田间测定土壤导水率的方法研究进展

 土壤导水率是决定坡地降水入渗与径流比例的关键,也是水分循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,国内外对相关理论与方法进行了大量研究。综述田间测定土壤导水参数的几种方法的原理及应用,并对各种方法的优缺点进行对比分析。人们趋向于应用简单快速的测定仪器,降水头方法因为用水少,测定快速,有很大发展空间。盘式入渗仪是一种既简便又可以获得较多信息的测定仪器,可以应用于坡地土壤导水率的测定,应当广泛开展相关研究。     

非饱和土壤导水率的原位测定

本文介绍了非饱和土壤导水率的原位测定法。测定结果表明,各土层的导水率相差很大,它们在空间上的变异也较大。     

湿润速度对土壤饱和导水率的影响机理

为了揭示不同湿润速度对土壤饱和导水率(Ks)的影响机理,针对2种类型土壤(粘壤土和砂壤土),设置8个湿润速度(2.25mm/h,4.25mm/h,6.25mm/h,8.25mm/h,10.25mm/h,12.25mm/h,14.25mm/h和16.25mm/h),以无湿润速度(0mm/h)的环刀浸泡饱和为对照(CK),共9个处理,进行室内Ks的测定,最后通过分析团聚体指标和试验后土体微观结构照片验证结论。结果表明:湿润速度显著影响Ks,湿润速度越大,Ks越小。2种土壤Ks与湿润速度呈线性负相关,相关系数R2均达到0.96以上。湿润速度从0mm/h增加到16.25mm/h,粘壤土Ks由2.94cm/h变化至2.01cm/h,降低31.50%,而砂壤土则在3.97~2.86cm/h之间变化,降低27.79%。粘壤土的Ks受湿润速度影响非常明显,而砂壤土的Ks只有在高速湿润下才表现出显著差异。对于不同类型土壤,同一湿润速度下Ks也不相同,且差异显著,这与2种土壤的团聚体指标密切相关。湿润速度对Ks影响机理主要是土体中水流运动产生的剪切力破坏了土壤结构,湿润速度越大,产生的剪切力也越大,土壤结构破坏越完全,从而导致土壤导水能力显著下降。     

介绍一种土壤饱和导水率测定仪

该仪器是根据荷兰的资料①仿制的。适用于室内土壤饱和导水率的测定。每次可同时测定15个土样。能用于各土层导水特性的鉴定。为了适宜各种类型土壤导水性能的测定,设制了低水位的恒水头测试仪,及高水位的变水头的测试装置。     

层状土壤饱和导水率影响的试验研究

以塿土(Y)、黄绵土(L)、风沙土(S)3种土壤为供试土样,进行室内层状土柱实验,进行3种土样两两组合的两层性土柱实验和风沙土—黄绵土累次叠加的多层性土柱实验,共11个处理组合。采用定水头法,测定其饱和导水率(Ks)。具体处理为两层土:Y+S,Y+L,L+S,L+Y,S+Y,S+L(先后顺序分别表示土层上下);风沙土—黄绵土(S+L)作为层状组合,逐次叠加至5层。结果表明:两层性土壤中,细质地土壤在下时,其有效Ks显著低于粗质地土壤在下时的有效Ks值,而两层土壤有效Ks主要由细质地土壤导水特性决定;对于两层土壤的多次叠加,Ks值随分层数目的增加有增大的趋势。     

有机肥对土壤磷素吸附的影响

本文研究发现,有机肥可以显著活化土壤本身的磷,并能减少磷的吸附,前者是由于有机肥分解所产生的有机酸,后者是由于有机肥中碳水化合物对吸附位的掩蔽。去除土壤有机质的试验进一步证明了有机质对吸附位的掩蔽作用。有机肥的水提液可以降低土壤对磷的吸附。证明了磷和有机物之间有竞争吸附的存在。     

干湿条件下土壤容重对玉米根系导水率的影响

根系吸水是陆地高等植物赖以生存的基础 ,其吸水能力是决定蒸腾和植株水分状况平衡的关键 ,而其吸水能力的大小取决于导水率的大小 ,因此根系导水率 (Roothydraulicconductivity)成为研究水分在SPAC传输中的热点。关于环境因素对根系吸水的影响有不少报道 ,如干旱[1 ] 、温度[2     

