火炬松的引种试验总结

青岛地区于１９７４～１９８８年，先后３次从国外引进火炬松商品种子进行引种试验，通过种子育苗、田间造林等试验研究，表明火炬松在青岛地区低丘阳坡引种是成功的，１９年生火炬松林分测定，其树高、胸径、材积的年平均生长量分别为同龄日本黑松的１７７．８％、１９６．７％和８２９．４％，火炬松干形直、材质好、松脂含量高，抗性强，未发现松干蚧危害；鉴于适宜种源种子短缺，在种源研究的基础上应恻重引入北亚热带和抗寒种源。     

湿地松、火炬松适应性分析

在同样的立地条件和抚育条件下,在1~20 a内,湿地松的生长明显优于火炬松和马尾松。20~30 a内,国外松生长不如马尾松,而且对地力的适应性也不如马尾松。作为短轮伐期的速生丰产纸浆林,湿地松是适应性比较强的速生丰产的引进树种,但在立地差、集约度低或海拔高处应以本地树种马尾松为主。     

火炬松引种试验报告

火炬松原产美国东南部 ,生长在海拔 40 0m左右的低山丘陵 ,是优良的用材薪炭树种。我国淮河以南的广大丘陵地区都有引种 ,并生长良好。1 992年我们开始引种火炬松 ,并对火炬松生长进行观察研究 ,现将结果报告如下 :1　引种区概况滕州市地处山东省南部 ,与江苏省接壤 ,属暖温带半湿润季风气候 ,气候和土壤情况都与火炬松的原产地相近 ,见附表。附表　滕州市火炬松引种点及美国火炬松原产地概况地点引种年份 纬度经度 海拔(m)平均温度(℃ )年降雨量(mm)绝对最低温度 (℃ )无霜期(d) 土壤东戈镇1 993北纬35°2 1′东经1 1 7°1 6′ 2 0 0 1 4.6…     

湿地松、火炬松优良家系选择

对引进美国的湿地松（Pinus elliottii）、火炬松（P．taeda）的生长状况,与当地马尾松（P．massoni-ana）进行比较分析。4年试验结果表明：在广西北部丘陵地,火炬松生长表现良好,树高、胸径、单株材积显著大于马尾松、湿地松;试验所研究10个火炬松家系、1O个湿地松家系生长量,树高、胸径、单株材积生长差异明显;马尾松4年生时,采用种子园种子,轻基质育苗,造林施基肥,生长量与采用母树林种子,黄泥土育苗,不施基肥,树高、胸径、单株材积生长量分别提高了8．6％、19．7％和55．5％。     

Effect of magnetic treatment on seed germination of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Based on preliminary experiments, the speed of germination (SG) was in general increased for Pinus taeda L. seeds treated with a static magnetic field (B = 150 mT) for 10, 30 and 60 min. Negative impact was obtained for seeds treated with SMF for 24 h and 48 h. Mean germination time (MGT), the SG, and time required to obtain 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of seeds to germinate (T₁₀–T₉₀) were calculated. Results showed a reduction of the MGT and T₁₀–T₉₀ for seeds treated with SMF for 10, 30, and 60 min; therefore, the germination speed was increased. Among various magnetic treatments, loblolly pine seeds treated with S3 (SMF60 min) yielded the peak performance.     

Nutrient use and uptake in Pinus taeda

We quantified nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content, use (nutrient amount for one growth year), retranslocation (nutrients recycled before foliage senescence), uptake (use minus retranslocation), volume production per unit of uptake and fertilizer-uptake efficiency (percent applied taken up) in a 2 x 2 (nutrient and water) factorial experiment replicated four times in an 8-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand growing on a nutrient-poor sandy soil in Scotland County, North Carolina, USA. Over 14 years, we applied 1140, 168, 393, 168 and 146 kg ha(-1) of elemental N, P, K, Ca and Mg fertilizer, respectively, and an average of 710 mm year(-1) of irrigation. All plots received complete vegetation control. Fertilization about doubled tissue N, P, K and Mg contents at age 21, whereas irrigation resulted in smaller increases in nutrient contents. Maximum annual uptake was 101, 9.3, 44, 37 and 13 kg ha(-1) year(-1) and volume production per unit of nutrient uptake was 0.35, 3.5, 0.66, 1.1 and 3.1 m(3) kg(-1), for N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively. Irrigated plots had greater volume production per unit of N, P, K and Mg uptake than control plots, likely because irrigation allowed photosynthesis to continue during dry periods. Fertilized plus irrigated plots had less volume production per unit of these elements than the fertilized plots either because nutrient uptake exceeded the requirement for optimum growth or because available water (rainfall plus irrigation) was insufficient for the leaf area achieved with fertilization. At age 19, fertilizer-uptake efficiencies for N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 53, 24, 62, 57 and 39%, respectively, and increased with irrigation to 68, 36, 78, 116 and 55%, respectively. The scale of fertilizer uptake was likely a result of low native site nutrient availability, study longevity, measurement of all tissue components on site, a comprehensive assessment of coarse roots, and the 3-m rooting depth. Ecosystem nitrogen retention (applied nitrogen found in living plant material, litter fall and soil to 150-cm depth) was estimated at 79% at age 17, a value that would likely be greater when including soil nitrogen to rooting depth and calculating retention at age 21 when the study ended. The ecosystem retention value provides evidence that intensive site resource management can be accomplished with low likelihood of applied materials moving offsite.     

