HPLC法测定红麻青贮饲料中的有机酸

运用高效液相色谱法对红麻青贮饲料中乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸4种有机酸的含量进行同时测定。采用0.02 mol/L NaH_2PO_4(pH=2.70)与甲醇作为流动相,在Dionex Ultimate 3000液相色谱仪,色谱柱为Thermo Hypersil BDS C18柱,流速1 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长210 nm,进样体积20μL条件下对青贮样品有机酸含量进行定性分析。结果表明,4种待测有机酸在预定检测范围内线性关系良好(R2≥0.9982),精密度变异系数5%,样品回收率在98.73%~102.79%之间。该方法操作简单准确,重复性好,可用于红麻青贮饲料中有机酸的测定。     

高效液相色谱测定紧压茶中有机酸条件研究

建立一种利用高效液相色谱测定紧压茶中10种有机酸的方法。紧压茶中有机酸的色谱条件为:Di-amonsilC18柱(5μ,250×4.6mm),柱温30℃,流速0.6ml/min,检测波长210nm,进样量15μl,流动相0.1mol/LKH2PO4(用磷酸调至pH2.8)。该方法有机酸添加回收率达到92.5%～101.3%,相对标准差0.62%～2.73%,各种有机酸浓度与HPLC峰面积的线性相关系数大于0.94,表明该测定方法快速简便,具有较高的准确度和精确度。     

RP-HPLC法测定林下山参片中有机酸的含量

目的测定林下山参片中有机酸的含量。方法以食品中有机酸的含量测定标准GB/T 5009.157-2003,利用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定林下山参片中富马酸、柠檬酸、马来酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、香草酸和肉桂酸等7种有机酸的含量,采用XAqua C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以(NH4)2HPO4-H3PO4缓冲溶液(p H=2.7)为流动相分离测定前五种有机酸,流速为0.8 m L?min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长210 nm;用Unitary C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.5%冰乙酸梯度洗脱测定香草酸和肉桂酸含量,流速为1.0 m L?min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长为260 nm。结果 :马来酸、柠檬酸、反丁烯二酸、香草酸及肉桂酸的含量分别为0.015‰、2.619‰、0.030‰、0.009‰、0.025‰。结论首次通过RP-HPLC法对林下山参片中的有机酸进行含量测定,为林下山参新产品的科学服用提供了依据。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定西番莲中的有机酸

采用Waters Atlantis C18色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以2％甲醇-98％ 0.01 mol/L K2HPO4溶液（用H3PO4调节pH2.8）作为流动相,流速为0.6 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃,进样量为10 μL,检测波长为210 nm,建立高效液相色谱同时分析西番莲中10种有机酸的方法。结果表明：该方法相对标准偏差为0.22％~4.00％,平均回收率在88.0％~109.6％,各种酸的线性相关系数r＞0.999 2,检测限为0.001~0.22 μg/mL;采用外标法定量。在紫果和黄果西番莲中检测到7种有机酸,其含量趋势呈现为柠檬酸＞L-苹果酸＞L-乳酸＞琥珀酸＞L-抗坏血酸＞酒石酸＞富马酸。该方法具有灵敏度高、测试组分多、速度快等优点,适用于西番莲中多种有机酸的测定。     

采用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定杨梅果实中的有机酸

采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)研究了杨梅果实中有机酸的成分和含量,在C18柱(4.6mmID×250mm,4μm)上,采用紫外检测器(波长214 nm)进行检测,其流动相为0.04 mol/L的KH2PO4-H3PO4缓冲液,pH2.4,流速0.8mL/min,柱温35℃。检测所得7种有机酸标准曲线相关系数达0.999 0以上,平均回收率在88%～101%之间;变异系数RSD<3.06%。     

添加有机酸改善木薯叶青贮品质和营养成分

为了改善木薯叶青贮品质,研究有机酸对木薯叶青贮品质及营养成分的影响,以确定青贮木薯叶最适合的有机酸种类及添加量。本研究以华南7号木薯幼嫩茎叶为原料进行青贮试验,设对照组、甲酸（0.2%）、乙酸（0.2%）和丙酸（0.2%）处理组,30 d后测定木薯叶青贮饲料pH、乳酸（LA）、乙酸（AA）、丙酸（PA）和丁酸（BA）含量以及主要营养成分含量。结果表明,木薯叶直接青贮品质较差,添加有机酸处理与对照相比显著降低青贮饲料的pH和丁酸含量（P<0.05）,降低中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量（P<0.05）,提高了饲料相对值（RFV）。添加有机酸可以改善木薯叶青贮品质并提高营养价值,添加乙酸（0.2%）和丙酸（0.2%）青贮品质较好,可作为木薯叶青贮添加剂。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中灭草松及其代谢产物残留量

