Promoting Cereal Grain and Whole Grain Consumption: An Australian Perspective

Go Grains Health & Nutrition encourages consumption of grain‐based foods in Australia through activities that promote awareness and understanding of the role of grain foods in a healthy diet. Strategies drive the message of the Australian dietary guidelines that a healthy diet should include at least four servings of grain‐based foods every day (1 serving is equal to two slices of bread). The “Go Grains 4+ Serves a Day” program promotes grain‐based foods (refined and whole grain) through the media, website information, resource development, school education, and food industry involvement. Interest in whole grains is growing, reflected in a shift in bread sales over recent years from white to whole grain. Manufacturers are responding with new and reformulated whole grain product launches and an increasing number of products carry packaging statements about whole grain content. Australian food regulations do not permit health claims in packaging or in advertising. In the absence of official guidelines, Go Grains has developed a whole grain daily target intake for use by food manufacturers in packaging. There are limited data publicly available to describe consumption of grain‐based foods in Australia. The findings of a 2009 survey commissioned by Go Grains help provide insight into consumption trends.     

谷物干燥节能技术

作者通过开发谷物干燥模拟研究实践和对国内外已有研究成果的分析,对谷物干燥中的节能技术按以下几方面作出了评述:1.数学模拟和优化技术在改进干燥机结构和工艺参数、降低能耗方面的应用,2.新型节能干燥工艺的开发,3.干燥机排气余热回收再利用,4.基于新机理上的干燥工艺。     

干谷物作为干燥介质的谷物吸收干燥过程平衡含水率模型

在Ｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄ－Ｈｅｎｅｒｄｓｏｎ平衡含水率模型基础上，根据谷物吸湿过程滞后于解吸过程这一规律，提出了以干谷粒作为干燥介质的谷物吸收干燥过程的平衡含水率模型，并分析了湿、干谷物的纯干物质质量比、初始含水率和谷物温度对平衡含水率的影响。结果表明，该模型预测值与实验测定值吻合。     

工艺参数对苹果变温压差膨化干燥过程中水分扩散的影响

利用非稳态菲克第二定律计算苹果片变温压差膨化干燥过程中水分扩散系数,讨论膨化温度、抽空温度和切片厚度对苹果片干燥过程中水分扩散的影响.采用Page、Henderson&Pabis和Logarithmic3种数学模型对苹果膨化干燥过程中水分的扩散进行了模型拟合,由模型统计参数平均偏差(MBE)、相对平均标准差(RMSE)、卡方(X2)、模型拟合效率(EF)值及决定系数r2评价模型优劣.结果表明:Logarithmic模型能够很好地描述苹果片变温压差膨化干燥中水分扩散的过程(r2≥0.97).试验设定工艺参数下,有效水分扩散系数De.在98.034×10-12 ～274.165×10-12m2 ·s-1之间,并且有效水分扩散系数随膨化温度、抽空温度的升高而升高;随切片厚度的增加而降低.     

顺流干燥种子发芽率的预测

构造并验证了种子发芽率一阶动力预测模型。预测了顺流干燥过程中种子发芽率,分析了干燥过程中谷物发芽率的变化规律,给出了保证种子发芽率损失在１０％以内的极限热风温度。     

谷物干燥研究中的模糊数学方法

对模糊数学方法在谷物干燥研究中的应用进行了研究。包括谷物干燥机的模糊控制和模糊优化，谷物干燥工艺的模糊综合评判以及谷物干燥品质的模糊预测。应用模糊控制操作行为与推荐的相符控制成功率达８６．４％；对水稻爆腰率进行模糊预测，成功率达８５．７％；在一种中型种子干燥机设计中，应用模糊综合评判确定的工艺，已获得成功。     

高分子科学中的玻璃化转变理论在谷物干燥及储存研究中的应用初探

玻璃化转变理论是高分子科学中的一个重要理论。该文对玻璃化转变理论在谷物干燥及储存研究中的应用进行了初步探讨。先分析研究了高分子生物物料的玻璃化转变温度与物质含水率的相关关系,再根据玻璃化转变理论中关于物质相态变化的分析,初步研究了谷物在干燥过程中物理状态变化的过程,并结合干燥动力学分析了谷物干燥特性;同时,依据谷物干燥及储存过程中物质成分的玻璃化转变特点探讨了品质变化的机理以及控制品质变化的方法     

