Implementing sugarcane quality-based payment systems using a decision support system

In sugar industries where growers and millers are independent economic entities, payment systems aim at sharing the annual sugar industry revenue. Payment systems are designed to create incentives to improve milling performance, cane yield and quality. Like most revenue sharing agreements, they tend to be a contentious issue between growers and millers. As far as quality is concerned, they are often based on complex and sophisticated formulae, and may be difficult for stakeholders to understand. In some industries, although modifying the payment system can be the key to increasing industry profitability, mistrust between growers and millers can hamper such improvements. The situation is currently exacerbated by the development of sugarcane co-products, such as ethanol, electricity or by-products for niche markets, which can generate higher profits than sugar, thus calling for a rethink of payment systems.This paper presents a decision support approach to assess new cane payment systems while increasing the transparency of revenue sharing and the effects of quality incentives on income. It is based on a decision support system called PEMPA, which helps to assess the impact of new cane payment systems on growers’ incomes and on revenue sharing between stakeholders. Simulations were performed to assess the situation of 3800 growers who supply two mills on Reunion Island. Results showed that both individual incomes and collective revenue could be increased by adopting a new payment system based on a relative formula. The simulation approach could facilitate understanding and implementation of the payment formula. PEMPA is now available as freeware for testing in different settings, especially for multiple-purpose sugarcane.     

广西蔗农适度规模经营测算及影响因素实证分析

为探究蔗农适度规模经营面积大小,采用295户蔗农样本数据,利用C-D生产函数,对广西蔗农适度规模经营进行测算,结果显示,蔗农适度规模经营面积为1.61~1.84hm2/户,是目前蔗农平均种植规模的1.66~1.91倍。蔗农适度规模经营影响因素实证分析表明,甘蔗是否种植于坡地和是否雇工生产对蔗农适度规模经营有显著的负向影响;甘蔗种植行距、甘蔗地是否通机耕路和家庭纯收入对蔗农适度规模经营有显著的正向影响。本研究认为,推进甘蔗适度规模经营应该重视改善甘蔗生产条件,推广科学种植模式,提高甘蔗种植效益。     

甘蔗育苗移栽的理论和实践

通过五年六次对比试验进一步肯定了甘蔗育苗移栽的增产效果和糖份的提高情况。分析了增产的原因和各个增产因素之间的相互关系。研究了有关加速返青的一些育苗和移栽的技术措施,阐述了这些技术措施的理由和作用。实践证明,甘蔗育苗移栽,使冬种小麦多收10％以上,便于小麦采用先进技术和高产晚熟品种增加的产量还未计在内。对甘蔗本身可增产10—50％,由于相对地提早成熟而增加了蔗糖的收回率,还节省了蔗种20—70％(芽片育苗的节省更多)。目前在仙游县推广约二万亩,全省推广约十万亩,并在全国蔗区大力推广。     

pestMapper—A internet-based software tool for reporting and mapping biological invasions and other geographical and temporal events

An internet-based Google^® Maps application, pestMapper, is developed for sharing biological events such as invasive species and pest distribution over large geographical areas. This data gathering and mapping tool facilitates reporting, viewing, and providing alerts about important pest occurrences and research activities both regionally and globally.This Google^® application provides reported events dynamically to a Google^® Maps interface with detailed information displayed for each event. Users can make use of various built-in options such as region, event, pest, country, or time to display the map selectively. Alerts can be automatically sent to interested parties when system-specified types of events, such as pest outbreaks, occur. The system also generates web-based alerts for certain pre-defined events. A time slider is available for users to view temporal distributions of a biological event.Data are entered using an online data report component. The software can be modified for many other applications, such as species regional or global distribution mapping.     

