几种四照花属植物的苗期生长与幼林发育规律

本文比较了四照花属4个种的苗期生长规律,4个种的1年生苗中,生长表现最好的是香港四照花,苗高、地径分别比其它3个种大7.21%~51.42%、4.60%~16.48%,比总体平均值分别大24.81%、8.52%;对参试各种的苗高进行生长期划分,4个种的生长规律基本一致,均在8月上旬进入苗期生长高峰,其中大型四照花的苗高生长为全期生长型,为苗期水肥管理提供依据。造林后1.5年,幼树高生长表现最好的是苗期生长最差的落叶种四照花,是其它3个种的120%~208%。     

浅谈四照花的栽培技术

四照花,别名石枣、野荔枝、凉子、青皮树、石楂子、羊婆奶,属山茱萸科四照花属.原产于我国长江流域各地,朝鲜半岛、日本也有分布.多生长于海拔600～2000m的河谷、溪边及杂木林中.四照花属为东南亚特有属,<中国高等植物图鉴>一书中记载的有11种.目前已发现野生四照花10种,引入栽培1种,常见栽培的有东瀛四照花、多脉四照花、秀丽四照花、大型四照花等.     

大花四照花容器育苗基质配方筛选试验

用KLASMAN泥炭、熊猫牌泥炭、黄土、珍珠岩和蛭石等材料配制成不同基质,进行大花四照花容器育苗栽培试验。结果表明:各种配方基质的肥力等级均高;KLASMAN泥炭+熊猫牌泥炭+黄土(比例为2:1:1)配方的植株地径、苗高和叶片数最大,且叶片数与其它不同配方间的差异达极显著(P<0.01),最适宜容器苗生长;持水率高、镁元素含量高以及0.25~1.00 mm土壤颗粒含量高的基质不利于容器苗生长。     

观赏型四照花种质资源及其开发利用

四照花分为东亚四照花和北美四照花两大类.东亚四照花主要分布在我国,北美四照花则主要分布在美国、加拿大和墨西哥.四照花由于花序外具有2(或3)对花瓣状大型苞片、苞片颜色多样,秋果、秋叶红色多变等特点,而成为重要的园艺观赏树种.阐述了四照花的资源分布、生物学特性、应用价值,从栽培品种的选育、品种鉴定方面论述了四照花种质资源的开发利用现状,并对四照花的繁殖方法进行了总结.在此基础上,指出了观赏型四照花开发利用中存在的问题和不足,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

四照花的利用和繁育技术

四照花 [Dendrobenthamiajaponica(DC .)Fangvar.chinensis(Osborn)Fang.]又名山荔枝、青皮树、鸡素果、羊婆奶、凉子、石枣子 ,为山茱萸科或四照花科 (Cornaceae)四照花属落叶小乔木或灌木。因花序外有 2对黄白色花瓣状大形苞片 ,光彩四照而得名 ;果熟红色或紫红色 ,状如草莓和荔枝 ,而得名山荔枝。1　形态特征四照花小枝灰褐色。叶对生 ,纸质 ,卵形、卵状椭圆形或椭圆形 ,先端急尖为尾状 ,基部圆形 ;表面绿色 ,背面粉绿色 ;叶脉羽状弧形上弯 ,侧脉 4～ 5对。头状花序近顶生 ,具花 2 0～ 3 0朵 ,总苞片 4个 ,大形 ,黄白色 ,花瓣状 ,卵形…     

尖叶四照花群落特征与其物候观察研究

基于固定样方调查,开展了尖叶四照花群落物种结构特征研究。尖叶四照花所在群落蔷薇科的物种最多,而尖叶四照花和黄山松、青冈为乔木层的建群种和优势种,亚优势种为细齿叶柃、四川山矾、三花冬青。物候观察发现,尖叶四照花花期、果期均长达2个月。在初期育苗试验中下山表现良好,具有很大的应用潜力。     

