萧氏松茎象的发生与防治

萧氏松茎象是严重危害湿地松的钻蛀性害虫。本文系统综述了萧氏松茎象的生活史及其生物学特性、分布范围、危害特点,并提出了萧氏松茎象的防治办法。     

萧氏松茎象的发生与防治

萧氏松茎象是严重危害湿地松的钻蛀性害虫。本文系统综述了萧氏松茎象的生活史及其生物学特性、分布范围、危害特点,并提出了萧氏松茎象的防治办法。     

萧氏松茎象在江西的发生及防治

本文论述了萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang在江西的危害、发生与分布概况,并对影响江西萧氏松茎象发生的环境因子进行了分析,同时提出了适合江西萧氏松茎象防治的有效方法.     

萧氏松茎象在广西的危险性分析与工程治理

利用“有害生物危险性综合评价公式”对广西湿地松和马尾松林发生的萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang进行了危险性分析,R=1．911,属于接近高度危险的森林有害生物。发现阿维菌素和吡虫啉2种杀虫剂室内对萧氏松茎象接触毒性均较低,死亡率仅比对照高21．5％。林间药剂防治试验,平均防效仅为35．5％,表明化学防治不适宜作为调控的主要措施。采取人工抚育（疏伐）、化学除草、人工捕捉除治萧氏松茎象的生态调控和工程治理措施,从2004年到2006年,已经基本控制了萧氏松茎象在桂林湿地松上的蔓延危害。     

萧氏松茎象林间诱捕技术的初步研究

应用纸型诱捕器进行林间萧氏松茎象成虫的诱捕试验。结果表明,在林间应用诱捕器防治萧氏松茎象以90个／hm^2的安装密度为宜,如作为监测手段则以45个／hm^2的安装密度为宜。在发生严重的林区安装诱捕器能有效控制萧氏松茎象种群。     

无纺布白僵菌条防治萧氏松茎象试验

2010-2011年在信丰林区开展了无纺布白僵菌条防治萧氏松茎象成虫试验。结果表明,2010．2011年试验区萧氏松茎象当年肴虫株率平均分别下降71．2％和76．7％;相对防治效果平均分别为75．0％和78．9％。这说明无纺布白僵菌条能明显抑制萧氏松茎象种群的上升。     

诱捕器的不同颜色和滑层材料对萧氏松茎象成虫诱捕的影响

研究了不同颜色诱捕器对萧氏松茎象成虫的诱捕效果和不同滑层材料对其逃逸的抑制效果。结果表明:黑色诱捕器对萧氏松茎象成虫的诱捕效果最好;滑层材料D对萧氏松茎象逃逸的抑制率为100%。因此,选择滑层材料D用于诱捕器的制作,并采用黑色作为诱捕器的颜色,可以提高林间诱捕效果。     

95%杀螟丹SP防治萧氏松茎象成虫的药效试验

试验结果表明：95％杀螟丹可溶性粉剂对萧氏松茎象成虫有良好的击倒作用。其1000倍稀释浓度对萧氏松茎象成虫的死亡率达100％，且药效在林间的持效时间可达10天。因此建议在生产上推广应用。     

萧氏松茎象灾害调查及统计方法探讨

萧氏松茎象是我国近年来出现的严重危害国外松的钻蛀性害虫。本文提出了萧氏松茎象灾害调查及统计方法。     

萧氏松茎象在不同寄主上生态习性研究

本文对不同寄主发生的萧氏松茎象产卵和寿命等情况进行了试验观察和研究,为完善测报和防治技术提供科学依据。     

美国苜蓿草中鳞球茎茎线虫的鉴定

2015年,宁波口岸从美国苜蓿草中分离到一种茎属线虫,通过形态学和分子生物学方法,鉴定为鳞球茎茎线虫,这是我国口岸首次从牧草中截获该线虫。部分茎属线虫的核糖体28S和ITS基因DNA序列分析表明,28S基因是茎属线虫合适的DNA条形码基因。     

