鬼针草不同溶剂萃取物的总黄酮含量及抗氧化、酶抑制活性

测定鬼针草不同溶剂萃取物总黄酮类含量,研究其体外抗氧化活性及α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶抑制作用。鬼针草水提醇沉后用不同极性溶剂进行萃取,测定各提取物的总黄酮含量,采用DPPH和超氧阴离子法测定各提取物的抗氧化活性及对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用,并利用液相质谱联用法对乙酸乙酯提取物中的黄酮类化合物进行分析。分析结果,鬼针草乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取物的总黄酮含量明显高于其他提取物,氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取物对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶均具有较强的抑制作用。其中乙酸乙酯萃取物中含有芹菜素、柚皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、木犀草苷和木犀草素等黄酮类成分。结果表明,鬼针草有机溶剂萃取物具有明显的抗氧化活性和α-淀粉酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用,其中黄酮类化合物可能是其生物活性的主要物质基础。     

玉米谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶生物信息学分析

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)是生物体内重要的活性氧自由基清除剂,它能够清除生物体内的过氧化氢和脂质过氧化物,阻断活性氧自由基对机体的进一步损伤,保证生物体能正常进行生命活动。以玉米谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因家族的11个成员为研究对象,对其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能进行分析,包括等电点、分子量、亲水性值、二级结构和亚细胞定位等,并建立了分子系统进化树。结果发现,玉米谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因家族的11个成员的等电点和相对分子量存在差异,而二级结构存在相似特征,其中,二级结构包括α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲。以上分析为全面解析玉米谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的功能奠定了基础,并可为植物抵御氧化胁迫研究提供理论依据。     

植物膨大素的研究进展

膨大素是一种能促进细胞壁膨胀,对植物生长发育具有重要作用的广谱蛋白质。它是一个庞大的基因大家族,目前已发现的膨大素被分为α、β、γ和δ四个亚家族。膨大素的功能广泛,除了具有诱导细胞壁松弛和扩展、促进细胞生长的功能外,还在叶片生长、花发育、果实成熟、种子萌发、根系生长、块茎膨大等方面发挥重要作用。文章综述了膨大素的基因家族、蛋白结构、功能、作用机制等,并指出了存在问题和发展方向,为植物膨大素的研究和利用提供参考。     

α和β-蒎烯胁迫下松材线虫转录组特征

为研究松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)对寄主蒎烯胁迫反应的分子机制,按m(α-蒎烯)∶m(β-蒎烯)=1.0∶0.4配制α和β-蒎烯混合液,并以该混合液处理下的松材线虫为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术平台Illumina HiSeq 2000对其转录组进行测序。结果表明:α和β-蒎烯混合液对松材线虫繁殖率存在显著影响,低质量浓度时抑制松材线虫的繁殖,高质量浓度时促进松材线虫的繁殖。α和β-蒎烯混合液质量浓度为17.16 g L-1时对松材线虫的繁殖抑制效果最明显,从该质量浓度处理下松材线虫的转录组中筛选出差异表达基因146条,其中上调表达116条,下调表达30条,主要包括细胞色素酶P450基因家族、葡萄糖醛酸脱氢酶家族。GO富集生物学过程主要包括氧化还原作用、单体生物代谢过程以及血红素结合等功能分类,KEGG富集的代谢通路主要包括外源物质的P450代谢通路和药物代谢通路。松材线虫在蒎烯胁迫过程中细胞色素酶P450基因家族和葡萄糖醛酸脱氢酶家族可能发挥了关键作用。     

抑制素α亚基三级结构与其他TGF-β配体的比较

抑制素A和抑制素B是由不同抑制素/激活素β亚基(βA、βB)和结构相似的α亚基组成的同源二聚体,即抑制素A(αβA)、抑制素B(αβB)。利用生物信息学技术对抑制素α亚基(INHα)进行三级结构建模,并利用ClustalW和SPDV软件比较INHα与其他转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超结构家族成员在结构和序列方面的异同。结果表明,激活素(ACT)、骨形成蛋白7(BMP7)、BMP9与typeⅡ受体结合面的核心氨基酸在INHα中不仅在多处发生了突变,而且在空间上也发生了很大位移,因此如果INHα同时与typeⅡ受体在与激活素、BMP7、BMP9的相同位置结合,那么INHα会比激活素与激活素受体ActRⅡ、ActRⅡB的亲和力低。ACT A中几个参与活化素受体样激酶4(ALK4)相互作用的氨基酸在INHα中发生了突变,ACT Aα螺旋中极性氨基酸在INHα中被非极性氨基酸所替代,且α螺旋在空间上发生了很大位移,INHα不与ALK4结合。可见,抑制素信号传导机制为:抑制素与Betaglycan高亲和力结合并与ActRⅡ、ActRⅡB、BMPRⅡ形成复合物,但不与ALK4结合,因此将它们与激活素和BMP隔离。     

局部射影平坦且具有迷向S-曲率的两类重要的（α,β）-度量

研究了两类重要的分别形如F=α~2/(α-β)和F=α+εβ+kβ~2/α的(α,β)-度量,其中α=aij(x)yi yj为黎曼度量,β=bi(x)yi为流形上的1-形式,ε,k≠0为常数.得到了它们为局部射影平坦且具有迷向S-曲率的充要条件.     

