Weed competition in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in the Jordan Valley

A field experiment was carried out in 1996/1997 and repeated in 1997/1998 at the Jordan University Research Station located in the central Jordan Valley to determine the effect of weed competition on growth and yield of cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. “White Cloud”. The treatments consisted of either allowing weeds to infest the crop or maintaining plots weed-free for increasing durations after transplanting. Results showed that longer periods of weed/cauliflower competition greatly reduced crop growth and head yield. Average reductions in shoot dry weight and head yield were 81% and 89%, respectively. Maintaining a weed-free crop for any period after transplanting increased cauliflower growth and head yield compared with the weed-infested control. Weed competition for 14 days after transplanting reduced cauliflower average head yield by 41%. To determine the critical period of weed competition and the influence of weed infestation on cauliflower head yield the Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to data representing increasing duration of weed-free and weed-infested periods, respectively. Based upon an arbitrary 5% level of head yield loss, the critical period of weed competition occurred at 0–38 days after cauliflower transplanting which corresponded with the rapid increase in weed biomass. Results indicated that early weed removal is necessary to prevent yield loss.     

南方高海拔山区脱毒马铃薯原种夏繁试验初报

为寻找适合广西地区的马铃薯种薯脱毒快繁技术,解决广西区马铃薯北薯南调原种供应不足及脱毒种薯普及率低等问题,2011年我们在广西西北部海拔1000m以上的天峨县进行脱毒马铃薯原原种不同密度夏繁试验。结果表明:0.8万粒/667m2是高海拔天峨县地区合理的播种密度,‘费乌瑞它’(A1B3)不但结薯数多,而且单粒薯重量适中,产量(1492kg/667m2)最高,随着种植密度的增加单株结薯数不断减少,产量降低,成本也增加。由此可见,在夏繁脱毒马铃薯原种的繁殖生产中,合理的种植密度对马铃薯的稳产增产很关键。     

The Effects of Adding Soluble Salts to the Casing Layer on The Yield and Size of Cultivated Mushrooms

The yield results of six field experiments with bulb onions are presented and it is concluded that : (1) The total yield of ripe bulbs increased with increasing number of plants per sq. ft. until an optimum was reached and thereafter the yield declined.

(2) At the optimum plant densities for total yield the bulbs were too small for normal market purposes but were of a suitable size for pickling whole.

(3) Some varieties of onion would not produce large bulbs even when grown at low plant densities; thus the choice of varieties for ware bulb production is of paramount importance.

(4) The fitting of a mathematic model to the density/yield data showed that if varieties were ranked for yield at anyone plant density this ranking would remain the same at all other plant densities. Absolute yield differences between varieties were, however, greatest at low plant densities.

(5) Decreasing the distance between rows at a given plant density increased the total yield of bulbs. At 7 plants per sq. ft., a density suitable for commercial dry bulb production, reducing the row spacing from 18 in. to 9-12 in. increased yield by 10 to 30%.

     

种薯芽眼摆向不同对马铃薯性状的影响

以洛马铃薯8号为材料,设置种薯芽眼向上、向下、侧向3个摆向,研究其对早熟春播马铃薯性状的影响。试验结果表明,马铃薯薯块芽眼摆向不同对性状有较大影响,芽眼向下播种的马铃薯与常规播种(芽眼向上)相比,株高增高4.14 cm,芽眼根增多,匍匐根增加1.1条,地上茎增粗1.12 mm,地下茎增长3.68 cm,匍匐茎增加1.19条,块茎增加1.06个,产量增加272.48 kg/667 m2,而大中薯比例、商品率基本相同,绿薯率极低,品质改善。     

330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油防除韭菜田杂草试验

为了确定330 g/L二甲戊灵EC能安全有效控制韭菜田杂草的用量,采用播后苗期施药,研究其在施后15、30、45 d对韭菜田旱稗、马唐等杂草的防治效果。试验结果表明,药后45 d,试验药剂495~742.5 g/hm2(有效成分用量)对旱稗、马唐、狗尾草、野苋、藜的最终株防效和鲜质量防效分别为96.97%~99.95%、97.86%~99.95%,96.46%~100%、96.78%~100%,92.51%~98.91%、94.06%~98.88%,54.51%~70.30%、58.69%~77.29%,55.82%~68.72%、72.64%~82.78%。药后10~30 d观察结果表明,试验药剂处理土壤对韭菜安全。     

对不同繁育方式的2个马铃薯品种原种性状表现差异性研究

对露地和网棚繁育的2个不同熟性马铃薯品种原种表现进行比较.结果表明.无论是网棚条件下繁育还是露地条件下繁育,对晚熟品种陇薯3号、早熟品种LK99的幼苗生长势、整齐度、生育期以及植株高度均没有显著影响.露地繁育的陇薯3号原种花叶病发病率比网棚繁育的高3.57～5.01个百分点,而繁育条件对卷叶病影响不显著.LK99无花叶病、卷叶病发生.2个品种晚疫病露地繁育的原种发病率均比网棚繁育的原种高5.0个百分点.生产的一级种网棚与露地相比.2个品种的单株块茎数、单株生产力差异均不明显.网棚繁育的陇薯3号比露地繁育的增产9.3%,LK99增产4.5%,增收不明显.差异不显著.种植一级种产量跟踪发现,生产的二级种网棚比露地减产幅度大.     