Soil attributes and leaf nitrogen estimating sugar cane quality parameters: Brix, pol and fibre

The area of sugar cane production in Brazil has substantially increased in the last few years due to the high demand for ethanol. It is estimated that the actual area, which is approximately 8 Mha, will increase to as much as 15 Mha in the next 10 years. In addition to enlarging the boundaries and installing new industrial units, sugar cane expansion demands better use of production areas and improvement of both yield and quality, combined with a reduction of production costs. Thus, models that can describe the behaviour of sugar cane quality parameters could be important in understanding the effects of soil and plant attributes on these parameters. The objective of this work was to fit mathematical models to the sugar cane Brix, pol and fibre parameters using physical soil attributes, chemical soil attributes and leaf nitrogen as predictors from the previous year. This work was carried out in an area of 10 ha located in Araras, SP, Brazil, from November 2008 until July 2011 in the first (plant cane), second (first ratoon) and third (second ratoon) cycles of the crop. The chemical soil attributes analysed were the macronutrients and micronutrients, and the soil physical attribute analysed was the soil texture. The variables used in the models were chosen using principal component analysis (PCA), and the fit of the models was made as the mean of multiple regressions. The results were compared using kriging to map the Brix, pol and fibre with the true and estimated values. The Brix, pol and fibre models presented R ² values of 0.17, 0.06 and 0.18, respectively, for the first ratoon of the crop and 0.23, 0.19 and 0.52, respectively, for the second ratoon. These results allowed the estimation of Brix, pol and fibre with estimation errors less than 1 % for the first and second ratoons. The PCA approach identified soil organic matter, phosphorus and potassium as the soil attributes that had the higher variance of the dataset during the years studied.     

Variable-rate lime application in Louisiana sugarcane production systems

Precision agriculture may offer sugarcane growers a management system that decreases costs and maximizes profits, while minimizing any potential negative environmental impact. The utility of variable-rate (VR) lime application in the initial production year (plant cane) of a 3-year sugarcane crop cycle was investigated at three locations planted to the cultivar LCP 85–384 for a total of nine site-years. A conventional, uniform-rate (UR) lime application method was compared to a VR application method and a no-lime control. Prior to lime application, soil samples (0–200 mm) were taken on a 0.4 ha grid to produce VR application maps. Soil samples were also taken after each crop of the 3-year production cycle to determine effects of lime application on soil properties. The combined results showed that neither the UR nor VR lime application method consistently improved cane or sugar yields over the no-lime control. Cane and sugar yields at Naquin Farms (NF) were increased with both the UR and VR methods, with the UR method having a slight advantage. At St. Louis Plantation (SLP), only the VR method in the first-ratoon crop increased cane and sugar yields and there were no yield differences due to lime application at Ellendale Plantation (EP). At NF and SLP, application of lime in the plant-cane crop increased soil pH and available phosphorus over the 3-year production cycle. At EP, lime application did not influence any of the soil properties measured. The failure to get a yield response from lime application at SLP and EP may have been due to the fact that fertility levels at planting were already greater than those at NF and the nitrogen fertilizer rates used by the grower at EP were higher than those at either SLP or NF. This may have obscured any positive yield effects that would be realized from increased nutrient availability. It is also possible that multiple VR lime applications will be required over a number of crop cycles to stabilize soil pH levels before a consistent positive effect on cane and sugar yields is observed with VR application. This possibility will be investigated in future studies.     

不同钾镁施用水平下甘蔗花叶病对甘蔗产量的影响

在甘蔗伸长盛期,SCMV—A侵染的蔗株叶片中蔗糖含量明显低于健株,还原糖含量则相反;不同钾、镁肥施用水平下,SCMV—A侵染的蔗株均比对照健株显著矮化,蔗茎和蔗糖含量均显著降低.而蔗茎锤度、蔗糖和还原糖含量则因钾、镁肥施用量的不同或高或低于其相应健株;适量施钾可增加健株的蔗茎及蔗糖产量,又可部分减少由SCMV—A年致的产量损失.施镁肥也有部分减少由SCMV—A引致产量损失的效果.     

