虹鳟、金鳟亲鱼成熟群体卵质比较研究

对相同饲养条件下经产虹鳟和初产金鳟亲鱼自然成熟产卵群体生物学特性及其成熟鱼卵中四种不饱和脂肪酸（亚油酸,亚麻酸,EPA,HDA）组成含量进行分析比较,结果表明：两种鱼成熟产卵期和成熟卵粒重相近;成熟鱼卵四种脂肪酸组成含量（mg/g鲜样）均依次为亚油酸＞DHA＞EPA＞亚麻酸,相关明显（R=0.97),虹鳟鱼卵四种脂肪酸总和（6．68）,必需脂肪酸（3．83）,DHA（2．534）含量明显高于金鳟（3．93,2．21,1．14）。金鳟受精卵发眼率较低,可能与鱼卵EFA,DHA含量低有关。     

湘华鲮肌肉营养成分分析与评价

本文分析了湘华鲮（Sinilabeo decorus tungting（Nichols））（n=10）肌肉的主要营养成分,并对它的营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明,湘华鲮肌肉中水分、蛋白质、脂肪和灰分的含量分别为75．12％、20．15％、3．24％和1．17％（质量分数,鲜样）。肌肉中含有18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量为74．44％（质量分数,干样）,肌肉的第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为61．45,氨基酸的支／芳值（BCAA／AAA）为2．57。4种鲜味氨基酸（DAA）总量为7．39％（质量分数,鲜样）。肌肉中主要含有20种脂肪酸,肌肉脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的含量为31．57％,其中二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）的含量分别为4．83％和4．49％。肌肉中矿物质和微量元素含量丰富且组成比例合理。综合分析说明湘华鲮肌肉具有较佳的食用口感、较好的营养价值和保健作用。     

五种无机氮肥对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性研究

采用静态急性毒性试验法，测定了NH4HC03、NH4C1、（NHh）2HP04、（NH4）2S04、NH4N03五种无机氮肥对中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性．17～18℃条件下5种化肥毒性大小依次为NH4HCO3 〉 NH4C1 〉 （NH4）2HPO4 〉 （NH4）2SO4 〉 NH4NO4. 24h LC50NH4HCO3 347mg/L, NH4Cl 433mg/L, （NH4）2HPO4 542mg/L; 48h LC50NH4HCO3 234mg/L, NH4Cl 251mg/L, （NH4）2HPO4 399mg/L, （NH4）2SO4 501mg/L, NH4NO3 592mg/L; 72h LC50NH4HCO3 186mg/L, NH4Cl 201mg/L, （NH4）2HPO4 332mg/L, （NH4）2SO4 398mg/L, NH4NO4 510mg/L; 96h LC50NH4HCO3 169mg/L, NH4Cl 186mg/L, （NH4）2HPO4 287mg/L, （NH4）2SO4 316mg/L, NH4NO3 381mg/L。5种氮肥的安全浓度分别为 16.9mg/L, 18.6mg/L, 28.7mg/L, 31,6mg/L, 38.1mg/L.     

七带石斑鱼肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

对饲养的七带石斑鱼Epinephelus septem fasciatus Thunberg的含肉率、营养成分及鱼肉品质进行了研究,采用常规肌肉营养测定方法分析了4尾成鱼的肌肉营养成分。结果表明,七带石斑鱼的含肉率为76.73%,肌肉（鲜样）中粗蛋白含量为19.60%,粗脂肪为2.70%,氨基酸总含量为18.33%,其中7种必需氨基酸的总含量为7.59%,占氨基酸总含量的41.4%,其必需氨基酸的构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织（FAO/WHO）的标准模式。必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为82.38,5种鲜味氨基酸的总含量为8.22%。多不饱和脂肪酸含量为32.45%,其中EPA与DHA的平均含量分别为6.11%和12.78%。七带石斑鱼肌肉矿物元素种类丰富,矿物质中钾含量（4561.02mg/kg）最高,在微量元素中锌含量（4.20mg/kg）最高。     

3种植物生长激素对2种底栖硅藻生长速率的影响

采用原位光密度法探讨三十烷醇（TA）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA3）对咖啡形双眉藻（Amphora coffeaeformis)和灰状舟形藻（Navichla corymbosa)生长速率的影响。单因子试验结果表明，3种植物生长激素对2种底栖硅藻生长速率均有显著的促进作用（P＜0．05）。其中IAA和GA3对2种底栖硅藻的最佳质量浓度均为0．5mg/L，TA对咖啡形双眉藻的最佳质量浓度为1．0mg/L，对灰状舟形藻的最佳质量浓度为0．1mg/L，正交多因子试验结果表明，培养2种底栖硅藻的TA、IAA和GA3最佳质量浓度（mg/L），配比分别为：咖啡形双眉藻0．5：0．5：0．5；盔状舟形藻0．1：0．05：1．0。     