种植密度对机播条件下红玫瑰马铃薯结薯性状及产量的影响

为确定临沂市机播条件下红玫瑰彩色马铃薯的最佳播种密度,开展了机播马铃薯相同行距(90 cm)、不同株距(14、18、22、26 cm)的密度试验,分析了不同密度处理对红玫瑰马铃薯出苗期、现蕾期、开花期、成熟期、株高、茎粗、主茎数、马铃薯晚疫病发病情况、产量、商品薯率的影响。结果表明:随着播种密度的增加,红玫瑰物候期无明显变化,株高、马铃薯晚疫病株数呈升高趋势,茎粗和主茎数呈降低趋势,商品薯率和商品薯产量呈下降趋势。以行距90 cm、株距22 cm密度下商品薯667 m~2产量最高,为2 129.25 kg,并且马铃薯晚疫病未见发生。     

Ethylene production throughout growth and development of plants

Ethylene production by 10 or 20 m2 stands of wheat, soybean, lettuce, potato, and tomato was monitored throughout growth and development in an atmospherically closed plant chamber. Chamber ethylene levels varied among species and rose during periods of canopy expansion and rapid growth for all species. Following this, ethylene levels either declined during seed fill and maturation for wheat and soybean, or remained relatively constant for potato and tomato (during flowering and early fruit development). Lettuce plants were harvested during rapid growth and peak ethylene production. Chamber ethylene levels increased rapidly during tomato ripening, reaching concentrations about 10 times that measured during vegetative growth. The highest ethylene production rates during vegetative growth ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 nmol m-2 d-1 during rapid growth of lettuce and wheat stands, or about 0.3 to 0.5 nmol g-1 fresh weight per hour. Estimates of stand ethylene production during tomato ripening showed that rates reached 43 nmol m-2 d-1 in one study and 93 nmol m-2 d-1 in a second study with higher lighting, or about 50x that of the rate during vegetative growth of tomato. In a related test with potato, the photoperiod was extended from 12 to 24 hours (continuous light) at 58 days after planting (to increase tuber yield), but this change in the environment caused a sharp increase in ethylene production from the basal rate of 0.4 to 6.2 nmol m-2 d-1. Following this, the photoperiod was changed back to 12 h at 61 days and ethylene levels decreased. The results suggest three separate categories of ethylene production were observed with whole stands of plants: 1) production during rapid vegetative growth, 2) production during climacteric fruit ripening, and 3) production from environmental stress.     

马铃薯/玉米套作不同行比对马铃薯不同品种商品性状和经济效益的影响

为明确马铃薯/玉米套作体系不同行比对马铃薯商品性状和经济效益的影响,以及筛选适宜与
玉米套作的马铃薯品种,以4 个不同类型马铃薯品种单作为对照,设置2∶2 和3∶2 两种马铃薯/玉米套
作 的行比,研究套作条件下马铃薯商品性和总产值的变化。结果表明：套作极显著降低了马铃薯单个商品
薯质量、单株商品薯数、单株商品薯质量、单株块茎质量、商品薯率和商品薯质量占总薯质量的比率（商
品薯≥ 50 g）。单株商品薯质量、单株块茎数量和单株块茎质量3∶2 行比套作极显著高于2∶2 行比套作,
单株商品薯数和商品薯率两种套作行比之间的差异随马铃薯品种而不同,单个商品薯质量和商品薯质量占
总薯质量的比率两种套作行比之间无显著差异。马铃薯生物产量（干质量和鲜质量）、块茎产量和商品薯
产量套作明显低于单作,2∶2 行比套作低于3∶2 行比套作。套作条件下费乌瑞它商品性较好,中薯5 号
商品性较差,鄂薯5 号、米拉中等。套作总产值的高低并不总与马铃薯的商品性成正向关系。套作总产值
高于单作玉米产值,但与单作马铃薯产值相比存在品种及套作行比间的差异。适合与玉米套作的品种与行
比依次为：费乌瑞它3∶2 行比、中薯5 号3∶2 行比、米拉3∶2 行比、费乌瑞它2∶2 行比。     

