Integrated Pest Management Practices in Southern Pine Nurseries

Integrated Pest Management is a system that combines cultural, biological and chemical technologies to reduce insect, fungal and weed populations to levels below those that result in economic damage. Nursery managers in the southern United States currently use many practices to control pests of southern pine seedlings. Over the last three decades, improvements in chemical, cultural, and biological pest control practices have increased seed efficiency (defined as the number of plantable seedlings produced divided by the number of pure live seed sown) and reduced the percentage of production costs associated with pest control. As crop values increase, the economic thresholds for applying control measures decrease. However, since the statistical power of most trials in bareroot nurseries is low, the likelihood of experiments that detect “real” treatment difference (e.g. those that consistently increase seed efficiency to the point where economic returns are affected) will be low. This paper describes some current practices in southern pine nurseries and provides some economic injury levels for various pest control treatments.     

Pine growth response to different site-preparation methods with or without post-plant herbaceous weed control on North Florida's Lower Coastal Plain

A study was initiated in 1994 to evaluate the effects of bedding timing and frequency and pre-plant herbicide application, with and without post-plant herbaceous weed control, on growth of three slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations and one loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation on flatwoods sites. Site preparation treatments included early bedding alone, late bedding alone, double bedding, early bedding plus banded pre-plant herbicide, and early bedding plus broadcast pre-plant herbicide. Each site preparation treatment was tested with and without a first-year post-plant herbicide application for herbaceous weed control (HC). Results ranging from age 5 to 11 are reported, depending on installation. Pine growth following late bedding alone was similar or greater than that with early bedding alone. Double bedding did not consistently increase pine growth as compared with single bedding alone. Early bedding plus either broadcast or banded pre-plant herbicide application generally exhibited greater pine growth than did bedding alone treatments or bedding plus post-plant herbaceous weed control treatments. Broadcast pre-plant herbicide application resulted in similar or greater growth than banded pre-plant herbicide application. Post-plant herbaceous weed control improved loblolly pine growth across all site preparation regimes on the one test location. For slash pine plantations evaluated, post-plant herbaceous weed control resulted in significant growth increases on some but not all sites. The differences in growth response to bedding and pre- and post-plant herbicide applications are discussed in relation to treatment efficacy in controlling woody shrub and herbaceous competing vegetation. Effective bedding and chemical site preparation reduces the need for post-plant herbicide applications for slash pine on certain sites. Good site preparation, including the application of herbicides for competition control, is essential for fast growing slash and loblolly pine plantations in the flatwoods.     

火炬松和湿地松幼林施肥对土壤性质和叶片养分影响

１９９１～１９９５年期间,在江西景德镇市低丘千枚岩和第４纪红土红壤上,研究了火炬松、湿地松幼林施肥（Ｐ和ＰＫ）对土壤性质和叶片养分的影响。结果表明：（１）２个施肥处理使火炬松和湿地松林土壤速效Ｐ含量提高,有机质等其它土壤肥力指标下降。施Ｐ肥加速了有机质矿化和林木对Ｎ的吸收;（２）２个施肥处理能提高湿地松林土壤细菌、真菌和纤维分解菌的数量,减少放线菌的数目,而施肥前期对好气固Ｎ菌、Ｐ细菌有促进作用,后期对其有抑制作用;（３）２个施肥处理能明显提高湿地松林土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,施肥前期磷酸酶活性受到抑制,施肥后期磷酸酶活性不再受抑,酶活性大大提高。Ｐ肥能提高蔗糖酶活性,而ＰＫ肥对蔗糖酶活性有抑制作用;（４）湿地松林施肥２年后,叶片养分有明显变化,Ｐ和ＰＫ处理提高了叶片Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的含量,降低了Ｎ水平,而对Ｐ和Ｋ含量影响不大。     

