黄渤海常见鱼类鳞片的形态特征

本研究选取黄渤海28种常见鱼类为研究对象,描述不同部位鱼鳞的形态特征。结果显示,鲱形目鱼鳞鳞焦不明显,辐射沟呈横向或波纹状分布;鳕形目鱼鳞密布小方块状特殊结构;灯笼鱼目鱼鳞辐射沟数目少;鲈形目和鲉形目鱼鳞呈卵圆形或矩形,前区边缘有不规则钝齿结构;鲽形目鱼鳞前区辐射沟多而密集。不同科属鱼鳞在形状、鳞焦位置、环片形状、辐射沟特征、栉齿分布和侧线管形状等形态特征上有明显差异,可用于不同分类阶元的鉴定。本研究构建的鱼鳞形态信息库为鱼鳞沉积信息分析等基于鱼鳞形态的种类鉴别提供了基础资料。     

中国鲷科鱼类骨骼系统比较及属种间分类地位探讨

为进一步探讨鲷科鱼类分类和系统进化关系长期存在的争议问题,实验采用常规方法制备采自中国近海鲷科5属8种(亚种)鱼类的骨骼标本,并对头骨进行比较分析。结果显示,依据尾舌骨腹缘是否分叉、前颌骨犬齿数目、中筛骨背面中央为纵嵴或为凹窝、蝶耳骨后侧缘是否与额骨相连、围眶骨形态、腭骨后支是否发达等特征,将中国鲷科鱼类分为2个类群:平鲷属和棘鲷属为一类;赤鲷属、犁齿鲷属和牙鲷属为另一类。犁齿鲷属和赤鲷属在前颌骨和齿骨的臼齿列数、第三围眶骨、后耳骨以及腭骨等骨骼特征差异较小。金赤鲷与真赤鲷之间、黑棘鲷与切氏黑棘鲷之间骨骼特征差异较小,支持真赤鲷与金赤鲷、黑棘鲷与切氏黑棘鲷为同一物种的观点。研究表明,鲷科鱼类各属种间在尾舌骨、前颌骨、围眶骨、中筛骨、蝶耳骨、腭骨上表现出明显的形态差异,这些特征可以作为属间、种间的鉴别特征。     

我国大陆近海裸胸鳝属鱼类新记录种 ——鞍头裸胸鳝(Gymnothorax sagmacephalus) 形态与分子系统学研究

为完善我国裸胸鳝属鱼类物种资源记录信息,本研究报道了采集我国大陆沿海水域(福建省厦门市、广东省汕头市)新记录种———鞍头裸胸鳝(Gymnothorax sagmacephalus B?hlke, 1997),目前该裸胸鳝世界上仅在日本有记录。通过对采集的样品进行详细的形态学特征分析,综合利用 DNA条形码COI基因及16S rRNA基因进行分子鉴定及系统分类研究。结果如下：鞍头裸胸鳝主要鉴别特征为:体色浅褐色,眼后头顶有一个暗色马鞍状的斑纹,在背鳍起始点前有一个大的黑色三角形斑块;腹部有黑色条纹从鳃孔下方延伸到肛门;背鳍、臀鳍边缘均为白色;体修长,全长为体高的19.06～19.60倍;牙齿均单行,上颌齿每侧8个,下颌齿12-14个;总脊椎数为162-168。基于COI及16S rRNA基因分析,鞍头裸胸鳝与其他形态接近、体色同为纯色的裸胸鳝遗传距离分别为：COI(0.115-0.226),16S rRNA(0.067-0.108),其中COI遗传距离已远大于Herbert设定的2%最小物种鉴定遗传距离,显示鞍头裸胸鳝为独立物种。进化树上,鞍头裸胸鳝与白边裸胸鳝聚为紧密姐妹分支,显示两者亲缘关系最为接近。研究结果有效阐明鞍头裸胸鳝在我国大陆沿海也有分布,为有效新记录种,为我国裸胸鳝属鱼类的系统分类及物种名录的修订提供相关分类基础。     

