新疆奶牛副结核分枝杆菌的分离鉴定

为进一步确定新疆某规模化牛场疑似奶牛副结核病病原,本研究从PCR检测阳性牛粪便样本中共分离获得4株细菌,对其进行菌落形态观察、抗酸染色镜检以及16S r RNA、IS900特异性基因及亚型分型基因的扩增、序列测定与分析。结果显示,所分离的4株细菌为抗酸染色阳性菌,对其IS900基因及亚型分型基因检测均为阳性,它们的16S r RNA、IS900基因及亚型分型基因之间同源性为100%,与Gen Bank中登录的副结核分支杆菌序列同源性在99%以上,从而确定所分离的4株菌株均为Ⅱ型(牛型)副结核分枝杆菌。     

绵羊副结核分枝杆菌的分离与分子分型

为了解绵羊副结核病的病原学特征,本研究对PCR检测阳性的绵羊肠系膜淋巴结样品开展细菌分离培养,对分离株进行形态观察,结果显示肠系膜淋巴结样品经培养后出现乳白色菌落;对分离菌株进行抗酸染色镜检后确定为抗酸染色阳性杆菌;PCR扩增该菌IS900基因与亚型分型片段,结果显示,IS900基因及亚型分型检测为Ⅱ型(牛型)副结核分...     

用多重PCR方法检测奶牛场麻雀中分枝杆菌感染情况

目的：利用可以鉴别分支杆菌属中结核分枝杆菌、牛分支杆菌、非结核分枝杆菌多重PCR方法,检测奶牛场麻雀组织中分支杆菌感染情况。方法根据结核分枝杆菌种特异基因目的片段MTP40、分枝杆菌属特异基因32kD、结核分枝杆菌复合群特异基因IS6110插入序列,设计合成三对特异性引物,扩增对32kD的506bp、MTP40的396bp和IS6110的984bp片段,以此方法检测奶牛场麻雀肺组织中分支杆菌感染情况,并对阳性结果的目的片段进行克隆测序。结果在分析的21份麻雀肺组织中,检测出2例非结核分枝杆菌阳性病料,阳性率9.52%。2例阳性样本PCR扩增得到的片段与GenBank收录的32kD基因同源性分别为95.8%和97.2%。结论麻雀肺组织中存在分支杆菌感染阳性病例提示该牛场中生物体内存在分支杆菌潜伏感染,并可能导致奶牛的潜伏感染以及干扰结核检疫。     

应用PCR-限制性内切酶技术快速检测副结核分枝杆菌

根据副结核分枝杆菌的IS900序列,设计相应的引物,建立检测副结核分枝杆菌的PCR技术。利用该方法,可从副结核分枝杆菌中扩增出PCR产物,扩增产物具有高度特异性,长度为388bp,经限制性内切酶Saμ3AI酶切,证实该扩增产物为副结核分枝杆菌的片段。表明此项技术具有快速、敏感和特异性强等特点,通过PCR扩增IS900基因(副结核分枝杆菌独有的基因),可快速的应用于诊断反刍动物的副结核病和乳及乳制品中副结核分枝杆菌的鉴定。     

用分离法检测牛粪便中副结核分枝杆菌及其与高倍显微镜检查染色涂片的比较

作者比较了用分离法检测牛粪便中的副结核分枝杆菌和用镜检Ziehl-Ne-elsen染色粪便涂片中抗酸性副结核分枝杆菌菌块。粪便采自自然或人工感染副结核分枝杆菌的牛,以及未感染牛。结果表明,镜检粪便染色涂片法不是检测副结核分枝杆菌的可靠方法。因为在177份培养分离阳性粪便标本中,镜检涂片只检出99份(55.9%)为阳性。此外,在18份非副结核病牛粪标本涂片中有3份为阳性,37份培养分离为阴性的副结核病牛粪标本涂片中有18份为阳性。抗酸性菌块不能与副结核分枝杆菌区分。将副结核分枝杆菌加到未感染牛粪中时,需在每克粪便中加入15个以上的副结核分枝杆菌,分离即为阳性。     

副结核分歧杆菌IS900基因的检测方法

<正>副结核病是由副结核分枝杆菌引起的一种慢性消耗性传染病,该病对奶牛业和肉牛业发达的国家造成巨大损失。目前尚无有效的治疗方法,只能及时检出,隔离,淘汰病畜。依据IS900为副结核特有的插入序列,其拷贝数高达20这一特点,以其副结核C-2株染色体脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)为模板,设计特异性引物,建立IS900基因的PCR扩增。将扩增产物进行凝胶电泳,在电泳图上,出现与目的基因等长的DNA     