植物细胞壁扩展蛋白(Expansins)研究进展

Expansins(EXP)是一类植物细胞壁蛋白,它能诱导分离细胞壁的延伸生长及依赖pH调节的细胞扩展生长。在生长的组织中,细胞壁若要打破约束而扩展体积,必须取决于胞壁的生物合成与维持结构完整性及强度的壁松弛协调机制。Expansins的生物学作用是多样化的。它参与了细胞增大,果实软化,花粉管及根系生长以及植物细胞衰老等过程。现已发现两大类expansins基因家族,称之为α-expansin和β-expansin,它们都是由多基因家族组成。本文对EXP的发现,基因家族分类及其在植物发育、生长及衰老各阶段的生理作用机制等研究进展进行了综述;并对EXP的应用前景给予一定阐述。     

6个β-二氢沉香呋喃多元酯类化合物的杀虫活性

采用载毒叶片法测定了从苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus)根皮甲苯提取物中分离的6个β-二氢沉香呋喃类合物[1,α2α,8β-三乙酰氧基-9α-苯甲酰氧基-13-异丁酰氧基-4β,6β-二羟基-β-二氢沉香呋喃(YH-1);1α,2α-二乙酰氧基-8α,13-二异丁酰氧基-9α-苯甲酰氧基-4β,6β-二羟基-β-二氢沉香呋喃(YH-2);1α,2α,6β,13-四乙酰氧基-8α-异丁酰氧基-9β-呋喃甲酰氧基-4β-羟基-β-二氢沉香呋喃(YH-3);1α,2,α6β,8α-四乙酰氧基-13-异丁酰氧基-9β-呋喃甲酰氧基-4β-羟基-β-二氢沉香呋喃(YH-4);1,α2,α6β-三乙酰氧基-8α-异丁酰氧基-9β-呋喃甲酰氧基-13-(β-甲基)丁酰氧基-4β-羟基-β-二氢沉香呋喃(YH-5);1,α2α,6β-三乙酰氧基-8α,9β-二呋喃甲酰氧基-13-异丁酰氧基-4β-羟基-β-二氢沉香呋喃(YH-6)]对粘虫幼虫的杀虫活性。结果表明这6个化合物除YH-4表现麻醉活性外,其余均对粘虫具有不同程度的毒杀活性,其中YH-1的活性最高,LD50为280.42μg.g-1。     

籽鹅FSH真核表达载体的构建及表达

为了构建真核表达载体pEGFP-FSH-C2-α和pEGFP-FSH-C2-β,并检测其在籽鹅颗粒细胞中的瞬时表达。利用PCR技术合成籽鹅FSH全基因后,构建促卵泡素α、β亚基真核表达载体,并转染籽鹅卵泡颗粒细胞。结果表明:基因片段已正确插入真核表达载体,同时在颗粒细胞中检测到pEGFP-FSH-C2-α和pEGFP-FSH-C2-β的融合蛋白表达。说明已构建真核表达载体pEGFP-FSH-C2-α和pEGFP-FSH-C2-β,并在颗粒细胞瞬时表达成功,为研究和开发生物制剂奠定基础。     

白玉兰与望春玉兰花香成分和含量的比较研究

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析了白玉兰和望春玉兰鲜花的芳香成分及相对含量,并对其进行了比较.结果表明,白玉兰和望春玉兰花香成分的种类及含量存在较大差异.白玉兰共检测出25种芳香成分,萜烯类化合物含量最高,达到了70.29%,是主要香气成分.含量较多的芳香成分有β-水芹烯、α-金合欢烯、桉叶油素、β-蒎烯、氧化芳樟醇和α-蒎烯;望春玉兰共检测出32种芳香成分,萜烯类化合物是主要香气成分,其相对含量为71.34%,含量较多的芳香成分有β-水芹烯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、桉叶油素、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯和紫丁香醇D.不同的芳香物质及含量组成,使白玉兰和望春玉兰形成各自独特的香气类型.     