EDTA-Na_2直接滴定乳中总钙及方法的评价

对20份乳样用EDTA－Na2直接滴定Ca含量，结果在1．25mol／lKOH中为1．18±0．19（mg／ml），在1mol／lNaoH中为1．14±0．19（mg／ml）；用食品中钙测定的标准方法测定结果为1．12±0．26（mg／ml），两法之间无显著差异（P＞0．2和P＞0．5）。直接滴定法重复试验结果的CA为3．43％；回收率为102．15％±3．92％（97．44％～107．69％），说明直接滴定法可用于乳中总钙测定。     

镧-氨基酸络合物对中国对虾卵子孵化和无节幼体变态的影响

研究了镧－氨基酸络合物对中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）胚胎发育和无节幼体生长的影响。实验结果表明，对胚胎发育期为单、二细胞的卵子，镧－脯氨酸、镧－苯丙氨酸的最佳浓度范围分别为（1．50－4．00）mg/L和（0．50－3．00）mg/L，对卵子的孵化率有明显的促进作用，较对照组分别提高21．0％－46．0％及23．0％－42．8％（P＜0．05）；对无节幼体的变态也有促进作用，镧－脯氨酸、镧－苯丙氨酸垢最浓度范围分别为（0．50－4．00）mg/L和（0．50－3．00）mg/L，变态率较对照组分别提高16．4％－27．5％及20．4％－26．7％（P＜0．05）。镧－氨基酸络合物对卵子孵化及无节幼体变态的促进效果好于元素镧，镧－苯丙氨酸又好于镧－脯氨酸。     

波纹巴非蛤的形态分析与营养成分评价

文章分析了波纹巴非蛤（Paphia undulate）的形态性状、出肉率及蛤肉的主要营养成分,并综合评价了其营养价值。结果显示,波纹巴非蛤的出肉率达35．73％;蛤肉中蛋白质占鲜质量的12．8％;18种氨基酸总量约占干质量的46．21％,其中8种必需氨基酸（EAA）占氨基酸总量的34．67％,4种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41．94％;牛磺酸（Tau）的质量分数较高,占干质量的3．03％;不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）占脂肪酸总量的51．9％,C22：6（DHA）和C20：5（EPA）共占32．8％;矿物质丰富,尤其是钾（K）元素的质量分数高达3．407mg·g-1。     

日粮铜浓度对肥育阉牛的影响

北卡罗林那州立大学T.K.Bngle和J.W.Spears,采用60只安格斯阉牛确定日粮铜浓度对脂类代谢和瘤胃发酵的影响。阉牛根据体重分类,并随机分配给各处理组。处理组由0(对照)、10或20mg添加Cu(CuSO3)/kg日粮DM组成。阉牛关在装有单独电子凯兰门饲料槽的牛舍内。第86d和92d,各处理组收集2只阉牛的瘤胃液,用于确定IVDMD。喂肥育日粮96d或112d后,各处理相等数量的阉牛屠宰。试验结果表明,含4.9mgCu/kgDM的高浓度日粮添加10或20mgCu/kg可改变阉牛的脂类和胆固醇代谢,但不会影响瘤胃发酵。     

群子源(QZY)在水产养殖中的应用

群子源（QZY）是经过高能处理,含有20多种生命动力素离子群的浓缩液。在水产养殖中应用试验15～90mg/L浓度培养小球藻细胞数增长为对照组1．3～1．6倍;12．5mg/L浓度施用于（鱼免）鱼受精卵孵化率提高52%;褐毛鲿稚鱼培育全程40天施用10mg/L浓度育成率提高11%;100mg/L浓度室内养殖青石斑鱼,净增重较对照组高近1倍。     

Sex reversal in the genus Oreochromis: optimization of feminization protocol

Abstract. High rate of feminization was achieved by oral administration of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and ethynyloestradiol (EES) to gonadally undifferentiated Oreochromis mossambicus (L.) and O. mossambicus × O. urolepis hornorum Trewavas all-male hybrid. All-female groups were produced at doses > 10mg/kg DES and >50mg/kg EES, when fry immediately after yolk-sac absorption were fed hormone-treated feed ad libitum. The critical period for feminization was about one week. Treatments longer than 10 days did not result in a higher proportion of females, and treatments starting later than one week after yolk-sac absorption were not effective. Optimal derived protocol was applied to O. aureus (Steindachner), resulting also in complete feminization.     