新疆部分地区牛副流感病毒3型的检测与基因分型

为调查新疆部分地区牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV3)的感染情况,从新疆石河子、奎屯、库尔勒、沙湾、阿克苏地区的5个规模化奶牛场采集1月龄以内犊牛鼻液206份,其中发病犊牛180份,相同日龄健康犊牛46份,通过采用抗原双抗体夹心ELISA的方法检测牛副流感病毒3型抗原,RT-PCR方法检测牛副流感病毒3型g M基因,并挑选不同地区的8株病毒进行序列分析比较其同源性,进行基因分型。结果:ELISA方法检测的感染率仅为2.43%,PCR方法检测的感染率为35.44%;扩增的M基因序列同源性为97.90%,与参考的BPIV3a亚型毒株的同源性为96.4%~99.6%,将其划分为BPIV3a亚型。本研究结果为新疆地区牛副流感病毒3型感染的防治与疫苗研究奠定了基础。     

农场现场的食品安全

引言 副结核分枝杆菌是一种小的革兰氏阳性耐酸分枝杆菌。它与鸟型结核分枝杆菌的基因型的主要区别是有一个标示IS_(900)的附着成分,由于这个原因,有关专家认为副结核分枝杆菌是鸟型结核分枝杆菌复合体的一个组成部分,并建议把副结核分枝杆菌改名为鸟型结核分枝杆菌亚种。副结核分枝杆菌和鸟型结核分枝杆菌在表现型上的区别有一些重要的特性:副结核     

多重PCR-变性高效液相色谱法快速检测结核致病菌群并同步鉴别致病菌种

本研究旨在运用多重PCR联合变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)技术原理,建立快速检测人兽结核致病菌群并鉴别主要致病菌种的新方法。建立了四重PCR-DHPLC方法,可同时检测结核分枝杆菌复合群(MTC)特异的IS6110和IS1081插入序列、结核分枝杆菌特异结构基因和牛分枝杆菌特异结构基因共4个目标基因。采用13种分枝杆菌标准菌株和分离株以及23种常见微生物样品进行特异性试验,采用纯化标准菌株DNA以及克隆了扩增序列的重组质粒DNA进行检测灵敏度试验,采用从临床疑似发病牛群采集的牛组织样品进行临床检测试验,并与细菌分离培养方法进行比对。结果表明:所建立的多重PCR-DHPLC方法能特异检测MTC并准确鉴别结核分枝杆菌和牛分枝杆菌,而对其它11种分枝杆菌以及23种常见微生物样品均呈典型阴性检测结果;检测灵敏度达到每个反应102～103基因拷贝或3.6～6.8fg DNA模板浓度。采用该法从39份临床疑似样品中检出33份MTC阳性并检出其中28份为牛分枝杆菌阳性,而培养法检出21份阳性样品。采用该法临床检测全程可缩短至1d之内,其中对纯化DNA样品的检测分析可在2h内完成。本研究为人兽结核致病菌(群)的快速检测鉴别提供了新型分子生物学方法,所建立的四重PCR-DHPLC方法能实现快速检测结核分枝杆菌复合群并鉴别结核分枝杆菌和牛分枝杆菌     

结核分枝杆菌疫源追踪的基因检测分析

目的探讨牛源性人结核疫源追踪的基因分析方法。方法采用复方PCR结核杆菌快速鉴定技术,针对特征性分枝杆菌标志基因(MTP40基因、α抗原基因和IS6110),对结核病人和患牛的标本,进行检测。结果患者标本结核分枝杆菌阳性;患牛标本牛分枝杆菌和结核分枝杆菌分别阳性。结论结核病奶牛不仅是人类牛型结核的可能来源,也可能成为人类人型结核的潜在来源。     

Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine fecal samples: comparison of three polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic tests with a conventional culture method.

