禽致病性大肠杆菌ST95流行菌株耐药表型及耐药基因分析

为探究禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)ST95类群菌株的耐药表型和耐药基因分布情况,对37株ST95 APEC菌株进行血清型、耐药性测定以及耐药基因检测。结果显示:37株ST95 APEC的优势血清型为O2:K1和O1:K1,所有禽源ST95菌株均为多重耐药(MDR)特性,其至少对12种抗生素耐药,ST95菌株对头孢类抗生素的耐药比率很高,对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂耐药率也达到35%,对非头孢类抗生素如环丙沙星、庆大霉素等同样具有广泛耐药性。PCR检测发现30株APEC菌株含有β-内酰胺酶基因,在这些ST95菌株中检测出多种质粒编码的抗性基因,如链霉素/壮观霉素抗性基因strA和strB等。研究表明ST95 APEC菌株呈现明显的广谱耐药特性,质粒携带的耐药基因广泛分布于ST95菌株。     

In vitro antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from canine urinary tract infection

This study determined the diversity of species and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urine samples from 348 dogs with clinical signs of UTI, according to clinical examination and urinalysis, were processed for isolation of Staphylococcus. Colonies in pure culture were identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. Seventy isolates of staphylococci were obtained (20.1%). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the most frequent species (32.8%), followed by S. epidermidis (18.6%), S. simulans (15.7%), S. schleiferi schleiferi (11.4%), S. aureus (11.4%), S. schleiferi coagulans (7.2%) and S. saprophyticus (2.9%). All the isolates were resistant to at least 1 drug and 77.1% were multiresistant. The study reports the alarming antimicrobial resistance of members of the Staphylococcus genus isolated from canine UTI and highlights the importance of coagulase-negative staphylococci in its etiology.     

动物源肠杆菌分离株质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药基因的检测

为了解近年广东地区肠杆菌科质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因(PMQR)的流行情况,对广东地区猪、禽养殖场2007～2009年分离的407株肠杆菌进行PMQR基因的检测,采用琼脂平皿二倍稀释法对所有菌株进行15种抗菌药物的敏感性试验。结果显示,qnrA、qnrB、qnrS、qnrD、qepA及aac(6′)-Ib-cr的检出率分别为0.98%、4.91%、16.22%、1.72%、0.25%、5.41%,qnrC没有检测出,有27(6.63%)株同时携带两种或两种以上PMQR基因。近年广东地区动物源肠杆菌的PMQR基因流行存在上升趋势,耐药性存在严重,且存在多重耐药现象。     

OIE抗菌药耐药性国际标准

兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。     

美国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

全面介绍了美国兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理机构和管理措施,希望为我国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供一定的依据和参考。     

弯曲菌耐药性的研究进展

弯曲菌耐药性已经成为全球关注的重点,尤其是对氟喹诺酮类和大环内酯类的耐药性,在人和动物表现更为严重。本文对人和动物弯曲菌临床耐药性的状况、生物杀菌剂耐药性和环境因素在弯曲菌耐药性的获得与传播中的作用等方面进行综述。     

超微粉碎对黄连解毒散和白头翁散体外抑菌效果的影响

目的：观察黄连解毒散和白头翁散超微粉的体外抑菌效果。方法：采用超微粉碎和普通粉碎方法将黄连解毒散、白头翁散粉碎成超微粉（300目）和细粉（65目）,用其水提取液和醇提取液采用管碟法进行体外抑菌试验。结果：黄连解毒散、白头翁散超微粉比细粉的抑菌圈直径均显著增大（P〈0.05）。说明超微粉碎可明显提高黄连解毒散和白头翁散的体外抑菌效果。     

R plasmid-mediated gentamicin resistance in salmonellae isolated from turkeys and their environment

Gentamicin-resistant salmonellae were isolated from turkey poults, hatching eggs, and litter on three unrelated farms and from a scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) on a fourth farm unrelated to the other three. The isolates were Salmonella arizonae from three of the farms (poults, eggs, scrub jay) and S. thompson (litter) from the fourth farm. The genes responsible for gentamicin resistance were located on the same conjugal plasmid. This plasmid also encoded resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, and sulfadiazine.     

Campylobacter spp in human,chickens, pigs and their antimicrobial resistance

Campylobacter spp. have been identified as etiologic agents in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in developed countries. In developing countries, most reported Campylobacter infections are in children. Previously reported prevalences of Campylobacter spp. in children in Southeast Asia range from 2.9% to 15%. The frequency and pattern of occurrence of Campylobacter spp. differ between developed and developing countries, especially in the number of cases reported in adults and the presence of any seasonal patterns in occurrence. Although the severity of Campylobacter infection in adults was different between developed and developing countries, the clinical symptoms of infection in adults resulting from infection in developing countries was similar to those in developed countries. Many different animal species maintain Campylobacter spp. with no clinical signs. There do not appear to be significantly different colonization rates of Campylobacter in food animals between developed and developing countries. The role of C. jejuni as a primary pathogen in farm animals is uncertain. C. jejuni can be found in feces of diarrheic and healthy calves and piglets. Campylobacter with resistance to antimicrobial agents have been reported in both developed and developing countries, and the situation seems to deteriorate more rapidly in developing countries, where there is widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics resistance was observed at high levels in food animals in both developed and developing countries. Studies suggested an association between antimicrobial use in food animals and the development of resistance in human isolates in developed countries.     

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from horses: Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to the continued successful use of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections. While the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from man has been studied extensively, less work has been undertaken in companion animals, particularly horses. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as a cause of infections, with a low prevalence of nasal carriage by horses in the community but higher for hospitalised horses. Molecular characterisation has shown methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains either to be predominantly of types associated with horses or of sequence type ST398. Antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli (including multidrug‐resistant and extended spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing isolates) have caused infections and been documented in faecal carriage by horses, with many significant resistance mechanisms identified. More sporadic reports and molecular characterisation exist for resistance in other bacteria such as enterococci, Salmonella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species. Limited work has been undertaken evaluating risk factors and much of the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from horses remains to be determined.