理的土壤有效磷含量最高,但与化肥减量配施有机肥处理之间没有显著差异。综上,化肥减量20%配施松树针叶有机肥的施肥方式在促进辣椒生长,增产增效,提高肥料利用率和土壤肥力方面效果显著。     

有机与非有机莴苣的氮稳定同位素辨识研究

为了证明利用氮稳定同位素技术鉴别有机蔬菜的可行性,本试验研究了不同肥料条件下土壤和莴苣不同部位的同位素特征变化情况。设置4个不同肥料条件：撒施有机肥（N 400 kg ? hm-2）、局部施尿素（N 300 kg ? hm-2）和撒施尿素（N 400 kg ? hm-2）,以及对照（不施用任何肥料）。结果表明不同肥料条件下土壤15N丰度（即δ15N）差异显著（P 对照 > 局部施尿素 > 撒施尿素。各肥料条件下土壤δ15N值均呈现先升高再降低最后趋于平稳的变化规律,峰值出现在定植后20 d。不同处理莴苣δ15N值的差异及变化规律与土壤δ15N值变化规律相同。莴苣不同部位δ15N值比较结果为：外叶 > 根 > 内叶。莴苣内部同位素特征受环境影响最迅速。总体上,莴苣内叶和土壤的δ15N变化可以反映施肥情况,从而可对判断有机蔬菜种植过程中氮肥的施用种类提供依据。     

有机肥不同比例替代化肥对大棚莴苣生长的影响

为探索有机肥替代化肥的最佳比例,指导农户科学施肥,选择在大棚莴苣的基肥施用上开展有机肥不同比例替代化肥试验。采用田间小区试验,分别设置有机肥10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、100%的比例替代化肥处理和纯化肥区,采取三重复随机区组排列方式,研究对大棚莴苣株高、叶片数、鲜质量等指标的影响。结果表明:有机肥20%替代比例的处理在产量上表现最优,随着有机肥替代比例的增大,莴苣的增产效果并未显著增加,反而呈下降趋势;纯化肥区和有机肥30%、40%替代比例的处理产量不存在显著差异,但都显著高于有机肥10%、50%、100%替代处理区。在本试验条件下,有机肥20%替代化肥比例是莴苣的最佳施肥量,667 m~2产量达6 638 kg,比纯化肥处理区增产12.7%;有机肥30%和40%比例替代区的产量次之。建议有机肥替代化肥比例控制在20%～40%,既可综合利用畜禽粪便有机肥资源,又可达到化肥减量增效、保护农业生态环境等目标。     

Effects of different organic apple production systems on seasonal nutrient variations of soil and leaf

An organic apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction effects of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on soil and tree nutrients in the Southern U.S.A. GMS mulches as follows: green compost (GC), wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), and mow-and-blow (MB). Across GMS, one of three NS treatments was applied: commercial organic fertilizer (CF), poultry litter (PL), and no fertilizer (NF). GC-treated plots had greater soil solution nitrate concentrations in year 3. GC plots also maintained greater seasonal soil organic matter and macronutrient concentrations during 3 years compared with the other GMS. Seasonal foliar nutrient concentrations grown under GMS in year 3 tended to follow nutrient concentration patterns similar to those observed in conventional apple orchards. GC and WC trees had overall greater leaf area, dry weight, and total foliar nutrient contents in year 3 than the SP and MB trees.     

Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the seedling emergence of vegetable crops

Summary

Effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and soil moisture content were determined on the emergence of lettuce seedlings in controlled environment conditions. The effect of various nitrogen fertilizers and potassium chloride were also studied on emergence of lettuce and carrot seedlings in the field. Seedling emergence declined with increasing rate of applied nitrogen fertilizer, irrespective of the form supplied. However, fewer seedlings emerged with ammonium nitrate under dry soil conditions compared with organic sources, whereas the opposite was true in soil with a high moisture content. There was little effect of applied potassium chloride on seedling emergence. Factors affecting emergence of seedlings in soil amended with organic and inorganic N fertilizers are discussed.     

Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth,soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production

This study was carried out to maximize the fertilization efficiency of mixed organic fertilizer (OF) for organically managed onion (Allium cepa L.) production during the one growing season of 2005–2006. The organic fertilizer was made of organic materials like sesame oil cake, rice bran and molasses and minerals like illite and mountainous soil. Four organic topdressing treatments, which all followed the same basal fertilization with solid OF, consisted of solid OF without mulch (OF/OFnM), liquid organic fertilizer without mulch (OF/LOFnM), liquid organic fertilizer under mulch (OF/LOFuM) and liquid organic fertilizer over mulch (OF/LOFoM). Chemical fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer (NF) were treated as controls. The solid organic fertilization base was 2.0 ton ha⁻¹, and 4.57 ton ha⁻¹ and was used for topdressing. The total amount of liquid organic fertilization was 133.2 ton ha⁻¹, which was divided into 6 applications from February through March. The OF/LOFuM and OF/LOFoM topdressings did not reduce onion height, leaf number or bulb diameter as compared to chemical fertilizer, whereas no mulch treatments made onion growth significantly poorer. Onion top weight in CF was significantly higher than that in OF groups at the peak growth stage, while there was not much difference in bulb weight between the CF and OF/LOFoM treatment. Finally, the onion marketable yield was 45.9 ton ha⁻¹ in the OF/LOFoM treatment, which exceeded that in the CF treatment by up to 1.9 ton. Furthermore, OF/LOFoM was the most effective among all the treatments in transferring the nutrients from sink to source. CF made the soil pH more acidic than OF did, and the electrical conductivity (EC) remained higher with CF than OF as well. While organic fertilizer helped to keep the NO₃-N content stable throughout the growing season, the concentration rapidly oscillated up and down according to CF fertilization. Organic fertilizer increased population number of soil microorganisms like aerobes, actinomycetes in the field.     

长期定位施肥对设施菜田土壤肥力的影响

本试验是长期定位施肥的继续 ,在保持原有的几个偏施氮肥处理的基础上 ,于 1997年增加了配施磷、钾肥的处理。研究表明 :长期单施无机N肥 (不施有机肥 )土壤有机质含量下降 ,施N量越大下降越多 ,而有机肥与N肥配施更有利于土壤有机质的提高。P肥的后效很长 ,不只是对当季作物 ,而且对以后的作物都有很好的后效。速效K含量下降迅速 ,因此在土壤有机质含量较低的情况下应特别注意K素的施用。长期偏施无机N肥加速了土壤的板结 ,破坏了土体的正常结构 ,耕性变坏。     

Characterization of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown with biopesticides and deltamethrin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics and the post-harvest loss of mass of curly lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Verônica that was grown in a protective environment with applications of biopesticides. The curly lettuce was treated by spraying with neem oil, cassava flour wastewater (manipueira), biofertiliser or the control treatment of deltamethrin. We determined the weight, circumference, dry matter, ash, crude protein, total phenols and minerals profile for the heads of lettuce. After harvesting, the lettuce was packed into opened plastic bags and kept at 5 °C for 5 days to evaluate its weight loss. No differences were observed among the treatments for the physico-chemical parameters. The lettuce that was sprayed with manipueira or biofertiliser had the greatest weight loss during storage. The achievement of similar yields with cheaper products suggests a benefit of using organic bioinsecticides.     

Effects of conventional and organic nitrogen fertilizers on soil microbial activity,mycorrhizal colonization,leaf antioxidant content,and Fusarium wilt in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

A study was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effects of conventional and organic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium solani, in northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Legacy’). Root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi, soil microbial activity, and leaf antioxidants content was also measured the treatments. Plants grown with organic N fertilizer exhibited a lower incidence of Fusarium wilt than those grown with conventional N fertilizer (5% and 30% by the end of the experiment, respectively). Organic fertilizer also increased the soil biota activity, mycorrhizal colonization, and leaf antioxidant content relative to conventional N source. The results suggest that organic N fertilizer may improve the tolerance of blueberry to soil pathogens, such as F. solani.     

Microbial properties of rhizosphere soils as affected by rotation,grafting, and soil sterilization in intensive vegetable production systems

The increased use of rotation, grafting, and soil sterilization has been documented to increase crop yield in intensive vegetable production systems in China. It is believed that these practices can promote changes in the rhizosphere that enhance early growth of plants. A 2-year greenhouse experiment on tomato double-cropping systems was conducted to investigate the effects of different agricultural treatments on microbial properties of rhizosphere soils and tomato fruit yield. The treatments included planting of welsh onion as a cover crop in the summer fallow (SF) period (CW), rotating vegetable chrysanthemum and tomato (CT), planting graft-tomato instead of auto-root tomato (GT), sterilizing soil with calcium cyanamide in the SF period (TC), and fallowing in the SF period (Control). Microbial population was analyzed by dilution plating. In general, microbial populations were higher in CT, GT and TC than in control. Fungal population was higher in TC whereas a high number of bacteria were found in CT. Soil microbial biomass C and N, total microbial population, organic C and total N showed significant positive correlations (P ≤ 0.01) with each others, and tomato yield showed significant positive correlations (P ≤ 0.05) with organic C, total N and total microbial population. In most treatments, CW, GT and TC significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased tomato yield by 8%, 21% and 19% in four growing seasons, respectively. CT significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased tomato yield by 26% in the spring season of 2007. These results suggested that rotation, grafting and soil sterilization could lead to changes in the microbial properties of plant rhizosphere and consequently increase plant yield. Additionally, the responses of plant yield were complex dependent on rhizosphere soil microbes in rotation-, grafting-, and soil sterilization-induced systems.     