Photosensitisers from plants

The absorption of solar radiation by certain phytochemicals leads to excitation to the singlet state. If unquenched, intersystem crossing occurs, and a longer-lived triplet state arises. Triplet states may directly induce damage to biological molecules by type I reactions, or by interaction with triplet or ground state oxygen (³O₂) generate singlet oxygen (¹O₂) in a type II reaction. ¹O₂ reacts with lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, and thus induces considerable cellular damage if unquenched. Chlorophyll is the most widespread plant photosensitiser, and damage to chloroplasts and plant cells will occur if, for example, photosynthesis is inhibited and excited chlorophyll unquenched. The endogenous formation of chlorophyll precursors from δ-aminolaevulinic acid fed to darkened leaves has been shown to have a phytotoxic effect in subsequently illuminated plants. In animals a number of breakdown products of chlorophyll, such as phylloerythrin, promote secondary sensitisation, and a condition in sheep known as geeldikkop is induced if these compounds are not metabolised further in the liver. Hypericism is a well-known case of primary photosensitisation in which the ingested molecule acts as the photosensitiser. The active compound hypericin is produced in the glands of various Hypericum species and is offensive to grazing animals and insect predators. Damage is promoted by the photosensitised generation of ¹O₂. A related compound, fagopyrin from buckwheat, is similarly toxic, as also are a number of fungal quinones such as cercosporin. This compound is produced by Cercospora species and promotes a leaf-spot disease in certain crop plants. A large number of furanocoumarins such as psoralen and xanthotoxin are particularly offensive to phytophagous insects. Phototoxicity may involve ultraviolet sensitised binding to DNA as well as type II reactions. Numerous other polyacetylenes and thiophenes are also activated by ultraviolet radiation, and have a role as plant protectants.     

台湾进境罗汉松根际土壤中锐尾剑线虫的鉴定

2010年1月,广东检验检疫技术中心从台湾进境的罗汉松根际土壤中分离到一种剑线虫。该虫虫体长度中等,约1.8mm,齿尖针长82.6~88.6μm,齿托长45.8~50.7μm;生殖腺对生、回折,子宫内无任何特殊分化,阴门横裂;尾圆锥形,向腹面弯曲,尾尖尖锐。对其rDNA-ITS序列进行扩增、克隆、测序,结果获得1455bp的序列(HM990158),与Xiphinema oxycaudatum(AY359859)的同源性达99.9%。根据形态及测序结果,该虫鉴定为锐尾剑线虫(Xiphinema oxycaudatum Lamberti et Bleve-Zacheo,1979)。     

Arthropods on grapes benefit more from fungicide reduction than from organic farming

BACKGROUND

Pesticides are considered main contributors to global arthropod declines and therefore may decrease the provision of ecosystem services such as natural pest control. Organic farming and cultivating pest- and disease-resistant varieties can allow pesticide applications and their impacts on nontarget organisms and the environment to be reduced. We investigated the effects of organic versus conventional management and fungus-resistant versus susceptible wine grape varieties on arthropod biodiversity and pest control of grape berry moths in 32 vineyards in the Palatinate region, Germany. Hazard quotients of applied pesticides were calculated for each vineyard.

RESULTS

The cultivation of fungus-resistant varieties led to significantly reduced hazard quotients and in turn enhanced abundances of natural enemies, particularly theridiid and philodromid spiders. Unexpectedly, organic management resulted in higher hazard quotients than conventional management and reduced numbers of natural enemies, particularly earwigs. Pest predation rates showed no significant differences between grape varieties or management types.

CONCLUSION

Widespread benefits of organic management on arthropod biodiversity found in other crops were absent in our viticultural study region. This is likely due to the dominant role of fungal diseases in viticulture, which requires high numbers of fungicide treatments under both conventional and organic viticulture. Thus, fungicide reduction through the cultivation of fungus-resistant grape varieties is one key element to fostering the abundance of arthropods in general and beneficial arthropods in particular. Beyond vineyards, this is potentially relevant in numerous other crop types. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Letter from the Editor-in-Chief

<正>Dear Colleagues.The arid and semiarid lands of the world occupy an area of a third of the global terrain. These lands have abundant resources and vast developing landscapes, but eco-environmental issues caused by unsus-