火炬松芽苗移栽容器育苗技术

介绍了火炬松形态特征及生物学特性,并论述了其种子处理、苗床、育苗基质的准备,播种、芽苗移栽、幼苗的管理以及病虫害防治等技术措施。     

火炬松容器苗培育技术研究

培育火炬松容器苗 ,1年生苗以直径 5 7cm、高 14 0cm的塑料薄膜袋容器为宜 ,3年生大苗以直径 2 8 6cm、高 45cm的塑料纺织袋容器为宜 ;营养土以肥沃农田土为基本基质 ,配以适量的过磷酸钙、菌根土 ,pH值 5 6～ 7 5均可 ;1年生苗培育密度按选用的容器规格不同而异 ,3年生大苗的培育密度以株行距 60× 80cm ,每公顷 2 0 85 0株为宜。火炬松容器苗的造林绿化栽植成活率均达97%以上     

Influences of antibiotics on plantlet regeneration via organogenesis in Ioblolly pine （Pinus taeda L.）

Three antibiotics ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cefotaxime were evaluated for their effects on induction, growth, and differentiation of organogenic calli, as well as rooting of regenerated shoots of three Ioblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes. Of the antibiotics administered, cefotaxime maximally increased the frequency of callus formation and growth rate of organogeni ccalli, carbenicillin maximally increased the frequency of shoot regeneration and the average number of adventitious shoots per piece of organogenic callus, ampicUlin maximally decreased the rooting frequency of regenerated shoots and mean number of roots per regenerated shoot, in comparison with antibiotic-free media. Compared with the control, ampicillin minimally increased the frequency of callus formation, cefotaxime minimally increased the frequency of shoot regeneration, and carbenicillin minimally decreased the rooting frequency of regenerated shoots in three Ioblolly pine genotypes tested. All three antibiotics increased the frequencies of callus formation and shoot regeneration, and reduced the rooting frequency ot regenerated shoots suggested that the establishment of an efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into Ioblolly pine need to select a suitable antibiotic. This investigation could be useful for optimizing genetic transformation of conifers.     

抗生素对火炬松的器官发生植株再生的影响(英文)

本文研究了氨苄青霉素、羧苄青霉素和头孢霉素等3种抗生素对火炬松愈伤组织的生长和分化及不定芽生根的影响。结果表明,头孢霉素最有利于愈伤组织的诱导和生长,羧苄青霉素最有利于芽的分化,氨苄青霉素降低了不定芽的生根频率。所有试验的3种抗生素提高愈伤组织的形成和芽再生,但降低了芽的生根频率。这些结果表明,选择合适的抗生素对优化火炬松遗传转化体系有重要作用。图3表4参25。     

福建省火炬松造林密度试验

在火炬松世行造林试验中,设计了4种密度,结果表明,不同密度对火炬松6年生林分的树高无显著影响,对6年生火炬松的胸径、材积、蓄积的影响达显著水平,对14年生火炬松的树高、胸径、材积、蓄积的影响均达极显著水平；不同密度、林龄火炬松各器官生物量的分配规律为：树干＞树根＞树枝＞树叶,各器官生物量的分配比例相对稳定。     

鲁山县火炬松造林技术探讨

通过几年的育苗和造林试验,总结出了火炬松在北部分界上造林的关键技术措施和方法。     

火炬松芽流脂病发生历期初探

火炬松芽流脂病在我省许多地区都有不同程度发生，发病率一般在１０－３０％左右湿度砂藏据１９９５年在衢县、龙游等调查，部分林地株发病率可高达５０％以上；罹病植株枝梢丛生，植株矮化，严重影响火炬松在我省的发展。研究表明，火炬松芽流脂病于春芽萌动后一星期左右出现流脂，５月下旬起发病速率加快，随流脂增多，嫩芽出现枯死，流脂后期开始出现梢枯，以后逐增多，１１－１２月为发病高山峰期，病梢率最高可达４２％。     