Fluctuating asymmetry, abnormalities and parasitism as indicators of environmental stress in cultured stocks of goldfish and carp

Knowledge about the effects of captivity and environmental stress on fish populations is basic to culture them for ornamental, conservation or exploitation purposes. The aim of this study was to test how captivity affect morphological development of bilateral characters and whether levels of fluctuating asymmetry, morphological abnormalities and ectoparasites reflect developmental stress caused by adverse environmental conditions in two species of cyprinids, goldfish Carassius auratus and two varieties of carp Cyprinus carpio, scale and mirror carp. Samples from captivity were caught in an artificial pond (Madrid City, Spain), which presents poor environmental conditions; while samples from nature were captured in the Ebro River basin (NE Spain). Six meristic and four morphometric bilateral characters were measured and compared between the two samples. Additionally, the incidence of morphological abnormalities and ectoparasites was also recorded. Captive goldfish presented significant lower number of scales of the lateral line, scale rows above lateral line and length of pectoral and ventral fins. Captive carps showed significant shorter first barbels and longer ventral fins. Ornamental goldfish showed significant higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry than wild samples for number of branched rays of pectoral fin, lateral line, scale rows below lateral line and length of pectoral and ventral fins. Ornamental carps presented a similar trend for the same characters, except for branched rays and length of pectoral fins, together with the length of second barbels. In the artificial pond, the incidence of abnormalities was higher in carp, whereas goldfish showed a higher occurrence of ectoparasites. These facts support the hypothesis of a different species response to environmental stress. The overall results indicate that fish from the artificial pond are subjected to environmental stress caused by adverse conditions such as overcrowding and lower water quality. Moreover, estimated parameters in this study mean a useful tool to detect developmental instability in confined fish.     

Morphometric and meristic characters in salmon, Salmo salar L., trout, Salmo trutta L., and their hybrids

Abstract. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., brown trout, S. trutta L. and their hybrids are normally identified in the field by empirical differences in maxilla length, thickness of the caudal peduncle, degree of forking of the tail and overall body conformation. This study quantifies these characters and analyses their variations in electrophoretically identified hatchery-reared individuals. Means and variances of the various measures are presented for salmon, trout and hybrids separately. The morphometric characters do not satisfactorily distinguish hybrids from the pure species, and even within samples of the pure species, some individuals will be misclassified as hybrids, or as members of the opposite species, if single characters are used on their own. Hybrids often resemble one or other parent species in one or more characters and are less often intermediate in phenotype. Triploidized hybrids are more like salmon than diploid hybrids are, and triploidized salmon are not different from diploid salmon. The results confirm that frequencies of hybrids of these species cannot be reliably assessed by morphological characters alone, and even for individuals of the pure parental species, independent confirmation of species status is advisable. Early reports of hybrid frequencies in wild stocks should be treated with caution, and apparently higher levels of hybridization in more recent studies compared with older, traditional surveys may simply reflect the greater precision of electrophoretic identification.     

Using phenotypic variation to determine conservation value: application of a novel approach to Arctic charr

Abstract –  There is a very high degree of discrete variation in phenotype between populations of Arctic charr. This takes the form of variation not only in morphometric and meristic characters traditionally used to distinguish species, but also in characteristics of life-history, behaviour, coloration and ecology. This variability has a number of consequences, one of these is that there is a strong case for the conservation of populations with extreme phenotypes. However, if variation is discrete between populations but continuous across many populations, this poses difficulties in separating those populations of high conservation value from those of lower conservation value. In this paper we describe a statistical technique which enables populations on the extreme edges of the range of phenotypic variation to be identified and apply this to the morphometric characters of charr from 25 populations from across Scotland and Ireland. The technique enables the identification of any proportion of the most extreme phenotypes. When applied to our data, one population (Loch More) was in the top 2 percentile of the most extreme phenotypes from across the range of all populations included. Three populations were within the top 10% most extreme phenotypes (Lochs More, Uaine and Earn) and a further five within the top 20% (previously mentioned lochs plus Lochs Eck, Merkland, Uaine, Talla and Lough Nalughraman). This technique can potentially be used on any species and on any suite of characteristics as an objective measure of conservation value of a population within a continuous phenotypic range.     