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中灭草松及其代谢产物的快速检测方法。茶叶样品使用0.1%冰乙酸-甲醇混合溶液提取，上清液使用石墨化碳黑(GCB)、N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、Mg SO₄组成的复合填料净化过滤后，经超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定，最后通过外标法定量。结果表明，在试验条件下，灭草松在0.001～0.010 mg/L含量范围内具有较好的线性关系，其代谢产物在0.000 2～0.002 0 mg/L含量范围内同样具有较好的线性关系，相关系数(R²)均大于0.995；本方法对灭草松的定量限为0.01 mg/kg，对两种代谢产物的定量限均为0.002 mg/kg。该方法操作简单、快捷、灵敏、精密度高、成本低，能够满足茶叶中灭草松及代谢物的检测需求。     

砂仁茎叶和‘热研4号’王草混合青贮对其营养成分及发酵品质的影响

为有效利用热区农业废弃物砂仁茎叶及优质牧草资源,添加不同比例的砂仁茎叶与‘热研4号’王草混合青贮,研究其对王草营养成分和发酵品质的影响,筛选最佳混合青贮比例,以期提高饲料营养品质。按照完全随机设计试验,鲜重基础条件下,‘热研4号’王草和砂仁茎叶的混合比例依梯度分为100∶0（对照组）、90∶10（A₁组）、80∶20（A₂组）、70∶30（A₃组）,每组均加入10 mg/kg的EM菌,青贮30 d后开封进行检测分析。结果表明：各试验组乳酸（LA）/乙酸（AA）比值均大于2,均有少量丙酸（PA）和丁酸（BA）检出。A₂和A₃组感官品质为优良;随着砂仁茎叶比例升高,青贮料pH显著升高,各处理组的干物质（DM）、粗蛋白（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）和粗灰分（ASH）均呈现上升趋势;铵态氮/总氮（NH₃-N/TN）、LA和AA含量逐渐降低,且A₃组NH₃-N/TN显著低于CK和A₁组（P<0.05）;各处理组LA和AA含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,但各处理组间LA和AA含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;A₃组的DM、CP、EE和ASH含量显著高于CK（P<0.05）,水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量显著低于CK（P<0.05）,且A₁、A₂和A₃组间差异不显著（P>0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量显著低于CK（P<0.05）;从营养价值和发酵品质考虑,建议砂仁茎叶与‘热研4号’王草以30∶70比例混合青贮较为适宜。     

热研2号柱花草和热研4号王草混合青贮对其营养成分及发酵品质的影响

为合理开发和利用热带牧草资源，研究热研2号柱花草和热研4号王草混合青贮对其营养成分及发酵品质的影响，以期筛选出适宜的混合青贮比例，为调制高品质的青贮饲料提供理论依据。本研究将热研4号王草和热研2号柱花草混合青贮比例分别设置为100∶0(CK)、85∶15(A1)、70∶30(A2)、55∶45(A3)4组，青贮30 d后开封取样检测。结果表明：A2组混合青贮感官评价最佳，随着热研2号柱花草比例的升高，pH和氨态氮/总氮（NH3-N/TN）值逐渐升高，A1、A2、A3组与CK组差异显著（P<0.05）；乳酸（LA）含量逐渐降低，A3组显著低于CK组（P<0.05）；各试验组乳酸/乙酸（LA/AA）值均大于2.6；且A2组丁酸（BA）显著低于其他各处理组（P<0.05）。随着热研2号柱花草比例升高，各处理组粗蛋白（CP）、干物质（DM）和粗脂肪（EE）含量随之升高，且显著高于CK组（P<0.05）；水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量呈上升趋势，且各试验组差异不显著（P>0.05）；中性洗涤纤维（NDF）逐渐降低，且各处理组间差异不显著（P>0.05）；各试验...     

HPLC-ELSD法测定木薯叶片中海藻糖的含量

建立了一种高效、快速的分析木薯叶片中海藻糖含量的方法,即高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector,HPLC-ELSD).样品由水抽提,采用Xbridge-NH2色谱柱,流动相为乙腈/水加0.1％ NH4OH(30/70,v/v),流速1.0 mL/min,柱温25.0℃,ELSD检测器漂移管温度为85.0℃,氮气流速为2.0 L/min,增益为2.该条件下海藻糖标准品和木薯叶片中海藻糖的分离效果均良好,在1 ～20 μg质量范围内呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.9952).该方法精密度实验结果RSD=3.1％,表明仪器精密度良好,海藻糖的平均回收率为100.7％,符合回收率在95％～105％的要求,稳定性试验的RSD为3.1％.表明样品较为稳定.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).