脉红螺摄食节律的研究

应用实验生态学方法,以菲律宾蛤仔为饵料对脉红螺的摄食行为规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,当温度达到10.40℃时,脉红螺第一次出现摄食行为,日均摄食量为0.01g/个;非交配期内,摄食量随温度升高而增大,当温度达16.20℃时,摄食量达最大值,为0.54g/个,摄食周期为4天;进入交配期后,脉红螺摄食量随温度升高先增加后减少,同时与交配率呈负相关关系;当温度达到18.05℃,交配率达最小值0.03,脉红螺日均摄食量达到最大的5.32g/个,此时摄食周期为3.72天。非交配期摄食量(c)与温度(t)间回归关系为：c = 0.01t2 - 0.24t 1.18,r=0.97,交配期摄食量(c)分别与温度(t)、交配率(m)的回归关系为：c = -0.13t2 5.18t – 48.08,r=0.61;c = -2.92m 3.33,r=-0.48。,综上所述,脉红螺摄食有4天左右的周期变化,且温度和交配率作为两个重要的因素对其有显著影响。     

山东沿海脉红螺的性腺发育和生殖周期

为阐明脉红螺的繁殖生物学特性,于2012年3月至2013年2月对中国山东荣成靖海湾的脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的生殖周期及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。组织学观察表明,脉红螺全年只有1个生殖周期,且雌雄配子同步发育,其性腺发育过程可分为5个时期:形成期,增殖期,成熟期,排放期,恢复期。配子发生始于9月,大部分个体在5月至6月成熟,排放的高峰期为7月。条件指数和平均卵径随配子发生而增大,成熟期达到最高值,产卵后减少。雌雄比例整体符合自然界性比为1∶1的自然规律。环境因子的分析结果表明,水温和叶绿素a含量存在明显的季节变化,而盐度无明显季节变化。相关性分析表明,水温与叶绿素a含量显著正相关(P0.05)。研究结果丰富了脉红螺的繁殖生物学资料,对脉红螺野生资源的管理保护、开发利用提供了重要的科学依据。     

如何降低甲鱼养殖成本

一、种苗实行自繁自养，降低种苗费用 　　南方地区有三冬龄、体重 500克以上、体质健壮、无病害的雌甲鱼可选作亲种，有条件的地方可选购无伤无病、体重达 400克以上的野生雄甲鱼作为亲本进行交配，按雄雌比例 1∶ 4配比，经一段时间强化培育后，自然会进入产卵场内产卵。每只雌甲鱼每年产卵数在 20枚以上，受精卵经 45～ 60天的人工孵化管理，便可破膜出苗。通过自繁自养，一方面可降低生产成本，每只 3～ 5克种苗约需 2～ 2.5元的费用，另一方面可以避免带病菌的种苗带入场内，为防治病害打下基础。同时可避免近亲交配，有利于甲鱼后代优…     

脉红螺交配后的性选择机制

交配后性选择是雌性混交动物中的一种普遍现象,其选择机制较为复杂,是性选择研究领域中的重点和难点问题。脉红螺是我国重要的大型经济贝类之一,繁殖形式为多雌多雄混交模式。为了研究该模式繁殖机制,本研究利用6个微卫星标记及行为学观察对脉红螺3个家系进行父权分析。结果表明,3个家系均存在多父性现象,证实脉红螺繁殖属于真正遗传意义上的雌性混交模式。3个家系中父权比例与父本的6个形态学参数及交配持续时间不存在关联性,但均表现出最先与母本交配的父本其后代比例最高,而最后交配的父本其后代比例最低,表明脉红螺交配后性选择存在最先雄性精子优先受精现象,这一现象符合"topping off"假说,即最先交配的雄性排放了大量精子占据了受精囊的主要空间,导致其子代的比例最高;而最后交配的雄性由于受精囊空间的限制,其精子占据空间最少。本研究为海洋无脊椎动物的交配后性选择机制研究提供重要参考资料。     

脉红螺交配后性选择机制

交配后性选择是雌性混交动物中的一种普遍现象,其选择机制较为复杂,是性选择研究领域中的重点和难点问题.脉红螺是我国重要的大型经济贝类之一,繁殖形式为多雌多雄混交模式.为了研究该模式繁殖机制,本研究利用6个微卫星标记及行为学观察对脉红螺3个家系进行父权分析.结果表明,3个家系均存在多父性现象,证实脉红螺繁殖属于真正遗传意义上的雌性混交模式.3个家系中父权比例与父本的6个形态学参数及交配持续时间不存在关联性,但均表现出最先与母本交配的父本其后代比例最高,而最后交配的父本其后代比例最低,表明脉红螺交配后性选择存在最先雄性精子优先受精现象,这一现象符合“topping off”假说,即最先交配的雄性排放了大量精子占据了受精囊的主要空间,导致其子代的比例最高;而最后交配的雄性由于受精囊空间的限制,其精子占据空间最少.本研究为海洋无脊椎动物的交配后性选择机制研究提供重要参考资料.     