Three commercially available assays, designed to specifically detect the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in fecal samples by IS900-PCR, were compared with a conventional culture method. Fecal samples from 100 dairy cows were tested. Fifty-four (67.5%) of 80 culture-positive samples were positive for an assay that detects MAP DNA by dot spot hybridization of polymerase chain reaction products (kit A), 48 (60%) were positive by an assay using ethidium bromide staining for agar gel visualization of amplification products (kit B), and 49 (61.3%) were positive by an assay in which amplified products are detected by a colorimetric detection system (kit C). Relative sensitivity of all tests increased in proportion to the presence of MAP in fecal samples. Specificity was 100% based on results from 20 culture-negative samples from an MAP-free herd.     

Earthworms (Oligochaeta,Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria

The objective of the study was to define the role of earthworms in the survival of mycobacteria in animal populations. In 13 sampling sites mycobacteria were detected in 53 (5.5%) samples of faeces and parenchymatous tissues from animals, in 25 (7.3%) environmental and in nine (8.2%) earthworm samples. In cattle and goat farms affected by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) of IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type B-C1 was isolated from 37 (4.6%) faecal samples, three (1.4%) environmental and one (3.1%) earthworm sample. Investigations of aviaries affected by avian tuberculosis detected M. avium of genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ in six (7.9%) bird's faecal and in four (4.4%) environmental samples. M. avium (genotype IS901- and IS1245+) was detected in four (4.4%) and M. abscessus in one (1.1%) environmental sample. M. avium of genotype IS901- and IS1245+ and M. gastri were isolated from three (6.4%) earthworm samples. In pig farm with mycobacteriosis M. avium of genotype IS901- and IS1245+ was detected in five (20.0%) faecal samples from pigs and in four (12.9%) environmental samples. M. scrofulaceum was isolated in one (4.6%) sample of Lumbricus rubellus. In laboratory experiments identical RFLP types of M. paratuberculosis were isolated from bodies and faeces of earthworms 1-2 days after the last contact with the faeces contaminated with the same RFLP type of M. paratuberculosis. The results suggest that earthworms may become vectors of mycobacteria.     

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bioaerosols after depopulation and cleaning of two cattle barns

Settled dust samples were collected on a commercial dairy farm in the Netherlands with a high prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) (barn A) and on a Dutch experimental cattle farm (barn B) stocked with cattle confirmed to be MAP shedders. Barns were sampled while animals were present, after both barns were destocked and cleaned by cold high-pressure cleaning, and after being kept empty for two weeks (barn A) or after additional disinfection (barn B). MAP DNA was detected by IS900 real-time PCR and viable MAP were detected by liquid culture. MAP DNA was detected in 78 per cent of samples from barn A and 86 per cent of samples from barn B collected while animals were still present. Viable MAP was detected in six of nine samples from barn A and in three of seven samples from barn B. After cold high-pressure cleaning, viable MAP could be detected in only two samples from each barn. After leaving barn A empty for two weeks, and following additional disinfection of barn B, no viable MAP could be detected in any settled dust sample.     

An evaluation of a modified interferon-gamma assay for the detection of paratuberculosis in dairy herds

Whole blood samples were obtained from multiple dairy herds in Pennsylvannia and in Wisconsin which were previously determined to be infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MpS) (Johne's disease) by fecal culture. Blood samples were shipped overnight to the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) in Ames, IA for processing and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) analysis. Blood samples were incubated alone (non-stimulated) or with concanavalin A (ConA), a T-cell mitogen used as a positive control in the assay, for 18h. In addition, samples were incubated with M. avium purified protein derivative (AvPPD), M. bovis purified protein derivative (BoPPD), or a whole cell sonicate of M. paratuberculosis for 18h to elicit antigen-specific IFN-gamma production. After incubation, plasma was harvested and analyzed for IFN-gamma by ELISA. Values for IFN-gamma for non-stimulated blood samples (background) were consistently low for animals in all herds evaluated. In contrast, ConA stimulation of blood samples evoked a significant secretion of IFN-gamma regardless of infection status or fecal culture results for individual cows, indicating that immune cells were still viable after overnight shipment and capable of responding to stimulation. Antigen-specific IFN-gamma results were positively correlated with infection status as determined by previous fecal shedding and/or current fecal shedding of M. paratuberculosis. Accuracy of the IFN-gamma assay for correctly predicting infection status of individual cows in the herds with low levels of infection ranged from 50 to 75% when used as a single test. Combined use of the IFN-gamma test and a commercial ELISA antibody test accurately predicted infection status of 73% of cows from a dairy herd with a high level of M. paratuberculosis infection and 90% from a well-characterized group of dairy cows at the NADC. These results indicate that the antigen-specific IFN-gamma assay is a very sensitive diagnostic tool for detection of subclinical paratuberculosis in cattle and may be useful on an individual animal basis to remove infected animals from the herd.     