黄心乌新品种筛选比较试验

以3个黄心乌杂交新品种和2个商品种为试验材料,开展农艺性状和杂交制种比较试验,以筛选优良新品种。研究表明:WTC-1株型较紧凑,且杂交制种产量最高,具有较好的应用前景。WTC-2株型紧凑,适合高密度栽培,可通过提高种植密度来增加产量,但需进一步优化制种技术,提高其制种产量。     

生物炭添加对马铃薯根际土壤真菌多样性和产量的影响

以马铃薯品种克新1 号为试材，在土壤中分别添加10、20、40 t·hm^-2 玉米秸秆生物炭，利用ITS 高通量测序技术， 研究不同生物炭添加量对马铃薯根际土壤真菌多样性和产量的影响。结果表明：各生物炭处理均降低了土壤真菌丰度，其中 以T3 处理（添加生物炭20 t·hm^-2）丰度最低。马铃薯根际土壤真菌主要包括5 个门、25 个纲、62 个目、120 个科、201 个 属和345 个种，在门分类水平上优势真菌群落为子囊菌门，相对丰度为86.86%～95.86%。添加生物炭处理有利于提高子囊 菌门的丰度，降低担子菌门和接合菌门的丰度；在科分类水平上，添加生物炭处理提高了粪壳菌目Incertae sedis 23、小子囊 菌科、毛壳菌科、丛赤壳科的丰度，降低了子囊菌科、粪壳菌科、粪壳菌目Incertae sedis 的丰度。添加生物炭处理提高了马 铃薯单株产量、单株结薯数和商品薯率，其中T3 处理效果最显著。综合产量指标和真菌多样性分析，T3 处理最有利于马铃 薯产量提高和土壤改良。     

不同种植密度对留茬膜侧马铃薯产量的影响

以马铃薯费乌瑞它为试验材料,研究不同种植密度对秋季烟草垄上膜侧套种马铃薯的薯块大小和产量的影响,从长势和验收结果来看,种植密度为4 446株/667 m2时产量最高,与其他处理相比差异显著,经济效益最大,各处理的经济效益从高密度到低密度与对照相比,667 m2增效分别为806.16元,1 326.9元,1 100.82元。这充分说明了秋季留茬膜侧马铃薯节本增效栽培技术的推广应用起到良好的示范作用。     

马铃薯不同生育期喷施植物生长调节剂对产量的影响

对马铃薯不同生育期叶面喷施植物生长调节剂"通田补"对产量的影响进行试验。结果表明,马铃薯在团棵期和初花期各喷1次"通田补"效果最佳,每667m2产量达2170.11kg,较对照增产29.3%。喷施该植物生长调节剂,可补充从土壤中吸收不到的营养物质,使喷施的无机营养能迅速渗透到茎叶里,激发细胞活力,加速营养吸收,增加叶绿素的合成量,提高光合效率,促进淀粉积累,加速形成的光合产物向块茎转移,促使马铃薯地下块茎膨大,形成大薯。     

加工型马铃薯新品种陇薯17号的选育

陇薯17号是以L0020-14为母本,以D1533为父本,通过有性杂交和系统选育而成的加工型马铃薯新品种。晚熟,生育期132 d(天)左右。植株生长势较强,枝叶繁茂,结薯集中,单株平均结薯5个,商品薯率91%。薯块椭圆形,薯皮网纹,薯肉淡黄色,芽眼浅,薯形好。干物质含量25.66%,粗淀粉19.16%,粗蛋白2.84%,VC 150.9 mg·kg~(-1),还原糖0.128%。每667 m~2产量2 000 kg左右。田间对晚疫病的抗性强于对照陇薯6号。适宜在甘肃省临夏州、定西市等二阴地区栽培。     

栽培密度、整枝方式及种薯大小对菊薯产量的影响

为合理确定菊薯栽培过程中密度、整枝方式、种薯大小对其产量的影响,特采用L9（34）正交试验进行研究。试验结果表明,河南省北部地区栽培菊薯,密度为1300株/667m2,放任整枝,种薯为25g/块时,产量最高。     

山西省马铃薯化肥农药使用情况调查及分析

对山西省马铃薯主要种植区的23 个县（村）进行化肥、农药抽样调查分析,以明确马铃薯种植基地化肥、农药 的使用情况。结果表明：山西省马铃薯种植过程中使用的农药以化学农药为主,使用的农药产品有28 种（杀虫剂10 种、 杀菌剂14 种、除草剂4 种）,其中化学农药占97.26%;主要用于防治马铃薯早疫病、晚疫病、二十八星瓢虫和地下害虫; 商品薯和种薯种植基地的平均用药次数分别为2.28、4.67 次,平均农药使用量分别为1.61、1.55 kg·hm^-2;禁用农药还在使 用,中高毒农药占比为17.9%。马铃薯种植过程中施用的肥料以复合肥为主,占比为54.55%;商品薯和种薯种植基地的平 均氮肥施用量分别为235.17、308.82 kg·hm^-2,磷肥施用量分别为129.28、105.81 kg·hm^-2,钾肥施用量分别为144.83、214.31 kg·hm^-2。各种植基地间农药和肥料的使用差异较大,种薯种植基地的农药使用次数多于商品薯种植基地;肥料的施用多依 赖氮肥,忽略了氮磷钾肥的合理配施。     