2003～2004年广西甘蔗品种区域试验报告

为探讨我区新育成及引进的甘蔗优良品系在全区各蔗区的表现,为新品种的选育、审定和推广提供依据,自2003年1月至2005年1月,实施了由9个区试点参加、涉及8个参试材料及一个对照品种的广西甘蔗品种区域试验。结果表明:桂糖96-154,中大茎,早熟、高糖、丰产,宿根性、抗旱能力强,甘蔗蔗糖分与新台糖16号相近,产蔗量较新台糖16号增12.4%,含糖量增10.2%;桂糖96-211,中大茎、早熟、丰产、高糖,宿根性强,产蔗量较对照增121%,含糖量增10.2%,蔗糖分与对照种新台糖16号相近;桂糖94-116,中茎、早熟、高糖、高产,宿根性好,产蔗量较对照种增4.7%,含糖量增8.9%,甘蔗蔗糖分增0.6%。综合适应指数的计算与分析过程简洁,结果通俗易懂,可成为区试材料在各生态区域综合适应性分析的一种简便方法。     

云南不同生态型甘蔗细茎野生种育种潜力分析

【目的】筛选符合育种目标要求的甘蔗组合或种质,以扩大甘蔗遗传种质血缘,提高甘蔗育种效率。【方法】以云南不同生态类型的10份甘蔗细茎野生种无性系及其与栽培种杂交组配的17个组合有性世代群体为研究材料,应用R软件统计分析其株高、茎径、有效茎数、锤度、蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量等6个主要经济性状的配合力、遗传力。【结果】不同生态型甘蔗细茎野生种（父本）对其杂交后代的影响主要表现为蔗茎产量的改变,对后代主要经济性状的改良主要表现为产量性状的变化,而双亲对后代性状的改良主要表现在锤度、茎径、株高、有效茎数4个性状。在亲本及所配组合中,以不同组合方式对后代性状的影响较大,其次为父本,母本影响相对较小。湿热生态型甘蔗细茎野生种蔗茎产量的配合力表现突出,尤其是云割82-114、瑞割06-7-3,可作为高产育种的重要种质。半湿润半干燥型甘蔗细茎野生种的锤度表现出极高的配合力,尤其是云割83-174、云割83-160和云南1号,可作为高糖育种的优良种质。粤糖93-159×云割82-114、CP65-357×瑞割06-7-3和CP77-1776×云割82-114等3个组合的蔗糖、蔗茎产量和锤度特殊配合力均为正效应,是高糖、高产优良组合,应重点利用。【结论】云南不同生态型甘蔗细茎野生种无性系的蔗茎产量、蔗糖分遗传潜力表现不尽相同,应有目的地选择利用多种类型的甘蔗细茎野生种无性系创新种质,培育新型亲本,尽可能地丰富甘蔗育种遗传基础。     

不同种植期对甘蔗生产的影响

[目的]研究了不同种植期（冬植,春植）对不同品种甘蔗生产的影响。[方法]采用桂糖21、桂糖26和桂糖27作为参试甘蔗品种,调查了不同种植期不同甘蔗品种农艺性状、产量、产糖量和蔗糖分等指标,并进行差异显著性分析。[结果]冬植蔗在甘蔗农艺性状方面表现优于春植蔗,冬植蔗与春植蔗产量和含糖量间差异性达显著（P〈0.05）或极显著水平（P〈0.01）;冬植蔗蔗糖分均高于春植蔗。除桂糖26外,桂糖21和桂糖27冬植蔗产量和产糖量均明显高于春植蔗,差异性显著。[结论]甘蔗冬植获得较高的产量和经济效益,可因地制宜的进行推广。     

A methodology to support decision-making on sugar distribution for export channel: A case study of Thai sugar industry

Supply chain research can lead to an increase in efficiency, business integration, responsiveness and ultimately market competitiveness. In the sugar industry, such research has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, and has been motivated by low world sugar prices and rising costs of production. However, in the present competitive business environment, a more customer-driven and holistic approach to supply chain management is required. This study focuses on warehouse and distribution management for the export channel of Thai sugar industry. The aim is to suggest the best inventory position and transportation route in the distribution system based on Genetic Algorithm (GA). It provides a systematic and flexible framework to solve the problem of cost minimization of sugar transport from the mills to seaports. The results demonstrate that the tool is not only useful for minimizing the cost, but also for managing sugar warehousing, distribution route and seaport exporting. While the focus of this paper is on sugar supply chain, much of the information is relevant to distribution management of other agricultural commodities as well.     