高雅海神蛤的研究现状及展望

对国内外不同学者有关高雅海神蛤的生态习性、繁殖与生长、人工育苗、养殖等研究现状进行了简要评述,同时提出了目前需要解决的问题,并对今后的发展趋势作了分析和展望。     

Evaluation of larval quality of viviparous scorpionfish Sebastiscus marmoratus

The aim of this study was to develop an acute test for larval quality in the viviparous scorpionfish Sebastiscus marmoratus. Rearing experiments until day 13 post parturition were conducted to investigate the survival of larvae for 13 different batches, and tolerance to starvation of larvae was examined and expressed by the survival activity index (SAI). The morphological characters, enzyme activity, and swimming behavior of larvae on day 0 and 1 were also observed, followed by the correlation analysis between SAI. Larvae with high SAI (≥26) showed significantly higher survival on day 13 than larvae with low SAI, which confirmed that SAI is a reliable index that can be used to evaluate larval quality, similar to the former findings. The esterase activity (r=−0.713, P<0.01), swim frequency (r=−0.735, P<0.01) and swimming speed (r=−0.588, P<0.05) of larvae on day 0 were significantly and negatively correlated with SAI. It was concluded that enzyme activity and behavioral characters of larvae just after parturition can be a real-time index for evaluating the larval quality of this species.     

On biological species, species concepts and individuation in the natural world

I am a realist and argue that biological species exist in nature. I also argue that the validity of findings of the many disciplines within the natural sciences employing biological species in their endeavours of inquiry are unequivocally linked to the accuracy of the species used in experiments. Few scientists today see the fundamental importance of taxonomic and systematic studies in both addressing accuracy of diversity and the delineation of species diversity for other areas of science. The basic controversial issues in the debate revolve around opinions regarding the nature of species as either Individuals or Classes, confusion of Species as a taxonomic category and as entities in nature, the varied practitioners studying diversity, a general lack of a Lineage perspective and a gross chauvinistic perspective on the types of data worthy of exposing and delineating diversity. I argue that species in nature are Individuals and form Lineages. As Individuals, they cannot be defined but can only be diagnosed in time. The category Species is a Class with a definition. The difficulties realised by scientists studying biodiversity in ‘defining’ a species hinges upon the fact that as natural entities they cannot be defined. Recognizing and understanding the origins of characters in species is further complicated if one views species in nature as Classes and lacks an appreciation for the Lineage and the origin and retention of traits through time. This forms an interesting paradox that many scientists have fallen victim to wherein species are viewed as Classes (hence definable, but immutable) yet are used to understand the process of descent that involves lineages and Individuals! The pre‐Darwinian Class perspective of species, combined with a common chauvinistic perspective on characters ultimately delays progress and places a ‘glass ceiling’ on species diversity for planet Earth. One resolution to the species and species concept issue is to view the concepts in a hierarchical manner of primary (theoretical) and secondary (operational) concepts. Interestingly, the issue of Individuals versus Classes for naturally occurring entities is much more widespread and exists in many other scientific fields. Thus, a hierarchical perspective of having a primary, nonoperational concept for natural entities and multiple operational concepts serving as ‘tools’ for discovering natural things consistent with the primary concept is a heuristic methodology that is applicable to the advancement of many areas of science.     

