甜柿品种与栽培技术

<正> 柿(Diospyros kaki Linn.)的品种很多。依其果实成熟时在树上能否自行脱涩,可分为涩柿与甜柿两大类:果实成熟时在树上不能自行脱涩,需摘下后经人工脱涩方可食者称为涩柿;反之,果实成熟时在树上已经脱涩,摘下来食之脆甜者称为甜柿。我国原产的甜柿品种极少,而日本除涩柿外,甜柿品种亦多。由于甜柿无需进行人工脱涩,且果实保持硬度的时间比脱涩后的涩柿长2～3倍(一般可达30天以上),因而延长了果实贮运和经销时间,     

日本科柿果实发育期间单宁和糖类的变化

甜柿是柿(Diospyros kaki Linn.f.)树的自然类型,属日本主要栽培果树之一,其特点是果实采后不需人工脱涩即可食用,甜脆爽口,风味独特。近年来,日本甜柿已在我国大量引种栽培,国内对甜柿的生物学习性和栽培方法已作了不少观察和研究。但对甜柿果实的生长发育过程及果实发育期间生化物质消长规律的研究尚未见报道。作为柿果主要成份     

柿果的脱涩处理

<正> 1 柿子的涩昧 柿果有甜柿和涩柿两种类型。甜柿如湖北罗田甜柿、日本富有柿等在树上成熟后即可鲜食(单宁已转化为不溶性单宁),而涩柿如磨盘柿、大晶柿、镜面柿等难以在树上脱涩,虽然果实在树上已成熟了,仍具有强烈的收敛性涩味,不堪入口,必须进行人工催熟脱涩后才能食用。     

园林绿化与经济林兼用的好树种——柿树

<正>柿隶属于柿树科（Ebenacene）柿属（Diospyros　L.）植物。本属植物全世界约有250种,大多数为热带和亚热带植物,少数产于暖温带。原产于我国的柿属植物有49种。我国柿树品种较多,据统计,品种可达800个左右。柿从涩味上分为甜柿类和涩柿类;甜柿类果在树上自然脱涩,采收后即可食用;涩柿采收后有涩味,需人工脱涩后方可食用,我国所产的品种多属涩柿类。柿树适应性强,抗病性强,产量高,寿命长,不论是在平地。山地,还     

甜柿品种的引种栽培

甜柿，属于果实着色后无需脱涩，就可食用的柿类。果实供应期长，较耐贮藏与耐运输等。我所试图通过对甜柿的引种和栽培示范，筛选出适宜于黄山市栽培的甜柿品种，同时为活跃山区经济寻找优势项目。     

日本甜柿的促花保果技术

1990年我们山东省果科所引入日本甜柿富有、次郎进行试栽。由于甜柿具有果肉致密、硬脆、甜味浓、果实着色后不经加工脱涩即可食用等特点 ,而倍受市场和果农欢迎。但在栽培过程中我们观察到 ,日本甜柿同我国传统的栽培涩柿品种相比 ,存在着成花难、花粉量少、座果率低、落花落果严重等问题。为此 ,我们于近几年进行了日本甜柿的促花促果试验 ,取得了较好的效果。其主要技术是 :1　合理配置授粉树 ,实行人工辅助授粉富有、次郎两个品种 ,是日本甜柿中表现最好的品种 ,但这两个品种全株均无雄花 ,且单性结实能力不高 ,故此在生产中应严格配置…     

脆柿研制及其软化衰老机理的研究

柿子为我国盛产水果之一,其所含碘量为40.7 mg/100 g,处各水果之前列,加之水份、可溶性糖、Vc含量均较高,因此为补碘之优质水果.我国柿子有甜柿和涩柿两大类,其中涩柿种类多,分布广,贮量大;但存在一个采后脱涩问题.目前,柿果脱涩方法可分为两大类,一类果实脱涩后果胶分解成软柿;另一类果实脱涩后果胶保持为硬柿,硬柿较软柿果胶含量高.同时,更耐贮运,在柿子贮存保鲜中占重要地位.     

柿自然脱涩能力与单宁细胞发育规律的研究

研究了三种不同甘、涩类型柿果实中可溶性单宁含量，单宁细胞和薄壁细胞发育规律，结果表明，完全甜柿和不完全甜柿的主要脱涩期明显不同，前者在果实发育的早期，后者在近熟期；完全甜柿自然脱涩主要是由于薄壁细胞的持续增大和单宁铁早期停止发育，造成单宁细胞占果肉面积比下降所致，而不完全甜柿的树上脱涩主要依赖果实成熟前单宁的凝固作用。     

浅谈柿树栽培技术

柿树属于柿科、柿属,它适应性强,生长快、结果早,丰产稳产,管理容易,经济寿命长。柿树树姿优美,叶大浓绿,富有光泽,入秋叶色转红,可与枫叶比美。柿果金黄光亮、鲜丽悦目,色泽艳美,汁多味甘甜,营养丰富,不仅可供鲜食,并可加工成柿饼、柿蜜、柿霜等。颇具观赏价值和经济价值。深收广大群众喜爱,因此柿树适于建园、庭院载培以及园林绿化等。1建园1.1品种选择按果实在树上软熟前是否完成脱涩而把柿树分为甜柿和涩柿两大类,适宜本地栽培的柿树品种有:1.1.1甜柿:能在树上软熟前完成脱涩,采后即可食用的品种,主要有日本富有柿、次郎柿以及湖北罗田柿子。1.1.2涩柿:在树上软熟前不能完成脱涩,采后须经人工脱涩或后熟作用方可食用,主要品种有:磨盘柿(盒柿)、牛心柿(小萼柿)、镜面柿、火柿等。1.2苗木繁殖及嫁接由于柿树大多品种是单性结实,不产生种子。为了保持品种特性,多采用嫁接的方法进行繁殖。我地多采用君迁子(园枣子)作砧木。砧木繁育主要用播种法,嫁接是用芽接、枝接均可。需要注意的是柿树的嫁接要求比其它果树品种严格。这是因为砧木和柿树内均含有鞣酸物质(单宁),切面的蛋白质遇到空气极易氧化。形成一层隔离膜影响成活率。因此,在嫁接时要注意...     

关于将"罗田甜柿"更名为"中国甜柿"的建议

1　“罗田甜柿”名称的由来柿树 (ＤｉｏｓｐｙｒｏｓｋａｋｉＬ .ｆ.)属柿树科柿属 ,是我国重要的经济林树种 ,依果实能否在树上自然脱涩分为涩柿和甜柿 ,在我国仅有鄂、豫、皖三省交界处大别山一带分布有甜柿 ,一直通称为“罗田甜柿”。关于“罗田甜柿”名称的由来 ,说法比较统一 ,湖北省农科院果茶所张力田教授 2 0 0 1年 1 2月 2 5日在武昌召开的湖北省林木良种审定委员会经济林品种审定会上回忆 :1 95 7年一日本农业代表团到中国农业部农科院兴城果树试验站考察 ,问时任站长的蒲福慎中国是否分布有甜柿 ,在 1 95 8年召开全国果树会议上…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.