甘蔗产量与糖分的相关性及其基因型与环境互作的差异

甘蔗产量与田间锤度呈较密切遗传负相关,而与环境的相关不显著.产量的基因型与环境互作比田间锤度的大.即产量对环境的反应比田间锤度敏感.改变栽培环境以提高产量不会导致糖分明显降低.以单位面积产糖量作为甘蔗的育种目标。比以高产高蔗糖百分率作为育种目标更为现实.     

甘蔗叶片几个解剖特征与含糖量的关系

对蔗茎含糖量低,纤维分高的晋江割手密、崖城割手密(Saccharum spontaneum L.),崖城斑茅(S.arundinaceum Retz.)三个野生种,含糖量中等的松溪竹蔗(S.sinense Roxb.)、春尼(S.barberi Jesw.)、黑车里本(S.officinarum L.)三个原始栽培种和目前在我省大面积种植或推广的台糖134,闽糖70/611、福引79-9三个高糖品种不同生育期的叶片做了解剖比较。结果表明,高糖甘蔗的叶片具有较多的叶脉数,较高的中小脉数/大脉数比值和较低的总脉数/叶宽比值。方差分析表明,含糖量不同的三个类型的甘蔗之间,这些解剖特征的差异程度都达到显著或极显著水平;同一种或品种在不同生长期取样所获的总脉数/叶宽比值差异不显著,可作为预测蔗茎含量糖的一个有价值的参数。     

甘蔗不同基因型愈伤组织生化性状的研究

通过甘蔗心叶的组织培养，研究了11个甘蔗基因型的愈伤组织的10个生化性状的差异，把这些生化性状与甘蔗在大田种植条件下的田间锤度、蔗茎产量进行了相关分析．结果表明，愈伤组织干物质含量、还原糖含量、蔗糖含量、总糖含量、蛋白质含量、酸性转化酶活性、中性转化酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性在不同基因型问都存在显著的差异；愈伤组织的干物质含量与产量有显著的正相关关系，还原糖含量、酸性转化酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性与田间锤度都有显著的负相关关系．     

南方甘蔗测土配方施肥试验研究

针对南方山区糖料蔗生产成本高、肥料利用率低的实际,2008年在广西壮族自治区罗城县蔗区以新台糖22号作为参验品种,进行不同的施肥配方试验。结果表明:在同等产量情况下,配方区比当地常规施肥区(对照区)肥料成本降低22.13%。该配方在全市各蔗区具有较大的推广价值。     

南高丛越橘品种‘Sapphire’和北高丛品种‘Berkeley’ 正反交后代果实糖酸组分含量的遗传倾向

【目的】分析越橘亲本对其杂交后代果实糖酸性状遗传的影响,为科学选配亲本提供依据。【方法】以高糖高酸的南高丛越橘品种‘Sapphire’和中糖低酸的北高丛品种‘Berkeley’为亲本配置正反交组合,应用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对亲本及其杂交后代果实中糖和酸的组分及含量进行检测和分析。【结果】越橘果实中的果糖和葡萄糖是主要的可溶性糖组分,柠檬酸和酒石酸是主要的有机酸组分,各糖酸组分及总糖和总酸含量在正反交组合中均表现出广泛的分离,其中糖组分及总糖的变异系数大于15%,酸组分及总酸的变异系数大于30%,酸的变异幅度大于糖的变异幅度,说明酸含量的选择潜力大;杂交后代糖和酸含量的平均值均低于亲中值,呈衰退变异,正反交后代果糖、葡萄糖及总糖含量平均值倾向低糖亲本,而柠檬酸、酒石酸及总酸含量平均值倾向父本;糖含量在杂交后代中呈正态分布,表现为多基因控制的数量性状遗传,酸含量在杂种后代中呈偏向低酸的偏态分布,可能有主效基因存在。杂交后代糖酸性状的广义遗传力（H²）存在明显差异,果糖、葡萄糖、总糖、柠檬酸和总酸的H²较高,为0.66-0.86,其中以果糖最高,正反交组合分别为0.84和0.86,表明这些性状的变异主要来自遗传效应,遗传潜能大,而酒石酸的H²最低,正反交组合分别为0.22和0.30,表明酒石酸的遗传效应小,易受环境影响。【结论】越橘杂交后代果实糖酸组分及总糖总酸含量广泛分离,后代平均值均低于亲中值。糖呈正态分布,属多基因控制的数量性状,遗传潜能大,含量趋近于低糖亲本,具有一定的母性遗传倾向;而酸呈偏态分布,含量趋向于父本,明显受父本影响。     