脉红螺繁殖生物学的研究

本文研究了脉红螺繁殖方式,繁殖季节,繁殖力,孵化,幼虫发育及变态和稚,幼螺发育过程,阐明了脉红螺在山东沿海每年只有一个繁殖期。繁殖期内亲螺有多次交尾现象,平均每年雌螺产卵２．１次,产卵袋６５５．９个,每个卵袋平均含有受精卵１１４９粒,个体繁殖力７５．４万粒。     

脉红螺对不同贝类的摄食行为特征研究

通过模拟自然环境,研究了脉红螺(Rapana venosa)对生境中存在的不同贝类的摄食选择性及其摄食行为过程和摄食节律。在水族箱中投放3种规格的脉红螺和3种规格的四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)、紫贻贝(Mytilusedulis)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)活体饵料,记录3种规格的脉红螺对不同饵料的摄食个数、摄食重量、摄食规格、摄食时间以及摄食行为过程。结果显示,脉红螺对4种贝类均有摄食,其中,不同规格脉红螺对四角蛤蜊的摄食个数及重量显著高于其他贝类(P<0.05),摄食指数超过50%,表现为喜食,对牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔正常摄食,只有大规格脉红螺对紫贻贝有少量摄食。在摄食规格选择方面,3种规格的脉红螺明显喜食较大规格的四角蛤蜊以及小规格的长牡蛎(P<0.05)。大规格脉红螺的摄食率为7.15%,显著小于其他2种规格的脉红螺(小规格：10.98%;中规格：9.64%)。在本实验条件下,脉红螺摄食有明显的周期性,每隔3 d进行摄食活动,摄食时间为20:00～24:00。脉红螺的摄食过...     

克氏原螫虾繁殖生物学研究

对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果显示:克氏原螯虾的性成熟年龄为1年左右;雌虾最小体长为6.4 cm,最小体重为10 g;雄虾最小体长为7.1 cm,最小体重为20 g.5～9月为交配期,其中以6～8月为交配高峰期.克氏原螯虾交配后大约为30 d左右产卵.繁殖期为7～10月,高峰期为8～9月.10月底以后抱卵的虾由于水温逐步降低,一直延续到第2年春季才孵化.克氏原螯虾的繁殖行为与掘洞行为密切相关,繁殖期的掘洞数量较非繁殖期明显增多.7～10月,亲虾均柄息在洞内繁殖,洞穴深度为50～80 cm.卵巢为一次产卵类型.雌雄比例为1:1.克氏原螯虾的个体绝对繁殖力的变动范围为172～1158粒,平均为517粒.个体相对繁殖力(F/W)的变动范围为2～41粒/g,平均为21粒.个体相对繁殖力(F/L)的变动范围为47～80粒/cm,平均为63粒.     

蛇鳄龟生态繁殖技术初步研究

研究在自然温度条件下的蛇鳄龟生态繁殖。放养性成熟蛇鳄龟亲龟716只,平均体重7.8kg,雌雄比3:1,龟池内种植凤眼莲调节水质,投喂杂鱼和配合饲料等进行强化培育,塘边设置产卵沙池,蛇鳄龟交配、产卵顺利。2004年初次产卵,2006年共产卵35880枚,受精29708枚,受精率82.8%。室内恒温孵化,保持温度28～32℃、空气相对湿度75%～85%,用粒径0.6～1.0mm、含水量为7%～8%的细沙作孵化介质,2006年人工孵化出稚龟28668只,孵化率达到96.5%。     

莱州湾脉红螺筏式养殖的初步研究

１９９４年１２月放养平均壳高３．９ｃｍ，平均体重１０ｇ的脉红螺苗４万个，经过１３个月海上筏式养殖，平均壳高达７．４３ｃｍ，平均体重８３．５ｇ，亩产达到２７２０ｋｇ，总成活率９４．４％，亩纯收入３５４５０．９０元，约是扇贝养殖的４倍。放养密度以１０个／层产量最高，贻贝为最佳饵料品种。应加强４￣１０月脉红螺快速生长期的管理，专家鉴定认为，本研究居国内领先水平。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).