火炬松施肥当年效应初报

在福建省上杭县进行的火炬松施肥试验表明,造林时施肥当年就有明显肥效,单施磷肥高生长增加22%—38%,地径增加28%—41%;单株理想的施肥量为71g过磷酸钙,氮磷配合的肥料效果最佳,高生长增加81%,地径增加80%;火炬松造林当年不必施钾肥。     

湿地松制造中密度纤维板工艺的研究

以湿地松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｅｌｉｏｔｉ）为原料制造中密度纤维板工艺的研究,采用正交试验方法,分析了施胶量、板坯含水率、热压温度及热压时间对中密度纤维板物理力学性能的影响。试验结果表明：板坯含水率及热压时间对试验板质量影响较大,热压温度及施胶量的影响较小。采用适宜的工艺,即板坯含水率在１０％、热压温度１６５℃、热压时间５ｍｉｎ,施胶量可以降至８％～９％,试验板的各项物理力学性能可以达到国标特级品的要求。     

火炬松旋切及单板质量与木材性质关系的研究

鉴于对国产火炬松木材性质和胶合板制造技术研究甚少的现状，本试验检测了火炼松的木材密度、硬度及横纹抗弯性能，同时采用不同的旋切参数进行单板旋切试验。在试验的基础上研究了木材性质瑟旋切条件和单板质量的关系。结果表明：木材的密度、硬度和横纹抗弈性能与旋切条件和单板质量有着密切的关系；采用适宜的旋切条件，可以得到质量较好的单板，火炬松单板旋切是可行的。     

湿地松抗低温雨雪冰冻灾害能力的探析

通过观察湿地松在低温雨雪冰冻灾害过程中的受损状况,在此基础上,对湿地松品种特性、树龄树径的大小、山场海拔高度、坡度、栽植密度和人工采脂作业等方面因素进行综合分析,探讨影响湿地松在低温雨雪冰冻灾害条件下的生存因素,提出相应改进措施.     

马尾松花粉萌发性状和不同林分马尾松花粉生活力的初步研究

通过对马尾松花粉萌发性状的观测及不同林分花粉生活力的测试,结果表明:花粉在培养液里萌发时首先是花粉萌发沟呈透明状,然后萌发沟两端突起,继而其中一端伸长成为花粉管。成熟花粉采后立即测定,染色率达90.6%、萌发率达77.2%;在低温(约6℃)贮藏120 d后测定,染色率与萌发率分别为85.2%与89.9%。不同林分中以全同胞无性系幼林的染色率与萌发率最高,分别为95.6%与93.8%;其次是半同胞无性系幼林,分别为91.2%与79%。说明马尾松无性系幼林的花粉是高生活力的花粉。     

湿地松纸浆材原料林经营模式的经营模拟系统

以森林经营模式理论为指导,建立了湿地松短周期纸浆材原料林经营模式的经营模拟系统,并以简明的森林经营数表体现出来,为湿地松纸浆材原料林的经营提供科学依据．     

湿地松种子分级育苗的研究

湿地松湿系种子筛分为大、中、小三个粒度级进行发芽和播种育苗,据此进行的两地点两年度的试验结果表明,分级改变了种子的大小和重量分布,影响种子的发芽速度,进而影响到苗木的早期生长。在芽苗时期和苗木生长早期,各粒度级种子所育苗木有差异,但在生长后期已基本消失,混系种子分级未能达到改进苗木质量和一致性的目的,在育苗时首先要考虑种批的遗传构成,其次才是按种子大小或重量分级。     

火炬松纸浆材化学成分及其在树干高度上的变异规律

对18年生人工林火炬松纸浆材的化学成分含量进行了系统地测试,分析和讨论了火炬松化学成分含量在树干高度方向上的变异规律.结果表明:1、火炬松纸浆材的灰分、冷水、热水、苯醇和1%N aOH抽提物含量,纤维素、戊聚糖和木质素含量平均值分别为0.33%、1.59%、3.21%、2.32%和13.66%、47.98%、15.10%、29.66%;2、沿树干高度方向,火炬松木材灰分含量和纤维素含量变化不明显;热水和苯醇抽提物含量逐渐减小;冷水抽提物和木质素含量表现出先增加后减小或者逐渐减小的趋势;1%N aOH抽提物含量则表现出先减小后增加的趋势;戊聚糖含量表现出逐渐增加或减小的趋势.方差分析表明,火炬松木材各化学成分含量在沿树干高度方向的变化不显著.     