甘蔗苗期生化性状与糖分及产量的关系

选取 8个甘蔗基因型研究苗期一些生化性状与蔗汁糖分和蔗茎产量的关系。结果表明 ,高产高糖基因型苗期初期叶片蔗糖含量和总糖含量较高 ,硝酸还原酶活性在苗期初期至中期的增幅较大 ;高糖基因型中性转化酶活性在苗期较高 ,而高产基因型则表现较低。相关分析和通径分析表明 ,叶片蔗糖含量对蔗茎产量和蔗汁糖分均为正相关和正向贡献 ;硝酸还原酶和中性转化酶活性都对蔗茎产量和蔗汁糖分表现为不同方向的相关或贡献。根据以上结果 ,认为苗期的叶片蔗糖含量可作为高产高糖性状间接选择的较可靠指标 ;而以硝酸还原酶或中性转化酶活性作为间接选择指标时 ,其取值范围还需进一步研究     

氮磷钾肥对甘蔗产量和含糖量的影响

 在采用3因素5水平最优试验设计进行连续两年的田间试验基础上,通过回归分析,论述了试验条件下氮、磷、钾肥对甘蔗产量和含糖量的影响.结果表明,无论是新植蔗还是宿根蔗,氮、磷、钾的施用与产量和潜在产糖量之间都存在着二次回归关系,其单因素效应及交互效应对产量和潜在产糖量都产生影响,相对而言,氮对产量、磷对潜在产糖量的影响分别较其它两者为大;产量、纯经济效益及潜在产糖量最佳时的施肥组合为:新植蔗:X_N:358.5～390,X_P:115.5～171,X_K:264～292.5,其取中值时的配比为1:0.38:0.74.宿根蔗:X_N:430.5～526.5,X_P:267～273,X_K:358.5～396,其取中值时的配比为1:0.56:0.79.     

山区乡镇甘蔗高产栽培技术

针对云南省蒙自市甘蔗发展现状,提出在山区发展甘蔗种植思路,并结合5年来芷村镇甘蔗发展实践,对山区乡镇甘蔗高产栽培技术进行了深入研究,为蒙自市甘蔗产业向山区转移发展提供技术理论依据。     

烤烟常规化学成分与烟气成分关系分析

为研究烟叶原料常规化学成分与烟气成分之间的相互关系,运用数理统计方法对两者进行分析。结果表明:(1)烟气成分的形成与烟叶化学成分间的关系较为复杂,简单相关分析表明烟气中总粒相物、烟气烟碱和焦油量与烟叶烟碱、总钾和总氮含量呈显著相关关系,烟气一氧化碳与烟叶烟碱呈显著正相关,与钾含量呈极显著负相关。(2)偏相关分析表明,烟气中总粒相物、烟气烟碱和焦油量仅与烟叶烟碱含量呈显著的相关关系,一氧化碳和抽吸口数主要与总钾含量呈显著的负相关关系。(3)通径分析表明,对总粒相物、烟气烟碱、焦油量的生成起到主要作用的是烟叶烟碱含量,其次是钾含量,总氮则主要是通过烟碱的间接作用产生影响;烟气一氧化碳主要是受总钾含量的影响,而烟碱本身主要是通过钾的间接作用对一氧化碳起到一定的影响;抽吸口数受总糖和总钾的影响较大,还原糖主要是通过总糖的间接作用对抽吸口数造成影响。因此,对烟气成分影响较大的主要是烟碱、总钾,其中抽吸口数受总糖的影响较大。