鲂属鱼类形态差异分析

为探讨鲂属鱼类种内及种间形态差异,采用单因素方差分析及主成分分析对厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)、广东鲂(M.hoffmanni)、鲂(M.skolkovii)和团头鲂(M.amblycephala)共382尾样本的23个可数性状和24个可量性状进行分析和比较。结果表明,4种鲂的可数性状(尾部脊椎数),可量比例性状(口宽/头长、眼径/头长、腹鳍棘长/头长、肠长/体长、尾柄高/体长、第一鳔室长/体长、第二鳔室长/第一鳔室长、尾柄长/尾柄高)存在显著性差异,可作为4种鲂的判别性状。通过主成分分析法对可数性状(可量比例性状)构建了3个主成分,其贡献率分别为:26.28%(26.01%)、19.92%(12.05%)和8.04%(10.18%),累计贡献率54.24%(48.24%)。主成分散点图显示,4种鲂聚为4簇,广东鲂、团头鲂区分明显。     

Current knowledge and new assumptions on the evolutionary history of the African lungfish,Protopterus, based on a review of its fossil record

Lungfish have a large fossil record that started over 400 Ma ago and a relict modern diversity within Australia, Africa and South America. Their study mostly concentrates on their sister‐group relationship with the tetrapod vertebrates, on their early evolution and on the physiology of their air breathing and of the ability of certain species to aestivate. Conversely, little is known about the evolutionary history of modern taxa. In this study, the focus is on the single polytypic extant genus, Protopterus. Four species and seven subspecies are currently present in African freshwater. As fossils, Protopterus are recognized by their heavy tooth plates. Indeed, the review of the diagnostical characters shows that so far we are not able to confidently distinguish fossil species. The fossil record is thus explored through the analysis of the distribution of the genus. A comprehensive scenario for their evolutionary history is built by including also knowledge of the ecology, distribution and phylogeny of modern Protopterus, in the context of the environmental changes that affected Africa over the last 100 Ma. The genus has been present in Africa for at least 100 Ma when the continent separated from South America. Northern Africa might be the cradle for the African lineage, but other regions of Africa cannot be ruled out. During the Paleogene, lungfish disappeared from northern Africa, whereas modern Protopterus arose in a peri‐equatorial area with dispersal from this area late in the Pliocene. This correlates with great environmental change that occured during the last 25 Ma in eastern Africa.     

中国东南沿海青蟹属(Scylla)的种类组成

为调查青蟹属在中国大陆东南沿海的种类组成及明确优势种的种类,采集了13个地区共413只青蟹。通过形态比较,确认有4个种,它们是：锯缘青蟹（Scylla serrata）, 紫螯青蟹(Scylla tranquebarica), 拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramamosain）,榄绿青蟹（Scylla olivacea）。这4个种类可以从头胸甲额缘4齿的长度（FMSH/DFMS）、形状,螯足腕节内刺的有无、螯足及步足斑纹来区分。其中拟穴青蟹在中国大陆东南沿海分布最广,数量最多,其他3个种仅在海南和北部湾被发现。在拟穴青蟹中有9.7%的成熟个体和33.3%未成熟个体具有螯足内刺,因此不能仅凭借这个特征来鉴别拟穴青蟹。本文对青蟹属4个种的特征进行了描述并编制分种检索表。图2表4参26     

瓯江口海域夏秋季鱼类初步调查

2007年6月和9月对瓯江口海域通过拖网和张网捕获的鱼类进行初步调查。结果表明:渔获物中出现2纲12目33科55属72种鱼类,其中软骨鱼纲2目2科2属4种,占调查鱼类总种数的5.6%;硬骨鱼纲10目31科53属68种,占调查鱼类总种数的94.4%。根据其适温性类型可分为暖水性种、暖温性种和冷温性种,其中,暖水性鱼类有27种,占总种数的37.5%;暖温性鱼类有41种,占总种数的56.9%;冷温性鱼类有4种,占总种数的5.6%。渔获物中底层和近底层鱼类占多数,其中,底层鱼类共有27种,占总种数的37.5%;近底层鱼类共有30种,占总种数的41.7%;中上层鱼类共有15种,占总种数的20.8%。渔获物中海洋性鱼类占绝大多数,共有59种,占总种数的81.9%;河口性鱼类11种,占总种数的15.3%;洄游性鱼类2种,占总种数的2.8%。与相邻海区鱼类区系特征比较,瓯江口海域具有我国亚热带北部河口海湾的鱼类区系特征。     