火炬松与马尾松混交造林效果分析

对福建省宁化县20年生的火炬松与马尾松混交试验林的生长量进行调查分析,结果表明:在相同立地因子和相同经营措施条件下,火炬松与马尾松混交林的生长量与火炬松纯林、马尾松纯林的生长量间具有极显著差异。在不同混交方法中,以带状混交林的生长量最大,林分总蓄积量达166.023 m3.hm-2;块状混交林次之;株间混交林最小。在不同混交比例中,以火炬松∶马尾松=8∶2混交林和火炬松纯林的生长量较高,林分总蓄积量分别达164.277 m3.hm-2和161.217 m3.hm-2,马尾松纯林的生长量最小。     

萧氏松茎象防治指标的研究

通过对江西萧氏松茎象发生林区420株湿地松的调查和分析得出,萧氏松茎象防治指标(CT)为1.2头/株或65%的有虫株率。     

Intensive management modifies soil CO2 efflux in 6-year-old Pinus taeda L. stands

Intensive forestry may reduce net CO₂ emission into atmosphere by storing carbon in living biomass, dead organic matter and soil, and durable wood products. Because quantification of belowground carbon dynamics is important for reliable estimation of the carbon sequestered by intensively managed plantations, we examined soil CO₂ efflux (S_CO2) in a 6-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in response to weed control (W), weed control plus irrigation (WI), weed control plus irrigation and fertigation (addition of fertilizer to the irrigation water) (WIF), and weed control plus irrigation, fertigation and pest control (WIFP) since plantation establishment. Average S_CO2 ranged from 1.27 to 5.59 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and linear models indicated that soil temperature explained up to 56% of the variation in S_CO2. Plot position explained an additional 2–11% of the variation in S_CO2. Soil moisture was only weakly correlated with S_CO2 in the W treatment, and S_CO2 was not significantly correlated to fine root mass. Predicted carbon loss from forest floor respiration ranged between 778 and 966 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ and was 20% lower in the WIF treatment relative to the W treatment. Annual soil carbon loss through soil respiration declined linearly with increasing carbon content in total root biomass (tap + coarse + fine) at age 6.     

固化干燥条件对CCA-C处理(北美)红松和南洋松木材的固化速度和流失特性的影响(英文)

该文使用 6 4kg·m-3 的CCA C木材防腐剂 ,在 11个后处理基准 (其温度为 5 0℃～ 70℃和 5个不同的相对湿度 )条件下 ,研究了固化干燥条件对处理北美红松和南洋松木材的固化速度和化学元素的流失的影响 .实验样品内的液体通过挤压方法被定期检测并分析其六价铬的含量 .调节固化后的样品按美国木材防腐协会E11 97标准进行流失实验 .一般情况下 ,对于大多数基准 ,红松固化比南洋松少、快 ,并且高温高湿的固化条件比低湿度的固化条件导致较快的固化速度和较少的铬和砷的流失 .对于2个材种在 11个固化干燥条件下 ,铜元素的流失没有很大的差异 .所有的CCA化学元素的流失情况 ,红松比南洋松更明显 .更进一步的工作需要CCA处理大尺寸样品 ,优化干湿球温度差 ,以便考察其固化干燥条件对流失的影响     