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from free-ranging deer and rabbits surrounding Minnesota dairy herds

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) among deer and rabbits surrounding infected and noninfected Minnesota dairy farms using fecal culture, and to describe the frequency that farm management practices were used that could potentially lead to transmission of infection between these species. Fecal samples from cows and the cow environment were collected from 108 Minnesota dairy herds, and fecal pellets from free-ranging white-tailed deer and eastern cottontail rabbits were collected from locations surrounding 114 farms; all samples were tested using bacterial culture. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 114 herd owners. Sixty-two percent of the dairy herds had at least 1 positive fecal pool or environmental sample. A total of 218 rabbit samples were collected from 90% of the herds, and 309 deer samples were collected from 47% of the herds. On 2 (4%) of the farms sampled, 1 deer fecal sample was MAP positive. Both farms had samples from the cow fecal pool and cow environment that were positive by culture. On 2 (2%) other farms, 1 rabbit fecal sample was positive by culture to MAP, with one of these farms having positive cow fecal pools and cow environmental samples. Pasture was used on 79% of the study farms as a grazing area for cattle, mainly for dry cows (75%) and bred or prebred heifers (87%). Of the 114 farms, 88 (77%) provided access to drylot for their cattle, mainly for milking cows (77/88; 88%) and bred heifers (87%). Of all study farms, 90 (79%) used some solid manure broadcasting on their crop fields. Of all 114 farms, the estimated probability of daily physical contact between cattle manure and deer or rabbits was 20% and 25%, respectively. Possible contact between cattle manure and deer or rabbits was estimated to occur primarily from March through December. The frequency of pasture or drylot use and manure spreading on crop fields may be important risk factors for transmission of MAP among dairy cattle, deer, and rabbits. Although the MAP prevalence among rabbits and deer is low, their role as MAP reservoirs should be considered.     

Evaluation of four commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis in Chilean dairy herds.

The accuracy of 4 commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis was compared using sera from 53 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) fecal culture-positive dairy cows (cases) and sera from 345 dairy cattle resident in 11 fecal culture-negative herds on 2 consecutive occasions 1 year apart (controls). The specificity of all 4 ELISA kits was >99%, and their diagnostic sensitivity ranged from 30.2% to 41.5%. Pairwise comparison of ELISAs found no significant differences (McNemar's chi-square test > 0.05), and assay agreement for categorical assay interpretation (positive or negative) was high (>98%) with kappa values ranging from 0.84 to 0.95. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the corresponding area under the ROC curves indicate that kit B had the highest overall accuracy. Thus, all 4 ELISA kits for bovine paratuberculosis had comparable accuracy when tested on Chilean dairy cattle, with kit B having a slight statistical advantage based on ROC area under the curve analysis. This suggests that any of the 4 kits could be appropriate for herd certification and for paratuberculosis control programs on Chilean dairy cattle.     

Exploring the use of molecular epidemiology to track bovine tuberculosis in Nigeria: an overview from 2002 to 2004

This study focused on the development of a reliable and cost-efficient DNA isolation procedure for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in faeces by previously developed IS900 and F57 quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and their comparison with culture. The recovery of MAP DNA from the spiking experiments ranged from 29.1 to 102.4% of the input amount of MAP with median 37.9%. The limit of detection was determined to be 1.03 × 10(4) for F57 qPCR and 6.87 × 10(2)MAP cells per gram of faeces for IS900 qPCR, respectively. The developed technique for DNA isolation was coupled with IS900 qPCR and compared to traditional MAP culture using a cohort of 1906 faecal samples examined from 12 dairy cattle farms in our laboratory. From those 1906 original faecal samples, 875 were positive by IS900 qPCR and 169 by culture. None of the culture positive samples was negative by IS900 qPCR. This data facilitated development of a predictive model capable of estimating the probability of being culture positive by estimating the absolute number of MAP per gram of faeces as determined IS900 qPCR without performing the culture.     

Culture of strategically pooled bovine fecal samples as a method to screen herds for paratuberculosis.

