绿色威雷防治毛竹卵圆蝽的试验

绿色威雷（触破式微胶囊水悬剂）是防治大型害虫的新型药剂，通过防治卵圆蝽Hippotiscus dorsalis(Stal.)若虫小区试验和大田试验，施药后42天小区试验平均死亡率达96.8%，大田试验虫株率为0，防治效果显著，并克服了“竹腔注射”防治法降低竹材质量的缺点，有较好的推广应用前景。     

樟颈曼盲蝽防治试验初报

采用25g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯、522.5g/L氯氰.毒死蜱、10%高渗敌敌畏和10%氯噻啉对樟颈曼盲蝽进行防治试验,结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯具有较好的防治效果,其0.1%药液防治效果达100%,0.067%药液校正死亡率达93.3%。其次是氯噻啉0.1%药液和氯氰.毒死蜱0.1%药液,防治效果分别为90.6%和89.5%。经林间大面积防治,施用高效氯氟氰菊酯和氯氰.毒死蜱农药后,林间平均虫口密度降至1～2只/网,能有效控制樟颈曼盲蝽的发生与危害。     

早竹林内竹小蜂药物喷洒防治试验

早竹作为笋用竹种,具有可观经济价值。近年来,随着早竹林经营年限不断增长,其病虫害发生在逐年加重,成为影响早竹林经营的重要危害。南京高淳地区,刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂对早竹林生长、产笋等产生危害。以4种不同化学药剂(噻虫啉,吡虫啉·甲氨基阿维菌素,氯氟氰菊酯和林得保杀虫粉剂)对早竹林进行喷洒试验,结果表明:药剂效果以3%噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂最为显著,其中稀释2 000倍的噻虫啉效果最佳,短枝受害率控制在3%左右;10%吡虫啉·甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐可溶液剂和林得保的效果次之,短枝受害率下降近2%;10%高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂试验效果最差。     

林间药剂喷雾防治新疆光肩星天牛的药效试验

通过选择48%乐斯本、5%锐劲特、2.5%溴氰菊酯、8%触破式微胶囊剂、2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂等5种高效低毒农药对光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky)进行喷雾防治试验,结果表明:防治效果较理想的为8%触破式微胶囊剂、2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂和5%锐劲特3种药剂,防效分别达到80.7%、78.1%和76.3%。     

三种粉剂农药防治竹卵圆蝽试验

为解决竹卵圆蝽Hippotiscus dorsalis(Stl)在毛竹高处危害,防治困难的问题,选用森得保(0.18%阿维菌素·Bt活芽孢100亿/g)、林得保(0.3%阿维菌素·Bt活芽孢100亿/g)和噻虫啉3种农药粉剂喷粉防治上竹后的竹卵圆蝽。结果表明,3种粉剂均取得较好防治效果,其中森得保效果最好,15 d虫口减退率达95.8%,成本也适中。因此,选用森得保粉剂喷粉防治上竹后的竹卵圆蝽值得在生产中推广。     

直升机喷洒微囊剂防治松褐天牛的药效试验

以诱捕到的松褐天牛成虫总数来测定8％氯氰菊酯触破式微囊悬浮剂(绿雷二代)和3％噻虫啉缓释型微囊悬浮剂防治对松褐天牛的飞机防治效果.结果表明:8％氯氰菊酯触破式微囊悬浮剂和3％噻虫啉缓释型微囊悬浮剂都对松褐天牛有较强的毒力,但8％氯氰菊酯触破式微囊悬浮剂药效持效期更长,可高达1个月以上;在后续的田间试验防治松褐天牛试验中...     

三种杀虫剂防治云斑天牛的林间药效试验

摘要：本文研究比较了三种杀虫剂防治杨树云斑天牛的试验效果。结果表明,48％噻虫啉悬浮剂、10％高效氯氟氰微囊悬浮剂和8％氯氰菊酯微囊剂对云斑天牛都具有较好的防治效果。药后3天,48％噻,虫啉悬浮剂的防效为72．5％～77．5％;8％氯氰菊酯微囊剂的防效为70．0％～72．5％。药后14天,48％噻虫啉悬浮剂的防效为89．9％～96．2％;10％高效氯氟氰微囊悬浮剂防效为73．8％～95．0％;8％氯氰菊酯微囊剂的防效为88．6％～91．1％。因此,这三种杀虫剂均可用于杨树云斑天牛的防治。     

三种杀虫剂对板栗透翅蛾防治研究

本试验选用高效氯氟氰菊酯、啶虫脒和氧化乐果对泰安市徂徕山林场内板栗透翅蛾进行防治。结果表明采用注射法施用3%的啶虫脒乳油防治效果最好,施药15天后平均防效为94.7%,40%氧化乐果乳油的平均防效为91.3%,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油的平均79.6%;直接涂抹药剂比注射法施药防效略低,三种药剂的平均防效分别为93.1%、89.2%、78%。     

噻虫胺·高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂防治落叶松毛虫高龄幼虫的试验效果

落叶松毛虫(Dendrolimus superans)在春季大发生时多为3~6龄,可造成严重危害。通过使用噻虫胺·高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂对春季高龄幼虫进行防治试验,结果表明:使用该药剂稀释1000倍液防治3~6龄幼虫见效快、效果好;虫口密度不高时可采用1800倍液喷雾施药;防治3龄以下幼虫,可稀释2500倍液喷雾防治。     

白蜡外齿茎蜂防治试验研究

进行白蜡外齿茎蜂Stenocephus fraxini成虫和幼虫防治试验,结果表明:在成虫羽化高峰期喷药防治成虫,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯2500倍液,1.8%阿维菌素1500倍液,3%噻虫啉1500倍液速效性好。在幼虫孵化初期灌根防治幼虫,25%噻虫嗪1000倍液和20%呋虫胺2000倍液防效最好;打孔注药防治幼虫,5%和10%吡虫啉原液、5%啶虫脒原液防效最好;毒死蜱不适宜于打孔注药使用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.