2种国外松与马尾松生长比较

通过对福建闽侯南屿林场火炬松、湿地松及马尾松家系子代测定林连续10 a的跟踪调查分析表明,火炬松家系不仅在胸径、树高及材积上存在极显著差异,而且与湿地松、马尾松的生长量也存在极显著差异;火炬松早期生长明显优于马尾松,但是随着树龄增长,马尾松生长速度明显加快,7年生时生长量超过火炬松家系平均生长量,10年生时超过火炬松最好家系生长量;湿地松生长趋势与火炬松相似,即前期生长比马尾松快,后期生长落后于马尾松,但湿地松早期生长稍落后于火炬松,后期生长优于火炬松。     

Pine growth response to management of the subterranean clover understory

Management of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) understory grown with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) resulted in differences in both clover yield and pine diameter. Loblolly and slash pines were planted into a subterranean clover pasture in 1984. Suppression of warm season herbaceous vegetation by applying herbicides or disking the site in late summer resulted in significantly greater subterranean clover production than on the control site where no additional understory management was applied. Pine species had no effects on clover yield. The N content of the pine foliage on the blocks managed with herbicide application or disking generally was significantly greater than the control from the 5th through 7th growing seasons (1988–1990). The dbh of the pine trees in the disked and herbicide treatments was greater than the control after the 7th growing season (1990).     

杂种松试验研究初报

以湛江市林业良种场及澳大利亚昆士兰林研所提供的杂种松在雷州半岛 2个试验点造林 ,7～ 1 5年生结果表明 ,优良杂交组合以本种加勒比松优良家系 (吴 2 ,河 6 ,南 2 )为母本与湿地松优良家系或与巴哈马加勒比松为父本的杂种松 ,其生长可比对照 (本种加勒比松 )蓄积生长量大 1 .2倍～ 1 .7倍。澳大利亚昆士兰州的PEE×PCH等杂种松 7年生蓄积量生长比对照 (本种加勒比松 )大 2 .9倍～ 4 .2倍。杂种松具有生长快、干形通直 ,抗风力及抗病虫害能力较强等优点 ,且耐贫瘠立地。杂种松木材比重与纤维长介于两个亲本之间 ,8～ 9年生由幼龄材过渡到成熟材。较优良的杂种松可在雷州半岛及海南东部沿海地区推广。     

Assessment of repeated application of poultry litter on phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics in loblolly pine: Implications for water quality

The Southeastern United States has a robust broiler industry that generates substantial quantities of poultry litter as waste. It has historically been applied to pastures close to poultry production facilities, but pollution of watersheds with litter-derived phosphorus and to a lesser extent nitrogen have led to voluntary and in some areas regulatory restrictions on application rates to pastures. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests are often located in close proximity to broiler production facilities, and these forests often benefit from improved nutrition. Accordingly, loblolly pine forests may serve as alternative land for litter application. However, information on the influence of repeated litter applications on loblolly pine forest N and P dynamics is lacking. Results from three individual ongoing studies were summarized to understand the effects of repeated litter applications, litter application rates, and land use types (loblolly pine forest and pasture) on N and P dynamics in soil and soil water. Each individual study was established at one of three locations in the Western Gulf Coastal Plain region. Annual applications of poultry litter increased soil test P accumulation of surface soils in all three studies, and the magnitude of increase was positively and linearly correlated with application rates and frequencies. In one study that was established at a site with relatively high soil test P concentrations prior to poultry litter application, five annual litter applications of 5 Mg ha⁻¹ and 20 Mg ha⁻¹ also increased soil test P accumulation in subsurface soils to a depth of up to 45 cm. Soil test P accumulations were greater in surface soils of loblolly pine stands than in pastures when both land use types received similar rates of litter application. In one study which monitored N dynamics, lower soil organic N, potential net N mineralization, potential net nitrification, and soil water N was found in loblolly pine stands than pastures after two annual litter applications. However, increases in potential net N mineralization, net nitrification, and soil water N with litter application were more pronounced in loblolly pine than in pasture soils. Loblolly pine plantations can be a viable land use alternative to pastures for poultry litter application, but litter application rate and frequency as well as differences in nutrient cycling dynamics between pine plantations and pastures are important considerations for environmentally sound nutrient management decisions.