Reduced-Oxidized Glutathione Status as a Potential Index of Oxidative Stress in Mature Cereal Grain

The purpose of this study was to examine the reduced and oxidized glutathione status of selected cereal grains as a potential index of balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant systems, and the contribution of reduced glutathione to the total antioxidant status in cereal grain extracts. Wheat cultivars Almari and Henika, barley cultivars Gregor and Mobek, rye cultivar Dañkowskie Złote, oat cultivar Sławko, and buckwheat cultivar Kora were used. Total antioxidant status (TAS) was measured by the ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonate)) method. Contents of total phenolic compounds were also determined. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) were assayed using the spectrofluorimetric method, and results were confirmed by the enzyme recycling method. Correlation coefficient for the GSH/GSSG ratio was r = 0.79. Correlation between TAS and the total phenolic compound content was r = 0.81. Correlation between GSH/GSSG ratio and TAS values was r= 0.46, depending on the extraction system used. The GSH/GSSG ratio may indicate a hierarchy among different cultivars and variance of cereal grains against damage caused by reactive oxygen species. For the main water-soluble antioxidants, our data indicate a potential hierarchy of resistance in investigated cereals against oxidative stress (buckwheat > wheat > barley ≈ rye > oat). This hierarchy was confirmed by the ability of investigated cereal extracts to scavenge superoxide anion radicals in vitro. The reduced-oxidized glutathione status in different cereal grains can be applied as a potential index of balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant systems.     

Comparative Studies on Composition and Distribution of Phenolic Acids in Cereal Grain Botanical Fractions

The phenolic acid composition and concentration of four manually separated fractions (pericarp, aleurone layer, germ, and endosperm fractions) as well as whole grains of yellow corn, wheat, barley, and oats were analyzed by HPLC‐MS/MS following microwave‐assisted alkaline aqueous extraction. Phenolic acid compositions in whole grains and their fractions were similar, with minor differences among the grain fractions. Significant differences (P < 0.05), however, were observed in phenolic acid concentrations among cereal types, within cereal varieties, and among grain fractions, with yellow corn exhibiting the highest values. The concentrations of p‐coumaric and syringic acid in the pericarp were 10‐ to 15‐fold and 6‐ to 10‐fold higher, respectively, in yellow corn than in wheat, barley, and oats. In the aleurone layer, sinapic and vanillic acids in yellow corn were about 8‐ and 30‐fold more than in wheat. The germ fraction of wheat had 1.8 times more syringic acid than yellow corn germ. Grain fractions, excluding endosperm, had enhanced levels of phenolic acids compared with whole grain. Sinapic acid was more concentrated in the pericarp and germ of wheat, whereas isoferulic acid was concentrated in the germ of purple barley. Syringic and vanillic acids were concentrated in the pericarp and sinapic acid in the aleurone layer of yellow corn. These findings are important in understanding the composition and distribution of phenolic acids, and they act as a guide in identification of grain fractions for use as food ingredients. In addition, yellow corn fractions (aleurone and pericarp) may be potential alternative phenolic‐rich functional food ingredients in grain‐based food products.     

Infrared Drying Characteristics of Long‐Grain Hybrid,Long‐Grain Pureline,and Medium‐Grain Rice Cultivars