Carnation yield patterns: The effects of plant density and planting-date

Carnations, cultivar ‘White Sim’, were planted on 17 January, 12 March, 11 July, 12 September and 7 November, at densities of 12.9, 25.8, 51.7 and 103.3 plants m^?2. For each planting-date, yields within a year from planting were asymptotically related to plant density. The mid-winter plantings gave the highest yields and the July planting the lowest.Yield patterns, derived from a weighted moving average, were affected by both the date and the density of planting. At high density, a major part of the year's yield came from the first flush, accounting for 48% of the total yield in the September planting and 75% in the March planting. At the low density, the first flush was only 26–31% of the year's yield. After the first flush, crop yields were suppressed more at higher densities, especially in the November, January and March plantings. Densities of 25.8 and 51.7 plants m^?2 gave the best continuity of production per unit area, whilst the lowest density gave the best continuity of production per plant.The suppression of flower initiation was related to the amount of light; in November less than 20% of the incident light penetrated the canopy of a high-density September planting. Continuous light did not materially increase the number of shoots per plant that initiated flowers, its greatest effect being to produce earlier initiation.     

费乌瑞它(Favorita)马铃薯春季栽培密度试验

为完善马铃薯优良品种费乌瑞它(Favorita)高产优质栽培技术,2011年春季安排费乌瑞它单垄双行栽培密度试验。试验结果表明,随着栽培密度增大,产量有增加的趋势。同一株距或垄距下,密度增加,产量也随之增加。单垄双行种植费乌瑞它,取得高产适宜的栽培密度范围为7 579～10 990株/667 m2,最合适的垄株距为80 cm×15 cm、80 cm×20 cm。     

Effect of protected cultivation on the precocity,yield and fruit quality in loquat

The advantages of the high density and protected cultivation over open field were investigated in three loquat cultivars. Both of these methods are new and have not been previously studied in Turkey. The study was conducted with Gold Nugget, Hafif Çukurgöbek, and Sayda cultivars planted at high-density with planting spaces of 3 m × 3 m in May 1997. The experiments for cultivation were done in greenhouses where the side height was 2.5 m and the highest point was 4.0 m. Phenological variables such as first blossoming, full bloom, end of bloom and harvest time and pomological variables such as fruit and seed weight, fruit dimension, seed number/fruit, and acidity were determined. The trunk diameter, 10 cm above the bud union, was also recorded each year during the study. The total above ground tree canopy volume was calculated from height and width measurements. The productivity parameters including yield/plant, yield/hectare, cumulative production/plant, cumulative production/hectare and yield/unit trunk cross-sectional area and yield/unit of canopy volume were calculated. The results indicated that protected cultivation caused earliness of 13–20 days when compared to open field. The mean yield was higher in protected cultivation than the open field for both yield/tree and yield/ha. Conversely, the mean yield was higher in open field than protected cultivation for yield/unit trunk cross-sectional area and yield/unit of canopy volume of trees. Pomological quality of the fruits was higher in the open field than protected cultivation.     

胶冻样类芽孢杆菌对不同施肥处理的马铃薯产量和品质的影响

以‘克新1号’马铃薯为试验材料,试验设置低、中、高3个施肥量处理,在复合肥和有机肥的基础上,每个处理中固体胶冻样类芽孢杆菌微生物菌剂设置4个不同的梯度处理,在马铃薯块茎膨大期冲施定量的液体胶冻样类芽孢杆菌微生物菌剂,探究增施胶冻样类芽孢杆菌微生物菌剂对马铃薯生长指标、产量、品质及经济效益等的影响,旨在找出适合蒲县当地的科学施肥方法,为其马铃薯的高产优质生产提供理论和生产实践依据。结果表明,适量增施微生物菌剂有利于提高马铃薯产量、品质和经济效益等指标,但高浓度的微生物菌剂却抑制马铃薯的生长,在本试验中以低肥量处理下的T2组效果最佳,其株高、出苗率、维生素C含量、产量及净利润比常规施肥组分别提高了6.83%、5.31%、92.11%、27.0%和16.94%,还原糖含量降低了18.42%,是高产优质马铃薯的科学施肥配方及标准化生产技术方案。