干粉PAM溶解时间对土壤饱和导水率的动态影响

本试验选取两种质地土壤(黏壤土和砂壤土),采用3种干粉PAM施用水平(0、22.5 kg/hm~2和45 kg/hm~2),测定土样在10.25 mm/h入渗速度下的土壤饱和导水率(KS),然后根据土样团聚体含量和稳定性及团聚结构的微观图片,分析干粉PAM影响下土壤结构的变化特征,进而说明干粉PAM溶解时间对KS的影响机理。结果表明:施用PAM后,KS随干粉PAM在水中溶解时间的延长而逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定;干粉PAM溶解时间较短时,PAM处理的KS高于对照,其中PAM施用水平45 kg/hm~2时砂壤土KS提高幅度最大,较对照提高26.87%,但不同PAM施用量处理间的KS差异不显著。干粉PAM溶解时间足够长时,PAM处理的KS均显著低于对照,其中PAM施用水平45 kg/hm~2时黏壤土KS降低幅度最大,较对照降低10.86%,但是不同施用量处理间KS差异不显著。从影响机理上分析,PAM主要是通过增加土壤团聚体含量及稳定性来提高KS;而干粉PAM溶解时间足够长时,由于PAM易吸附土壤颗粒,水解后的PAM分子链不断伸张延长,堵塞了土壤孔隙,加上PAM本身的黏滞特性,从而降低了KS。研究干粉PAM溶解时间对KS的动态影响,可以为PAM在改善土壤导水能力方面的应用提供理论依据。     

不同根系构型草本与灌木复合对土壤饱和导水率的影响因素分析及模拟

[目的] 探究不同根系构型草本与灌木复合时的根土性质的差异对土壤饱和导水率的影响,并综合考虑根系和土壤性质建立估算土壤饱和导水率的经验方程,为黄土高原植被恢复后的水文模型建立提供理论参考。[方法] 选取不同根系构型草本与灌木的混合样地,分别为柠条锦鸡儿加冰草(须根系)和柠条锦鸡儿加铁杆蒿(直根系)。采用双环刀法测定不同样地土壤饱和导水率。[结果] 样地类型和土层深度对土壤饱和导水率的影响达到显著水平,两者对土壤饱和导水率影响的因子贡献率分别为26%和52%。直根系铁杆蒿与柠条锦鸡儿混合样地的土壤饱和导水率高于须根系冰草与柠条锦鸡儿混合样地,并且不同样地的土壤饱和导水率随土层深度的增加均表现出降低的趋势。根长密度、团聚体以及土壤容重能够较好地模拟土壤饱和导水率,其拟合精度R²可以达到0.86。[结论] 直根系草本与灌木复合时较须根系草本与灌木复合相比具有更高的饱和导水率。在不同样地中,根长密度、团聚体以及土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的主要因素。     

植被群落演替对土壤饱和导水率的影响

土壤饱和导水率是表征土壤入渗能力的重要参数,对不同土地利用类型反应敏感。为了揭示植被演替对土壤剖面上饱和导水率的影响规律,采用恒定水头法测定了天童林区155 a植物群落演替序列60 cm深土壤剖面上的饱和导水率。结果表明,不同演替阶段饱和导水率均随土壤深度增加迅速降低,在0～20 cm土层内,各演替阶段饱和导水率均存在极显著差异,0～60 cm土层内饱和导水率的平均值从裸地、石栎+檵木灌丛、马尾松林、木荷+马尾松林、木荷林到栲树林升高极为显著,植物群落演替到灌丛阶段,平均饱和导水率已与裸地存在显著差异,演     

土壤水分与氮营养对果树幼苗生长和水分传导的影响

为了揭示不同树种导水特性、水分传输规律及水氮影响机制,该文以一年生的桃树苗、梨树苗、苹果树苗为试验材料,采用美国Dynamax公司生产的高压流速仪（High Pressure Flow Meter简称HPFM）测定桶栽果树幼苗导水率,研究了不同水氮处理对果树幼苗生长和水分传导的影响。结果表明：不同水氮处理对果树苗的生长有显著的影响,水分对果树苗根系、冠层导水率的影响都达到了显著水平,随着土壤含水率的减小导水率依次降低,土壤干旱限制果树苗根系的生长发育和干物质的累积,从而降低了根系及冠层的导水率;氮素对果树苗的导水率也具有显著的影响,施氮肥可以促进果树苗根系和冠层导水率的增加;该试验条件下果树苗导水率与根粗、株高与根粗成线性相关关系。     

土柱尺寸对扰动黏壤土饱和导水率的影响

土壤饱和导水率Ks是最基本的水力参数之一,而已知实验室内其值的确定受土柱尺寸的影响.以关中的塿土为研究对象,在室内,采用定水头法,研究5～30 cm内6个不同土柱尺寸对扰动黏壤土Ka测定的影响.结果表明：随着时间的延伸,Ks逐渐减小,其值最初降幅较大,其后趋于稳定,且在5 ～ 30 cm土柱直径范围内,Ks随着土柱直径的变大,扰动黏壤土的Ks递增,二者线性相关,y=0.000 4x＋0.003 7（R2=0.965 1）.研究结果可为测定Ks合理测定时间段及合理尺寸的选择提供参考.     