长江主要一级支流中华倒刺鲃形态差异比较

采用传统形态学和框架分析法,运用单因素方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析4种多元分析方法对嘉陵江、赤水河、清江3个中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)种群288尾样本的30个形态比例性状进行比较研究.结果表明,3个种群的全长/体长、叉长/体长、体宽/体长等29个性状差异显著(P＜0.05);聚类结果显示,嘉陵江种群与赤水河种群首先聚为一类,认为嘉陵江种群与赤水河种群形态最为相似;主成分分析构建了8个主成分,累计贡献率为62.93％;以Bayes逐步判别分析方法选用16个判别效果较好的比例性状建立了3个中华倒刺鲃地理种群的判别函数,综合判别率达到99.31％.研究结果显示,嘉陵江种群与赤水河种群形态较为相似,而两者与清江种群形态差异较大.本研究从形态特征上为长江上游中华倒刺鲃种群的划分提供了科学依据.     

闽东北外海蟹类种类组成

本文根据1998—1999年在闽东北外海进行四个季度月的蟹类资源定点调查及相关资料，研究调查海区蟹类种类组成。结果表明：本调查海区蟹类组成有51种，隶属11科34属，以暖水性种类为多，具有热带与温带群落之间的过度性混合群集特点，主要渔获种类有细点圆趾蟹、光掌鲟、锈斑鲟等10种；其中细点圆趾蟹是本调查海区最主要渔获种类，主要分布于水深100—120m的海域，渔获量占蟹类总渔获量的54．4％，尚有一定资源潜力，待于合理开发利用。     

Heritability of skeleton abnormalities (lordosis, lack of operculum) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) supported by microsatellite family data

Body abnormalities constitute an important problem to fish aquaculture. Pigmentation, scale and skeleton abnormalities have been reported in different cultured fish species. Environmental and genetic factors or their interaction have been suggested to explain their origin. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is one of the most important European cultured species. Lordosis and lack of operculum are common abnormalities in this species, and can reach frequency of 80% or more of commercial batches. In spite of an important body of data suggesting environmental factors related with their origin, scarce and not conclusive genetic data have been reported to date. In our study, a large number of families originating from the usual production process of a commercial farm were used to estimate the heritabilities of both characters. Two independent experiments were carried out for each abnormality. Nine hundred and ninety four (5.6% lordotics; 157 full-sib families; 6.3 offspring/family) and 808 (7.9% lacking operculum; 83 families; 9.7 offspring/family) individuals were used for lordosis and lacking operculum heritability estimations, respectively. The results obtained adjusting an animal model indicated non significant heritabilities for both characters (0.021 (s.e. 0.019) and 0.032 (s.e. 0.023) for lordosis and lack of operculum, respectively). The corresponding values when a threshold model was used, though higher (0.152 and 0.203, respectively), evidenced large standard errors (0.119 and 0.146, respectively) suggesting h² = 0 as the most confident hypothesis (P = 0.838 and 0.766, respectively). A non-parametric permutation test was also applied to evaluate if more related individuals had a higher phenotypic resemblance. The results obtained suggested only a slight familiar association (P < 0.05) when comparing individuals lacking operculum, but neither between lordotics nor between normal ones. These results suggest that most phenotypic variation observed for lordosis and lack of operculum in gilthead seabream is due to environmental factors.     