Effect of fluoxymesterone on sex ratio and growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

The androgenic and anabolic potential of fluoxymesterone (FM) was evaluated by incorporating the hormone into the feed of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus(L.) fry. Phenotypic all-male populations were produced when FM was given at 1, 5 and 25mg/kg of feed. Fry fed methyltestosterone (MT) at 60 mg/kg of feed and 0-2 mg of FM per kg of feed had a sex ratio of 97-7% and 87-3% phenotypic males. No positive anabolic effect was evident in response to adding FM or MT to the feed at the end of the 28-day treatment period or after an additional 6 weeks of growth without hormone. Growth was less for fry which received 25 mg/kg of FM compared to those receiving lesser rates of FM, 60 mg/kg MT, and controls.     

高效液相色谱法检测克氏原螯虾组织中氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺

建立了克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰脏中氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺的高效液相色谱检测方法。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250mm×4.6 mmi.d,5μm)反相色谱柱,以A液(乙腈):B液(0.04 mol/L NaH2PO4、0.004 mol/L十二烷基硫酸钠和0.10%三乙胺)(体积比为30∶70)为流动相,225 nm紫外检测波长完成分析。结果显示:本方法在0.025~20 mg/L范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;组织的加标回收率为78.8%~94.2%,相对标准偏差小于8.16%,氟苯尼考在血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰脏的检出限分别为0.01 mg/L、0.02 mg/kg、0.03 mg/kg,氟苯尼考胺则为0.015 mg/L、0.03 mg/kg、0.05 mg/kg。     

饲料中铁元素含量对鱼菜共生系统水质及鱼菜生长的影响

通过控制饲料中铁元素含量,研究其对鱼(金鲫)、菜(红皱生菜和红油阿拉斯)生长和系统水质的影响。实验设置1个对照组和5个处理组,饲料铁含量分别为0、0、10、20、40和80 mg/kg。结果显示:该系统对水体质量有净化作用;不同铁含量对金鲫存活率影响不显著(P0.05),对增重率影响显著(P0.05);当饲料中铁含量为20 mg/kg时,金鲫鱼存活率和鱼体增重率均达到最大值;饲料中铁含量为80 mg/kg时,金鲫的存活率和增重率均出现下降趋势;饲料中不同铁含量对两种蔬菜的存活率和增重率均没有产生显著影响(P0.05),但在增重率方面有一定的差异。研究表明:饲料中添加铁元素能够促进金鲫和蔬菜的生长,当铁元素含量为20 mg/kg时,该鱼菜共生系统具有最佳的生产力。     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of flumequine and oxolinic acid after various routes of administration to Atlantic salmon in seawater

The present preclinical study was performed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of flumequine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in seawater after administration of different doses and dosage formulations. Flumequine was administered intravenously (dose 4.9 mg/kg fish) and orally from the drug delivery system Aqualets as Apoquin 5 g/kg (dose 25 mg/kg) and 10 g/kg (dose 50 mg/kg), respectively. Experiments were carried out with oxolinic acid administered in the same way for the purpose of comparing the two compounds. The seawater temperature was 5±0.2°C in all experiments.

The pharmacokinetic calculations showed that the distribution half-life for flumequine was and for oxolinic acid . The drugs were absorbed rapidly, and flumequine reached a plasma concentration of C_max = 2.26 μg/ml after a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg, whereas oxolinic acid reached C_max = 0.99 μg/ml. The apparent bioavailability of flumequine was found to be 40–45%, whereas the apparent bioavailability of oxolinic acid varied from 25% at a dose of 50 mg to 40% at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight of fish. The distribution profile of flumequine in the various compartment of fish appeared to be different from that of oxolinic acid. After a single oral dose (25 mg/kg) the areas under the concentration-time curves showed that flumequine was 2.3 times more concentrated in plasma and 2.6 times more concentrated in liver compared to oxolinic acid. In muscle the difference was less pronounced, flumequine being 1.4 times more concentrated than oxolinic acid.     

饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化指标及抗胁迫能力的影响

为了探讨桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）生长性能、体成分、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响,选用初始体重为（1.32±0.01）g的凡纳滨对虾960尾,随机分为6组（每组4个重复,每个重复40尾）,分别投喂在基础饲料中添加0、10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮的实验饲料,饲养50 d后测定成活率、生长相关指标、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及抗低氧胁迫能力。结果显示,饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数等无显著影响（P>0.05）。饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾体成分无显著性影响（P>0.05）。添加150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可显著提高凡纳滨对虾血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性（P<0.05）。添加10~300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可显著提高血清和肝脏总抗氧化能力,显著降低肝胰腺丙二醛和脂质过氧化物的含量,添加50 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性（P<0.05）。低氧胁迫2 h时,10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;在低氧胁迫4 h时,10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结果表明,以血清总抗氧化能力为评价指标进行回归分析得出,桑叶黄酮在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜添加量为56.18 mg/kg,添加10~100 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高凡纳滨对虾抗低氧胁迫能力。     

A Practical Calcium Hardness Criterion for Channel Catfish Hatchery Water Supplies

Three pairs of brood channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were induced to spawn in aquaria supplied with flowing water from a reservoir filled with ground water (calcium hardness = 110 mg/L as CaCO₃= 44 mg/L as calcium). Fertilized egg masses were allowed to incubate in aquaria for 6 h and each mass was then split into five portions. The five portions were then allowed to hatch and the resulting sac fry developed in waters with calcium hardnesses of 0, 1, 5, 10, or 100 mg/L as CaCO₃ (0, 0.4, 2, 4, or 40 mg/L as calcium). Test waters were prepared from distilleddeionized water and reagent-grade chemicals; tests were conducted using static-renewal conditions. Survival from hatch to onset of exogenous feeding ("swim-up") averaged 62% in calcium-free water and 98% at all other calcium hardness levels. Wet weight gain, dry weight loss, and resistance to environmental hypoxia were significantly affected ( P < 0.05) by environmental calcium levels: best growth, yolk utilization rate (indicated by changes in dry weight and visual observation), and tolerance to low dissolved oxygen concentrations were found at calcium hardnesses of 10 and 100 mg/L as CaCO₃. Based upon these results, a minimum calcium hardness of 10 mg/L as CaCO₃ (4 mg/L as calcium) is recommended for channel catfish hatchery water supplies.     

A single-dose pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol,an oxolinic acid ester,in cod,Gadus morhua L., held in sea water at 8 degrees C and in vitro antibacterial activity of oxolinic acid against Vibrio anguillarum strains isolated from diseased cod

The pharmacokinetic properties of the antibacterial agent oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, the carbitol ester of oxolinic acid, were studied after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to 100-150 g cod, Gadus morhua L., held in sea water at 8 degrees C. Following i.v. injection, the plasma drug concentration-time profile showed two distinct phases. The distribution half-life (t1/2alpha) was estimated at 1.3 h, the elimination half-life (t1/2beta) as 84 h and the total body clearance (Cl(T)) as 0.047 L kg(-1) h(-1). The volume of distribution at steady state, Vd(ss) was calculated to be 5.5 L kg(-1), indicating good tissue penetration of oxolinic acid in cod. Following p.o. administration of oxolinic acid or vetoquinol, the peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) of oxolinic acid and the time to peak plasma concentrations (T(max) were estimated to be 1.2 and 2.5 microg mL(-1) and 24 and 12 h, respectively. The bioavailabilities of oxolinic acid following p.o. administration of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol were calculated to be 55 and 72%, respectively. The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of oxolinic acid against three strains of Vibrio anguillarum isolated from diseased cod were 0.016 microg mL(-1) (HI-610), 0.250 microg mL(-1) (HI-618) and 0.250 microg mL(-1) (HI-A21). Based on a MIC value of 0.016 microg mmL(-1) a single p.o. administration of 25 mg kg(-1) of oxolinic acid maintains plasma levels in excess of 0.064 microg mL(-1), corresponding to four times the MIC-value, for approximately 12 days. The analogous value for a single p.o. dose of 25 mg kg(-1) of oxolinic acid administered as vetoquinol was 13 days.     