火炬松速生家系的选择

火炬松 (Pinustaeda)因其独特的优越性 ,现已发展成为我国亚热带地区营建速生丰产林的一个重要树种。对福建省南屿点和南安点火炬松引种家系 5年生长量的调查分析表明 :火炬松树高、胸径和材积等性状在家系层次上有显著或极显著差异 ,各性状的家系遗传力在 0 5 0附近 ,遗传变异系数多在 5 0 %以上。引种火炬松家系在南屿点的平均生长表现优于对照湿地松和马尾松。通过聚类分析 ,在南屿点选出 9个速生家系 ,在南安点选出 5个速生家系 ,其与对照马尾松相比的遗传增益分别为 95 2 %和 39 2 %。     

火炬松育苗技术研究

火炬松育苗试验结果表明:火炬松大田育苗最佳的处理组合为苗木密度100~150株/m2、芽苗截根处理以保留芽苗主根长的50%、接种厚环乳牛肝菌Sg;火炬松容器育苗最佳的基质配方体积比为火烧土30、过磷酸钙2.5或5.0、深层红壤35、松林表土35两种组合;菌根化处理是火炬松容器育苗行之有效的措施,菌根化对容器苗苗高、地径的生长有比较明显的正效应。     

Responses of Pinus massoniana and Pinus taeda to freezing in temperate forests in central China

Abstract

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), a native species widely distributed in temperate forests in central China, and Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), an exotic tree species introduced to China from southeastern United States, are dominant evergreen conifers that play a pivotal role in maintaining forest structure and functions for the region. We examined the effects of freezing on these species with chlorophyll fluorescence and electrolyte leakage using both field- and laboratory-based experiments in September 2009 and January 2010, respectively. We found that freezing could cause a greater impact on the Loblolly pine than the Masson pine. Although the two species showed similar values of F _v /F _m and electrolyte leakage before freezing, the Masson pine needles showed lower F _v /F _m and higher electrolyte leakage ratios than those of the Loblolly pine when treated in low temperatures (?15 to 0°C). We also found that cold-acclimation was crucial for both species to adapt to low temperatures with the F _v /F _m ratio decreased approximately by 80% in the first freezing hour for the non-acclimated needles of both species while the cold-acclimated needles showed little changes in the F _v /F _m ratio. This finding is also supported by our measurements of electrolyte leakage. These results suggest that the Loblolly pine could be more susceptible to freezing damages than the Masson pine in central China.     

湿地松、火炬松育苗新方式的改进试验——芽苗移栽工具打孔器的创造和应用

报道了湿地松、火炬松育苗新方式的改进—芽苗移栽工具打孔器的创造和应用,不仅比常规播种育苗省工,而且种子利用率、苗木出圃率及苗木质量均普遍提高,每0.07hm~2育苗可增加经济收入1900多元,在国外松育苗地区具有广阔的应用前途。     

广西南部马尾松、火炬松与湿地松优良家系选择

对引进美国的湿地松(Pinus taeda)和火炬松(Pinus elliottii)的生长状况,与当地马尾松(Pinus smassoniana)进行对比分析。第15年试验测定结果表明:在同样的立地和抚育条件下,马尾松在生长量方面表现最好,而湿地松在通直度、分枝角度等树形指标方面表现最优。综合各因子,选出了火炬松、湿地松各1个优良家系和3个马尾松优良家系作为育种和推广材料。     

火炬松与马尾松混交造林效果分析

通过对火炬松与马尾松混交造林成效的全面调查,分析不同坡向和坡位对火炬松与马尾松生长量的影响及其树种生长规律之间的差异,结果表明：在相同立地质量等级和相同经营措施条件下,坡向以半阳坡的火炬松和马尾松生长量最大,林分总蓄积量达157.521 m3/hm2,阳坡次之,阴坡最小;坡位以下坡的火炬松和马尾松生长量最大,林分总蓄积量达170.795 m3/hm2,中坡次之,上坡最小。火炬松的平均胸径连年生长量达0.97 cm,比马尾松高出6.4%,平均树高连年生长量达0.56 m,低于马尾松10.8%,平均单株材积连年生长量达0.135 2 m3,略高于马尾松0.6%。因而,火炬松适宜当地造林。     

CDM-ARP火炬松林碳汇监测方法学研究

利用浙江省设立的火炬松样地资料,建立火炬松人工林立地指数模型、生长收获模型、生物量模型等,区分不同立地条件、采用定量方法,并考虑间伐因素,建立了浙江省CDM-ARP火炬松林碳汇监测方法学,对火炬松林分碳密度、碳储量和CO2净吸存量进行监测。监测方法分为项目规划阶段(造林前)预测和林分生长阶段(造林后)监测。选择易测定的碳库作为监测对象,并用常规测树因子来估测较难测定的各器官生物量,用生物量法估算碳汇量。