鸡粪沼液复合微生物有机肥在温室樱桃番茄上的应用效果研究

为了探讨鸡粪沼液复合微生物有机肥在樱桃番茄上的田间应用效果,在滴灌施肥的条件下,设置化肥和液体复合微生物有机肥两个处理进行对比应用,结果表明施用液体复合微生物有机肥的处理其单果重可提高39.69％,含糖量可提高11.94％,茎粗可提高8.76％,Vc含量可提高5.72％,产量可提高30.95％,节约成本1.32％,可有...     

不同施肥模式对土壤氮磷含量及作物吸收特征的影响

以北京4 号大白菜为试材，采用大田试验方法，研究了不同施肥模式下土壤中氮、磷含量的变化规律及大白菜对其吸收利用特征。结果表明：长期过量施肥可导致表层土中氮素的累积，增加氮素淋溶流失的风险，且未能有效提高大白菜对氮素的吸收利用。随着化学氮肥施用量的增加，表层土中速效磷含量增加。各有机肥处理大白菜对磷素的吸收利用均明显高于其他处理；有机肥+化学氮肥处理大白菜的产量最高，明显高于过量施肥处理。因此，减少氮肥投入，有机—无机肥料合理配施，控制磷肥的投入量是提高作物产量、品质及肥料利用率的有效途径之一。     

长期轮作与施肥对马铃薯土壤养分和产量的影响

为探明长期轮作与施肥对马铃薯土壤养分和产量的影响,采用随机区组设计,研究了9 a(年)间不同肥料配比对马铃薯与杂粮轮作土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,经过9 a轮作与施肥,磷钾肥区旱作土壤有机质含量从2011年的6.46 g·kg^-1上升到2019年的11.79 g·kg^-1,土壤速效养分含量总体呈现出缓慢递增的趋势,全量养分含量呈递增-降低-递增-降低的“M”态势,不同氮磷钾肥配比对马铃薯增产效果显著,在2019年产量达到最高,为12015 kg·hm-2。综上所述,经过9 a的长期轮作与施肥后,土壤质量明显提高。     

不同水溶肥在早春大棚甜瓜生产上的肥效试验

摘要：为探寻最适于甜瓜种植的水溶肥，以5种类型水溶肥，即复合微生物水溶肥、大量元素水溶肥料、中微量元素水溶肥、含腐植酸水溶性肥料、含氨基酸水溶性肥料为供试肥料，以甜瓜博洋9号为供试作物，对比分析了不同水溶肥对甜瓜产量和品质及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：施用复合微生物水溶肥后甜瓜产量最高，为115.23 t/hm2，果实含糖量、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）和土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量也较高，分别为14.47%、59.99和10.03 g/kg、128.21 mg/kg。所以，复合微生物水溶肥更有利于甜瓜的生长和土壤改良。     

Root zone soil nitrogen management to maintain high tomato yields and minimum nitrogen losses to the environment

Greenhouse field experiments on tomato were carried out at Shouguang, Shandong province, over four double cropping seasons between 2004 and 2008 in order to understand the effects of manipulating root zone N management (RN) on fruit yields, N savings and N losses under conventional furrow irrigation. About 72% of the chemical N fertilizer used in conventional treatment (CN) inputs could be saved using the RN treatment without loss of yield. The cumulative fruit yields were significantly higher in the RN treatment than in the CN treatment. Average seasonal N from irrigation water (118 kg N ha⁻¹), about 59% of shoot N uptake, was the main nitrogen source in treatments with organic manure application (MN) and without organic manure or nitrogen fertilizer (NN). N losses in the RN treatment were lowered by 54% compared with the CN treatment. Lower N losses were found in the MN and NN treatments due to excessive inputs of organic manure and fruit yields were consequently substantially affected in the NN treatment. The critical threshold of N_min supply level in the root zone (0–30 cm) should be around 150 kg N ha⁻¹ for sustainable production. April to May in the winter–spring season and September to October in the autumn–winter season are the critical periods for root zone N manipulation during crop growth. However, control of organic manure inputs is another key factor to further reduce surplus N in the future.