合肥地区多棱饲料大麦品种产量结构和主要农艺性状分析

根据１２个多棱饲料大麦品种（系）在合肥地区两年的品比资料，对产量结构和主要农艺性状进行了相关和通径分析。认为品种间产量的高低，取决于穗数的多少，分蘖成穗率高是增加穗数的主要因素。在株高，穗长和生育期３个性状中，穗长是影响千粒重的主要因素，文中还就合肥地区多棱大麦育种的有关问题进行了探讨。     

福建省48个大麦地方品种的数量性状分析和聚类分析

对福建省48个大麦地方品种主要农艺性状的平均值进行性状比较、相关分析和聚类分析。结果表明:芒长、穗长、千粒重、穗实粒数和穗粒重变异系数较大,可用于杂交和育种选择,生育期与株高、株高与穗长、穗实粒数与穗粒重及千粒重与穗粒重等13对性状呈显著正相关,生育期与收获指数、株高与收获指数呈显著负相关,48个地方品种全部为多棱大麦,可分为3大类及若干亚类。     

大麦冠层性状与穗部经济性状的遗传相关分析

通过对20个大麦品种（系）（16个二棱、4个多棱）的冠层性状及穗部经济性状的差异性及遗传相关分析，结果表明：1）除倒二叶、倒三叶叶面积及单株有效穗数的品种间差异不显著外，其余各研究性状在品种间的差异均达极显著水平。2）株高、穗长、每穗粒数的遗传力较高（＞0．80），其余各性状的遗传力相对较低，3）二棱大麦每穗粒重与千粒重、每穗粒数间正相关极显著，而千粒重无明显相关。4）二棱大麦上三叶面积与穗长正相关达显著或极显著水平，而多棱大麦只有倒三叶面积与穗长正相关达显著水平。     

抗白粉病大麦资源主要农艺性状的遗传分化

为了挖掘和拓展大麦抗病种质资源,以158份不同类型的抗白粉病大麦种质为材料,对生育期、株高、穗长、穗结实粒数、结实率、千粒重和穗粒重等7个主要农艺性状的遗传分化进行了研究.结果表明,在这些抗白粉病大麦种质资源中,生育期、株高等7个主要农艺性状均存在较大的遗传分化,二棱皮大麦的遗传变异最丰富,多棱皮大麦次之,而二棱裸大麦和多棱裸大麦的遗传变异相对比较贫乏.根据皮裸、棱型及7个与大麦农艺性状相关的信息,158份抗白粉病大麦资源被分成2组4亚组8个品种群.     

莆大麦系列品种主要性状的遗传差异及其演变规律的研究

对福建省20年来大麦代表性品种—莆大麦系列品种主要性状的遗传差异及演变规律进行了分析。结果表明;(1)莆大麦系列品种的籽粒产量、有效穗、穗粒重、千粒重、穗实粒数、生物产量和收获指数等7个性状,品种间均存在极显著差异,也反映出品种类型的多样性;(2)主要性状演变规律:籽粒产量呈直线上升趋势,有效穗、千粒重等6个性状呈不同形状波浪式变化;(3)通径分析结果表明,产量结构3个主要因素对产量直接作用均达极显著水平,其大小顺序为:千粒重>穗实粒数>有效穗,其余3个因素顺序为:生物产量>穗粒重>收获指数。     

四川栽培大麦新变种的发现及其特点

根据四川１９７个栽培大麦品种在成都种植３年以上的观察，鉴定出它们属于普通大麦种二棱大麦和多棱大麦亚种，共６５个变种，其中新变种１１个。多棱大麦变种占９９．４％，皮麦多于裸麦。变种中以稀穗、极密穗、长芒、齿芒、穗和籽粒黄色、秆黄色类型占多数。多棱大麦以ｐａｌｌｉｄｕｍ，ｔｈｙｒｓｏｉｄｅｕｍ，ｐａｒａｌｌｅｌｕｍ，ｓｕｂｈｏｒｓｆｏｒｄｉａｎｕｍ，ｎｉｇｒｉｂｒｕｎｅｕｍ，ｆｕｊｉａｎｉｃｕｍ等变种     

高温胁迫对大麦主要农艺性状及产量性状的影响

为了解高温胁迫对大麦孕穗灌浆期主要农艺性状和产量性状的影响,选用4个二棱啤酒大麦品种为材料,采用盆栽及人工气候箱,在大麦孕穗灌浆期进行高温处理,以常温为对照,考察了大麦完熟期株高、穗下节间长、主穗长、单株穗数、单株粒数、单株粒重、千粒重和结实率。结果表明,孕穗期高温胁迫对大麦株高、穗下节间长及穗长的影响程度因品种特性不同而异。高温胁迫致使参试大麦品种的单株粒重和千粒重显著降低,使除Harrino Nijo外的其余3个品种的结实率和单株粒数均显著降低。综合比较,Harrino Nijo的耐高温性能最好,其次为扬农啤6号,917112和苏啤3号对高温比较敏感。     

139份大麦种质材料苗期和成株期抗白粉病鉴定评价

为给培育大麦持续性抗白粉病品种提供有价值的抗源,利用7个大麦白粉病菌优势小种,在实验室条件下分别接种139份大麦品种(系),进行苗期抗性鉴定,同时于2009-2011年度在云南保山对参试品种(系)进行田间成株期抗性鉴定,并考查成株期抗病材料的农艺性状.结果表明,参试品种(系)在苗期对7个优势小种表现出48个不同的抗性反应谱,13个大麦品种(系)能抗所有参试的优势小种,22个大麦品种(系)能抗4～6个优势小种.25个大麦品种(系)具有成株期抗病性.大麦苗期抗性与成株期抗性并不完全一致,但苗期抗优势小种数较多的材料中,成株期表现抗性的也较多,5个苗期抗所有优势小种的大麦品种(系)均表现出成株期抗性.25个成株期抗病品种(系)中18个为二棱皮大麦,7个为多棱裸大麦,它们株高、穗长、穗粒数扣千粒重的变异系数较大,二棱皮大麦株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重的变异系数分别为10.3％、15.0％、12.0％和20.6％,多棱裸大麦分别为18.3％、26.4％、19.5％和22.8％.     

灰色关联分析在大麦育种数量性状选择上的应用

高产是大麦主要育种目标之一 ,数量性状是决定产量的主要因素。因此研究大麦产量性状间的关系 ,可以为合理地制定高产育种目标提供理论依据。本文利用灰色关联分析方法 ,研究大麦主要数量性状对产量的关联系数及关联度 ,探讨影响产量的主要性状的程度。1　试验材料和方法试验材料系我所引进的国内外较好的适宜本地种植的 1 0份品种 ,小区随机排列 ,行长 1 0ｍ ,行距 0 1 5ｍ ,1 0行区 ,小区面积1 5ｍ2 。三次重复 ,设计基本苗 4 50万 /ｈｍ2 ,收获前 ,每区取 1 0株进行室内考种计算株高、主穗长、主穗粒数、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重、生育日…     

日本不同棱型大麦种质资源农艺性状的差异

为了解引进大麦品种资源的特性并为进一步利用提供依据,以从日本引进的儿9份大麦种质为材料,对不同棱型大麦的株高、穗下节间长、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和产量等6个农艺性状进行了测定及统计分析。结果表明,不同棱型的材料在这6个性状上有明显的差异,其中株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重4个性状差异显著。与四棱和六棱相比较,二棱材料极显著地表现出矮秆、穗下节间长度短、穗子长、穗粒数少、千粒重大的特点;四棱材料株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重居中,产量显著高于其它类型;六棱材料穗粒数极明显地高于其它棱型。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.