Fecal samples from 733 cows in 11 dairy herds with a low prevalence of paratuberculosis were cultured for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis both individually and after combining (pooling) in groups of 5. The culture procedure was the modified Jorgensen method, which uses NaOH and oxalic acid for decontamination and modified Lowenstein-Jensen agar slants for cultivation. Pooling was performed by mixing fecal samples from 5 animals ordered by age, herein referred to as strategic pooling. Culture of individual fecal samples detected M. a. paratuberculosis infections in 43 of the 733 cows and 7 of 11 infected herds (herd sensitivity = 64%). Culture of pooled fecal samples detected M. a. paratuberculosis in 28 of 151 pooled samples representing 8 of the infected 11 herds (herd sensitivity = 73%). Feces of the 43 culture-positive cows was included in 32 pools: of these 32 pools, 26 were culture positive and 6 were culture negative. In addition to the 26 positive pools containing feces from cows that were found culture positive on individual fecal samples, another 2 pools were culture positive, although comprised of feces from cows with negative results after culture of individual fecal samples. From the total of 45 infected cows that were found (43 by individual fecal culture and an additional 2 by pooled fecal culture), individual fecal culture detected 43 of these 45 (96%), while pooled fecal culture detected 39 (87%). Culture of strategically pooled fecal samples using the modified Jorgensen method was equivalent in herd sensitivity to the culture of individual fecal samples and is significantly less expensive.     

Evaluation of conventional and radiometric fecal culture and a commercial DNA probe for diagnosis of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infections in cattle.

Radiometric (RCM) and conventional fecal culture (HEY) and a commercial polymerase chain reaction/DNA probe were evaluated as diagnostic tests for subclinical paratuberculosis in dairy cattle using fecal specimens from a repository of paratuberculosis specimens. The case definition of subclinical bovine paratuberculosis was isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, by conventional or radiometric culture, from fecal samples or internal organs of dairy cattle without diarrhea or chronic weight loss. Animals designated as free of the disease originated exclusively from certified paratuberculosis-free herds in Wisconsin. Among 182 infected cattle, RCM and HEY fecal culture and the DNA probe had test sensitivities of 54.4%, 45.1% and 33.5%, respectively. Fecal samples from only 111 of the M. paratuberculosis-infected cows tested positive by at least one of the three tests and these cows were designated as fecal shedders; the remaining 71 were considered to have prepatent infections. Among the 111 M. paratuberculosis fecal shedders, RCM, HEY and the probe detected the organism in 89.2%, 73.8% and 55.0% of the fecal specimens, respectively. Herd prevalence significantly affected the sensitivity of all three diagnostic tests (p less than 0.05) but only affected the fecal shedder detection efficiency of the DNA probe (p less than 0.01). No positive DNA probe results were found on 100 randomly selected fecal samples from cows in four certified paratuberculosis-free herds, thus the DNA probe was 100% specific. Probe analyses could be performed in 24 h or less. Time to complete the culture-based tests was 12 wk for HEY and 7 wk for RCM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Polymerase chain reaction identification of Mycobacterium avium in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded animal tissues.

A PCR procedure previously developed for identification of Mycobacterium bovis in formalin-fixed tissues was used to identify mycobacteria of the M. avium complex. Tissues were examined from 100 culture-positive cases of M. avium complex infection, including 86 in which the subspecies was not identified and 14 that had been identified as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Each sample was tested with 5 primer sets, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), IS900, IS901, IS1245, and a heat shock protein (hspX), that detect 1 or both M. avium subspecies. The success rate of PCR detection varied with the primers used and the animal species tested. Among the 86 cases with no M. avium subspecies designation, primers for the 16S rRNA gene were clearly the most efficient because they produced amplicons from all samples that reacted with any other primer set. The overall detection rate in this group of samples was 71%: highest in avian tissues (89%) followed by swine (72%) and ruminants (57%) None of the avian or swine tissues reacted with primers for IS900 or hspX, which identify M. a. paratuberculosis. In contrast, 7 of the 12 ruminant samples that were 16S rRNA positive reacted with 1 or both of these primers. All of the 14 cases shown by culture to be M. a. paratuberculosis infections were positive with IS900 primers, whereas only 11 were positive for 16S rRNA. These results indicate that 16S rRNA primers are the most useful for PCR identification of M. avium in formalin-fixed tissues of nonruminant species. However, IS900 primers should also be used when ruminant tissues are examined because these primers provide the greatest sensitivity for detection of M. a. paratuberculosis infections.