Temperature‐ and light‐dependent ratio of energy gain to metabolic costs explains spatial and temporal habitat use of zooplanktivorous fish

Understanding the forces that drive habitat selection of species in communities is important in both ecology and evolution. In nature, species face variation in competition, predation and physical characters among habitats. Vendace (Coregonus albula (L.)) is a specialised zooplanktivorous fish predominantly using deeper water in lakes during summer, while roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) uses mainly the shallow littoral zone as well as the upper layer of the pelagic zone. To understand mechanisms behind habitat use of these species, I first conducted a predation experiment to investigate their sensitivity to predation by perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). Second, I performed a foraging experiment using different temperature and light treatments. I then used metabolic calculations to estimate energetic costs when foraging. I found no difference between species regarding sensitivity to predation. Vendace was the most efficient forager on zooplankton but also swam faster spending more energy compared to roach. Roach had a comparatively high metabolic rate in the lowest temperature, where their foraging efficiency was lowest. The energy gain ratio at 6°C was highest for vendace, while it was lowest for roach. In the highest temperature (18°C) and the lowest light level (1 lux), both species were similar in their energy gain ratio. The relative energy gain ratio provides a mechanism to explain habitat distribution for the two species. An increased understanding of the role of metabolism in combination with biotic interactions and habitat use may help to foresee effects of environmental change for different species.     

基于16SrRNA部分序列探讨中国近海十三种石首鱼类的分子系统进化关系

石首鱼科鱼类种类繁多,形态相似,难以确定种属界限,一些种类的归属尚未确定。本文获得了中国沿海石首鱼科9属13个种合计48个线粒体16SrRNA基因片段,序列长约484 bp,共检测到28个单倍型,170个变异位点。结合来自GenBank的5种石首鱼科鱼类的相应片段序列通过模式验证后构建最大似然进化树。根据所得分子生物学数据并结合已知形态学理论,分析得出如下结果:银牙鱼或和红牙鱼或同属于一个亚科,而尖头黄鳍牙鱼或不属于牙鱼或亚科,并推测尖头黄鳍牙鱼或可能属于拟牙鱼或属或者黄唇鱼亚科;叫姑鱼亚科和石首鱼亚科是石首鱼亚科中较早分化的种类;黄姑鱼属有可能不属于白姑鱼亚科,而可能归于一个新的亚科。本文的研究结果为进一步阐明石首鱼类的系统进化关系提供了分子依据。     

黄海重要饵料鱼种矢耳石的形态特征

由于鱼类矢耳石的形态结构稳定,具有种的特征,且坚硬不易被消化,其形态特征可用于鱼类胃含物分析中的种类鉴定。本研究选取黄海"简化食物网"中的30种重要饵料鱼种为研究对象,描述了各种类矢耳石的形态特征,并进行了比较分析。结果发现,这30种重要饵料鱼种的矢耳石中形态结构相似的有7组:赤鼻棱鳀和中颌棱鳀,细条天竺鱼和斑鳍天竺鱼,多鳞鱚和少鳞鱚,皮氏叫姑鱼和白姑鱼,黄姑鱼和小黄鱼,黑鳃梅童鱼和棘头梅童鱼,以及矛尾鰕虎鱼和六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼,本研究为胃含物分析等基于耳石形态的种类鉴别提供了基础资料,同时进一步更广泛深入地研究和认知鱼类的耳石形态,近缘种耳石形态特征的量化研究,以及同一种类耳石形态的地理变异等的研究将有助于更准确地进行种类的鉴别,对提高胃含物分析的准确度也有很大帮助。     

东海区底拖网渔业资源变动分析

以2000~2005年底拖网渔业资源的常规监测资料为依据,对东海区底拖网渔获物种类组成、主要经济鱼种单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)以及生物学特征进行了分析。结果表明,东海区底拖网渔业资源利用结构正在向低值和低营养层次鱼种转化,主要经济鱼种的CPUE不断下降,生物学特征未见明显好转,而渔获物中幼鱼比例不断上升,渔业资源总体状况仍然存在继续衰退趋势。建议降低目前的海洋捕捞努力量,延长伏季休渔时间,加强渔业资源养护和管理力度等。