四照花育苗技术

四照花(Dendrobenthamia japonica Var.chinesis Fang)为山茱萸科，四照花属，落叶小乔木或灌木。51月开白花。头状花序近球形。核果为球形的聚合果、肉质，8-9月成熟，成熟后变橙红色。是珍贵的观花观果树种。此外，果实有甜味可食及酿酒用。现将2001年以来进行的四照花育苗技术总结如下：     

严重水分失衡状态下四照花蒸腾表面的削减

应用RGB图像分析的方法,研究了日本山口市街区生长的四照花（Comus kousa Buerg.）对2007年夏季干热多风的环境的响应。结果表明,许多四照花叶尖叶缘出现焦枯,清晰的暗棕色防护带显示在焦枯的叶片上。这些防护带逐渐从叶尖向叶基退缩直到成功控制焦枯为止,且留下许多不成功的防卫痕迹。焦枯的叶片呈现鲜明的逻辑斯蒂函数式变化趋势。依据气象数据分析,四照花叶片退缩型焦枯几乎与干燥峰值期同步。这表明在干燥度突然升高期间,极端的水分亏缺诱发了四照花的防卫反应,从而保护其余部分免于进一步的失水。像素分析结果表明,截止到2007年8月底四照花样树通过局部叶片退缩型焦枯减少了40.2%的叶面积。相比之下,鉴于上半年雨量充足,2008年,相同的样树只有13.2%叶面积减少。不管怎样,四照花的确削减了蒸腾表面积,并且表现出一种独特的蒸腾表面减少方式。既不同于落叶也不同于地上部枯死。依据脱水过程的分析,四照花在突然的干热胁迫下叶尖始发的干缩和叶片防卫反应的共同作用被认为是其蒸腾表面削减的关键所在。     

四照花的综合应用及引种栽培技术

四照花又名青皮树、鸡素果、羊婆奶、凉子、石枣子,为山茱萸科或四照花科四照花属落叶小乔木或灌木。因花序外有2对黄白色花瓣状大形苞片,光彩四照而得名。一、形态特征四照花为落叶小乔木或灌木,小枝灰褐色。叶对     

不同产地幼龄秀丽四照花生长和形质性状家系变异分析

[目的 ]对来自不同产地幼龄秀丽四照花优树家系进行测定,以揭示其生长和形质性状的家系遗传变异规律,为秀丽四照花种质资源利用和遗传改良提供科学依据。[方法 ]利用2016年设置在浙江龙泉的3年生来自不同产地的秀丽四照花优树家系试验林,分析生长和形质性状在产地间和产地内家系间的遗传变异以及性状间的相关性,基于9个性状对秀丽四照花进行主成分和聚类分析。[结果 ]秀丽四照花家系各性状在产地间和产地内家系间均呈极显著差异,在9个表型性状中,最大分枝长变异最大(38.78%),树高变异最小(21.53%),生长性状的变异系数为21.53%～26.66%,生长性状的变异系数普遍小于形质性状,各性状在产地内家系间变异(26.61%)大于产地间变异(18.86%)。高径生长量及冠幅较大的秀丽四照花其分枝数较多、分枝较粗,树干分枝数较多、分枝角度较大;冠幅较小的秀丽四照花,其树干通直度较高。9个性状综合成3个主成分,其累计贡献率可达82.636%,树高、最大分枝长和树干通直度分别是生长、形质性状的主要区别性状。92个秀丽四照花家系被聚为2类,类型Ⅰ包括江西广丰、江西上犹、江西龙南、福建大田、福建武平和湖北兴山6个产地内的56个家系;类型Ⅱ包括浙江龙泉、湖南南岳、江西袁州、江西分宜和福建延平5个产地内的36个家系。[结论 ]秀丽四照花产地间及产地内家系间各性状变异幅度较大,其变异主要存在于产地内家系间。树高、冠幅、最大分枝长和树干通直度等是主要的变异因子。速生家系具有分枝数较多和分枝较粗的特点。参试的秀丽四照花家系被分为2类,类型Ⅰ家系产地在地理位置上大部分偏南部,主要特征为树形高大,株型紧凑,分枝较粗,速生性较好;类型Ⅱ家系产地则大部分偏北部,主要特征为树枝开展,树干通直度较高,速生性较差。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.