The objective for this study was to investigate the effectiveness of scaled‐up infrared (IR) heating followed by tempering steps to dry freshly harvested rough rice. An industrial‐type, pilot‐scale, IR heating system designed to dry rough rice was used in this study. The heating zone of the equipment had catalytic IR emitters that provided heat energy to the sample as it was conveyed on a vibrating belt. The sample comprised freshly harvested rough rice of long‐grain pureline (Cheniere), long‐grain hybrid (6XP 756), and medium‐grain (CL 271) cultivars at initial moisture contents of 23, 23.5, and 24% wb, respectively. Samples at a loading rate of 1.61 kg/m² were heated with IR of radiation intensity 5.55 kW/m² for 30, 50, 90, and 180 s followed by tempering at 60°C for 4 h, at a product‐to‐emitter‐gap size of 450 mm, in one‐ and two‐pass drying operations. Control samples were gently natural air dried in an equilibrium moisture content chamber set at relative humidity of 65% and temperature of 26°C to moisture content of 12.5% wb. The effects of IR treatments followed by tempering on percentage points of moisture removed, head rice yield, energy use, rice color, and pasting characteristics were evaluated. For all cultivars, percentage point moisture removed increased with increase in IR drying duration. For all rice cultivars, one‐pass IR treatments for 180 s resulted in head rice yield significantly lower than that of rice dried with natural air in the controlled‐environment conditions (P < 0.05). Energy required to dry rice increased with increase in drying duration. Viscosity values of all the experimental samples were significantly greater (P value < 0.05) than that of the control samples for all the cultivars, except those treated with IR for 180 s. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the color index (ΔE ) of treated milled samples and the controls. In conclusion, the study provided information crucial to understanding the effects of scaled‐up radiant heating and tempering of rough rice on drying rates and rice quality for long‐grain pureline, long‐grain hybrid, and medium‐grain rice cultivars.     

Deoxynivalenol Content of Cereal Grain from Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Plants in Field Trials in Norway

The Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-acDON) were determined in grain samples from naturally infected and Fusarium culmorum inoculated plants in field experiments in Norway during 1992–1996. The mean DON content in trials with inoculated plants was 11.8 μg/g in spring oats, 11.3μg/g in winter wheat, 28.9 μg/g in spring wheat and 31.4 μg/g in spring barley. In the natural infection trials the mean DON content was 0.32 μg/g in spring oats, 0.22μg/g in winter wheat, 1.48μg/g in spring wheat and 0.54 μg/g in spring barley. Only small differences in DON content were observed among cultivars, and significant differences were found only in winter wheat in the inoculation trials, and in spring wheat in the natural infection trials. A significant correlation was observed between the 3-acDON and DON contents in the inoculated trials in all grain species, the mean ratio of 3-acDON to DON ranging from 0.011 in wheat to 0.071 in oats.     

Measuring and Modeling Grain Sorption Equilibria of Amaranth Grains

Water activity (a_w)of Amaranthus cruentus were measured at 35, 45, and 65°C at different moisture contents by means of an electronic water activity meter. Experimental curves were fitted to one three-parameter equation (GAB equation). The equilibrium values and temperature shifts were modeled with a three-parameter equation in the approximate a_w range of 0.03–0.88. An analytical expression to calculate the isosteric heat of sorption and its moisture content dependence was used, and the results were compared with the isosteric heat calculated from the experimental equilibrium data by means of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.     

拟合谷粒干燥温度的数学模型

文中给出拟合降速干燥过程中谷物粒内温度的数学模型。把谷粒看作均质球体,假定粒表面的热扩散系数为一常数且干燥速度严格遵循指数模型。通过拉氏变换,求解基础导热方程,得出粒内温度分布及平均温度变化的解析式并实验验证模型的可靠性。     

智能化稻麦考种自动测试仪

本文叙述了智能化稻麦考种自动测试仪的系统原理结构和微机处理框图及程序。该微机系统由四个部分组成:计数;计重;测长及由8031单片微机组成的控制和数据处理部分。其中计数是采用光电原理,并有清杂扬谷功能。称重传感器是采用压敏控制器,计长则采用光栅和光电脉冲的采样部件。数据处理的功能是将采集到的大量数据进行处理,计算总和、均值及预测谷物的亩产等。其检测结果均由打印或数码显示输出。     

Modeling Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Mass Flow Rate as Affected by Drying and Storage Conditions