海水和饲料中Pb在凡纳滨对虾体内的富集与释放特性

为获知海水和饲料中重金属Pb与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)各组织间的富集与释放特性,应用生物富集双箱动力学模型,模拟凡纳滨对虾分别在海水中Pb浓度为0.0015 mg/L(B0)、0.0080 mg/L(B1)、0.0466 mg/L(B2)和0.2302 mg/L(B3),饲料中Pb浓度为2.089 mg/kg(A0)、2.750 mg/kg(A1)、6.103 mg/kg(A2)和14.520 mg/kg(A3)的驯养过程中,其肝胰腺、外骨骼和肌肉对Pb的生物富集与释放特性,为Pb在凡纳滨对虾体内的分布、富集和迁移提供理论依据,为其安全生产提供指导意义。同时通过非线性拟合得到凡纳滨对虾对海水和饲料中Pb的富集速率常数K1、排出速率常数K2、生物富集系数BCF、生物半衰期B_(1/2),富集平衡时生物体内Pb含量CAmax等动力学参数。结果显示:(1)投喂任一浓度饲料时,B0、B1、B2组凡纳滨对虾肌肉、外骨骼和肝胰腺组织中Pb含量均小于限量值0.5 mg/kg,而在B3海水浓度中,随着投喂饲料浓度的增大,各组织中Pb累积量高于限量值(0.5 mg/kg)的时间出现得越来越早;肝胰腺中Pb的释放速率高于肌肉和外骨骼的释放速率。(2)用SPSS18.0对饲料Pb含量、海水浓度、富集时间进行三因素重复测量方差分析显示,饲料浓度、海水浓度和富集时间对凡纳滨对虾各组织中Pb的富集含量出现显著性差异[除了饲料浓度对凡纳滨对虾外骨骼组织中Pb富集主效应达到边缘显著(F=2.351,P=0.071)],且饲料、海水及时间交互效应分析显示,三者交互作用显著。(3)用SPSS18.0对不同组织中Pb的富集含量、饲料浓度、海水浓度和富集时间进行多元回归分析,结果显示:在凡纳滨对虾各组织间Pb富集过程中,海水中Pb浓度的贡献率大于饲料中Pb浓度的贡献率。(4)达到平衡状态下,投喂A0饲料浓度,生长在B0~B3组海水中,凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中Pb含量为0.128~2.981 mg/kg,肝胰腺组织中Pb含量为0.399~4.765 mg/kg;生物学半衰期(B_(1/2))范围分别为5~7 d和3~7 d。投喂A2饲料浓度,生长在B0~B3组海水中,凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中Pb含量为0.380~1.000 mg/kg,肝胰腺组织中Pb含量为0.288~5.355 mg/kg;生物学半衰期(B_(1/2))范围分别为2~7 d和2~5 d。理论平衡浓度下,肝胰腺组织中含量均大于肌肉。     

槟榔、川楝子复方中草药对大黄鱼4种酶活性的影响及对刺激隐核虫的杀灭效果分析

海水小瓜虫病是养殖大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)和数十种海水鱼类较难控制的主要疾病,它是由刺激隐核虫(Cryptography irritans)感染引发,严重威胁鱼类养殖产业的健康发展。本研究利用复方中草药"HD-2"(槟榔、川楝子、绵马贯众、大青叶、穿心莲等以一定比例混合,超微粉碎经过200目过筛后收集粉末)投喂大黄鱼,研究大黄鱼溶菌酶(LZM)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)等非特异性免疫指标变化和不同用药方式对刺激隐核虫的杀灭效果。结果显示,口服"HD-2"可以促进鱼体LZM、T-SOD、AKP、ACP活性升高,以添加2%中草药组在提高4种酶活性方面作用显著,投喂后第14~21天酶活性最高。"HD-2"对体外刺激隐核虫幼虫的杀灭实验证实:4 h内在50 mg/L浓度下对幼虫没有杀伤作用,80 mg/L、100 mg/L、200 mg/L浓度分别可以杀死20%、54%、89%的幼虫,400 mg/L浓度下幼虫被全部杀死,幼虫4 h半致死浓度为109 mg/L。在室内为期15 d的大黄鱼小瓜虫病治疗实验中,A组按20 g/kg添加"HD-2"药物口服,同时按100 mg/L浓度药浴,存活率为50%;B组按20 g/kg添加药物口服,同时按50 mg/L浓度药浴,存活率50.67%;C组,在无药浴情况下,仅按20 g/kg添加药物口服,存活率为42.67%;A、B、C组存活率均显著高于对照组存活率2.67%(P0.05)。此外,A、B、C 3组中,大黄鱼胸鳍上白点数量明显少于对照组;同时,3个组的大黄鱼鳃丝上隐核虫数量均呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),实验结束时几乎观察不到虫体;而对照组大黄鱼鳃丝上隐核虫数量明显上升。实验过程中A、B、C 3组大黄鱼释放到体外的包囊数量明显下降,第12天时其包囊数量分别下降100%、91.1%、77.7%,与对照组差异极显著(P0.01)。综上所述,口服和药浴同时用药具有最佳效果,仅口服中草药亦能达到良好治疗效果。从实用性和成本考虑,建议仅进行口服处理,即能保障大黄鱼较高成活率,中草药添加量为2%,投喂时间为6~14 d。该结果为防控鱼类小瓜虫病提供了理论参考和技术支撑,在养殖生产中将具有良好的应用前景。