Overexpression of the apple expansin-like gene MdEXLB1 accelerates the softening of fruit texture in tomato

Fruit firmness is an important quality trait of apple fruit texture, and the pre-harvest ripening period is the key period for the formation of apple fruit texture. Expansin is a cell wall loosing protein family that has four subfamilies: α-expansin (EXPA), β-expansin (EXPB), expansin-like A (EXLA), and expansin-like B (EXLB). In this study, we investigated the key period of pre-harvest texture formation in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples based on fruit longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, firmness, tissue structure, respiration intensity, ethylene release rate, and expansin activity. Within the 10 days before harvest, the fruit was found to reach maturity. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that most of the expansins were expressed at the ripening stage before harvest. The biological function of the EXLB subfamily gene, MdEXLB1, was further identified, and its subcellular localization on the cell wall was confirmed by transient transformation experiments. Compared with the wild type (WT), the transgenic tomato lines overexpressing MdEXLB1 had lower plant height, earlier fruiting period, fewer days for fruit ripening, higher fruit maturity, lower fruit firmness, higher fruit expansin activity, more discrete flesh cell structure, and accelerated fruit ripening process. Overall, this is the first study to propose that the apple EXLB subfamily gene, MdEXLB1, has biological functions and plays an important role in promoting fruit ripening and softening.     

Phosphonomycin, a new antibiotic produced by strains of streptomyces

Phosphonomycin is a newly discovered antibiotic produced by streptomycetes. It is effective, when administered by the oral route, to mice infected with Gram-positive or Gram-negative microorganisms. The antibiotic is bactericidal and inhibits cell-wall synthesis.     

Growth-inhibiting action of tris(1-aziridinyl)-phosphine oxide in grasses

Tris(1-aziridinyl)-phosphine Oxide inhibits the growth of seedling grasses with concomitant accumulation of anthocyanins and exudation of sap. Treated plants are deficient in cell-wall materials. However, the percentage of Other metabolic products, such as protein and simple sugars, is increased. We suggest that this compound inhibits cellular expansion by cross-linking with cellulose in the plant cell wall.     

用酶法对啤酒酵母细胞破壁优化条件的研究

试验旨以溶菌酶、蜗牛酶对啤酒酵母进行破壁,从中筛选出最佳的破壁条件。以啤酒酵母作为破壁酵母细胞,采用四因素四水平的正交试验设计进行试验。结果表明,酶量10 mg.mL-1,pH 5.0,温度45℃,时间6 h时的破壁率均高于以上各因素的水平。各因素对破壁率的影响顺序为:温度>时间>酶量>pH。蜗牛酶和溶菌酶破壁率差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果揭示本试验条件下溶菌酶、蜗牛酶最佳破壁条件为酶量10 mg.mL-1,pH 5.0,温度45℃,时间6 h。     

Forced resonant migration of Pluto's outer satellites by Charon

Two small moons of Pluto have been discovered in low-eccentricity orbits exterior to Pluto's large satellite, Charon. All three satellite orbits are nearly coplanar, implying a common origin. It has been argued that Charon formed as a result of a giant impact with primordial Pluto. The orbital periods of the two new moons are nearly integer multiples of Charon's period, suggesting that they were driven outward by resonant interactions with Charon during its tidal orbital expansion. This could have been accomplished if Charon's orbit was eccentric during most of this orbital evolution, with the small moons originating as debris from the collision that produced Charon.     

Structural insight into the transglycosylation step of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis

Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the polymerization step of cell-wall biosynthesis, are membrane-bound, and are highly conserved across all bacteria. Long considered the "holy grail" of antibiotic research, they represent an essential and easily accessible drug target for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. We have determined the 2.8 angstrom structure of a bifunctional cell-wall cross-linking enzyme, including its transpeptidase and GT domains, both unliganded and complexed with the substrate analog moenomycin. The peptidoglycan GTs adopt a fold distinct from those of other GT classes. The structures give insight into critical features of the catalytic mechanism and key interactions required for enzyme inhibition.     

破壁方法对短乳杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶提取效果的影响

采用不同的破壁方法提取短乳杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）,研究破壁方法对所得GAD活力的影响。结果表明,超声波破壁有利于菌体释放胞内谷氨酸脱羧酶。正交试验结果表明,超声波破壁的最佳工艺条件为：超声功率220 W,工作时间20 min,工作/间歇时间比5 s/10 s。     

Optimization of Fermentation Condition of Yeast Culture

Culture condition of every phase for fermentation of yeast culture was studied, and its solid and liquid conditions of elaboration were optimized to improve the total counts of living cells. Results showed that microzyme grew best at 30℃ when solid fermented, and the count of the living cells reached the tiptop with pH 5.5. The count of Candida tropicalis could reach 137.96× 10^9 cfu·g^-1, the count of Saccharomyces cerevisia could reach 134.62× 10^9 cfu·g^-1 the best liquid fermentation condition for cell-wall broken was 50℃ for 28 h, the rate of cell-wall broken could reach 80% at least; the rate of vitamin loss in yeast could be the minimun, the loss rate of vitamin B6 in Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 8.71% and 19.54% respectively, the loss rate of vitamin B2 was 19.39% and 13.18%, respectively, and the loss rate of vitamin B6 was 6.3% and 3.04%, respectively.     

微生物酶及其在植物病害生物防治中的作用

介绍了生防菌产生的细胞壁降解酶,如几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶及其生防作用机制,不同细胞壁降解酶之间以及与抗生素等次生代谢产物之间的协同抑菌作用,以及细胞壁降解酶在植物病害生防中的潜在应用。