Ethanol production in 2015 was over 15 million gallons in the United States, and it is projected to increase in the next few years to meet market demands. With the continued growth in the ethanol industry, there has been enormous expansion in distillers grains production. Because the local market for distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is often saturated, it is essential to transport DDGS long distances, across the United States and to international markets. Caking and agglomeration of DDGS particles in hoppers and other storage structures are typical during transportation. The current study deals with DDGS prepared by combining condensed distillers solubles (CDS) with distillers wet grains and then drying at varying temperatures. DDGS was stored in conical hoppers under varying ambient temperature, consolidation pressure, and time conditions. We investigated the effects of CDS (10, 15, and 20% wb), drying temperature (100, 200, and 300°C), drying time (20, 40, and 60 min), cooling temperature (0, 25, and 50°C), consolidation pressure (0, 1.72, and 3.43 kPa), and consolidation time (0, 3, and 6 days) levels on various flow parameters. To examine these factors, Taguchi's experimental design with an L ₁₈ orthogonal array was implemented. Response surface modeling yielded mass flow rate = f (Hausner ratio, angle of repose) with R ² = 0.99, and it predicted moisture content for good, fair, and poor flow. Results showed that drying temperature, drying time, and cooling type were the main factors in predicting mass flow rate. The Johansson model for predicted mass flow rate was calibrated with experimental data, and a new parameter, compressibility factor, with a value of 0.96 g²/(min cm³), was determined to quantify the divergence of compressible and cohesive materials (such as DDGS) for free‐flowing bulk solids. Thus, the predicted models may be beneficial for quantitative understanding of DDGS flow.     

Rice Grain Morphological Characteristics Correlate with Grain Weight and Milling Quality

Using image analysis technology, the morphological measurements of paddy, brown (BR), and milled (MR) grains of 408 rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines representing a wide range of grain morphology were obtained, and the measurements' relationships with grain weight, milling quality, and chalkiness were investigated. The principal component analysis identified two morphological traits with a total variance of 95.7% in MR. Weight of MR was modeled as a function of the principal components using linear regression (R² = 0.95). For milling quality measurements, dominance analyses indicated that single grain weight of the paddy and BR grains were two primary parameters in determination of BR and MR recovery, whereas surface area, perimeter, and diameter were primary parameters that controlled head milled rice (HR) recovery. All measured morphological properties (surface area, perimeter, diameter, length, width, length‐to‐width ratio, roundness, and thickness) and grain weight significantly correlated with percentage of chalky (%C) grain and chalkiness (%C × % area with chalk) for all milled grains. The grain width, roundness, and thickness positively correlated with chalkiness, whereas the length and length‐to‐width ratio negatively correlated with chalkiness. The growing environment significantly affected grain HR recovery, %C grain, and chalkiness but had little effect on grain morphology and weight.     

机械通风干燥玉米的试验研究

本文介绍1987年底、1988年底两次在河北正定县三个粮站使用环境空气进行机械通风干燥散堆玉米的试验。试验采用三种通风系统:一是用移动式三角架风槽组成“U”形,配轴流风机或离心风机;二是用三角架风槽布置成“非”字型,配轴流风机;三是用砖垛风道配轴流风机。先后两次试验结果表明,原始水分为16.5～17.5％、堆高2～4米的玉米,经三种方式通风32～42小时左右,水分均可被均匀干燥到安全贮藏所需的13.5～14.5％,平均每吨玉米、每降低1％水分,耗电0.17～0.48kW·h。     

Air Drying Affects Extractable Sulfate in Soils of Variable Charge: Test of Two Extraction and Two Quantification Methods

Abstract

Fertilizer recommendations need to be based on reliable soil sulfate determinations. Airdrying samples changes irreversibly many properties of soils with variable charge and might affect the extractable sulfate. In this study, sulfate extracted from air‐dry and field‐moist samples was compared. Two extracting solutions [water and 00.1 M Ca(H₂PO₄) ₂] and two quantification methods (turbidimetry and ion chromatography) were assayed on A and B horizon samples of five Humic Acrisols from southeast Mexico. Air drying increased water‐extractable sulfate in Ah horizons, whereas in Bt horizons, it increased the 00.1 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂‐extractable sulfate. Airdrying increased dissolved organic carbon contents in all samples and increased soil acidity and oxalate extractable iron in 70 and 60% of the samples, respectively. Results showed larger coefficients of variation in air‐dried samples. Turbidimetry resulted less sensible than ion chromatography. To enhance sensitivity and reproducibility, particularly organic soil samples should be analyzed field‐moist and by ion chromatography.