宁南山区草地植被恢复方式对土壤饱和导水率的影响

为评价宁南山区草地植被不同恢复方式对土壤入渗性能的影响,以不同植被群落的饱和导水率为研究对象,采用逐步回归研究退耕农地、禁牧荒地、封育草地导水率的变化及影响因子,并探讨了其作用机制。结果表明：3种植被恢复方式均有利于0-40 cm土壤饱和导水性能提高;各土层土壤饱和导水率均随植被恢复而不断提高,0-5 cm土层改善作用最为明显;农地退耕序列和荒地禁牧序列5-40 cm土层、封育草地序列0-40 cm土层土壤饱和导水率随土层深度下降而降低;影响土壤饱和导水率的因子为土壤有机质因子和土壤结构因子;3种植被恢复方式土壤有机质质量分数与Ks均呈显著的线性相关关系,在该区域有机质质量分数越高,Ks增加越快;土壤有机质积累是土壤饱和导水率提高的根本动力。因此,草地封育更利于提高使该地区土壤导水性能提高,促进生态恢复。     

Effects of cover crops on soil hydraulic properties during commodity crop growing season

Cover crops (CCs) can improve soil hydraulic properties prior to termination, but their effects on soil hydraulic properties during the growing season are less known. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of no-till CC on the soil hydraulic properties during the commodity crop growing season in Murfreesboro, USA. The CCs included hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter peas (Lathyrus hirsutus L.), oats (Avena sativa), triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). The cash crop grown was corn (Zea mays). Soil samples were collected using a cylindrical core (55 mm inside diameter, 60 mm long) at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths during April (prior to CC termination), May, June and July. Results showed that soil bulk density (Db) was 23%, 12%, 11% and 10% higher under no cover crop (NCC) compared with CC management during April – July, respectively. This suggests a lower rate of soil consolidation under CC management even after several rainfall events. Four months after CC termination, macroporosity and total porosity were 306 and 50% higher, respectively, under CC compared with NCC management. Therefore, saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) during July was two times higher under CC management compared with NCC management and this can affect increase water infiltration and conservation during the growing season. Due to CC root-induced improvement in macroporosity, CCs had 64% higher volumetric water content (θ) at saturation during July compared with NCC management. Cover crops can improve soil hydraulic properties and these benefits can persist for up to four months after termination.     

烟台棕壤土饱和导水率的初步研究

该文利用单环入渗的概化解,对不同土地利用方式下烟台棕壤土的饱和导水率进行了研究,同时分析了不同单环直径对求解饱和导水率产生的影响。研究结果表明：草地、裸地和道路的入渗速率、累积入渗量和饱和导水率呈现依次降低的变化趋势,利用直径为20、30和45 cm的入渗环得到的饱和导水率具有明显的差异性。根据求解的饱和导水率计算的累积入渗量非常接近实测值,整体相对误差很小,草地、裸地和道路,在5、7和40 m in后浮动在5%以内;在15、43和55 m in后变化幅度小于1%。20、30和45 cm入渗环累积入渗量计算值的相对误差初始阶段波动较大,随后逐渐趋于平稳。     

Effect of data resolution on soil hydraulic conductivity prediction

The aim of the paper is to compare results of the instantaneous profile method (IPM) for measurement and calculation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity k(ψ) of soils obtained with different measurement data resolution. The application of IPM allows to realize a great number of k(ψ) measurements for the purpose of mapping soil properties on large areas. Application of shorter samples i.e. less sensors makes the method even more quick and cheap. The calculation of unsaturated soil water conductivity by the IPM method bases on measurements of time and space variability of water content and water pressure within the soil sample in a cylinder. The spatial resolution of data depends on the number of probes applied in the core. The question arises how the number of compartments within one core influences the calculation of soil hydraulic conductivity. Application of three sensors instead of five reduced the accuracy of calculation but allowes to use 5 cm long standard cores during unsaturated flow experiment.<?show $6#>     

水质和体积质量对碱土饱和导水率和盐分淋洗的影响

以松嫩平原典型碱土为研宄对象,采用承压水、潜水及蒸馏水模拟的雨水3种水源,分别在6种体积质量(容重)下测定了土壤饱和导水率和淋洗液的电导率及pH,分析了水质和体积质量对碱土饱和导水率和盐分淋洗的影响以及饱和导水率与淋洗液电导率和pH值间的关系.结果表明:碱土饱和导水率随测定用水电导率的增加而升高;采用承压水和潜水测定时,碱土饱和导水率随土壤体积质量的增加而降低;采用蒸馏水测定时,饱和导水率在1.08～1.33 g/cm~3体积质量范围内均为0.11mm/d,而当体积质量>1.42g/cm~3时,饱和导水率均为0 mm/d;淋洗液的电导率和pH值随着测定用水电导率的逐渐增加而不断降低;采用潜水和承压水测定时,淋洗液的电导率和pH值随体积质量的增加而升高,用蒸馏水测定时,淋洗液的电导率和pH值不随体积质量的变化而改变;淋洗液电导率和pH均随饱和导水率增加而降低,且二者与饱和导水率均呈指数关系,碱土饱和导水率越高其盐分淋洗效果越好.     

Prediction of long‐term sustainability of constructed urban soil: impact of high amounts of organic matter on soil physical properties and water transfer

Sustainability of urban soils lies in their ability to facilitate water and air permeabilities. Exogenous organic matter has been shown to have a positive impact on these properties. Under urban conditions, a large one‐time input of an organic amendment was made to the reconstituted soil. Two organic materials, green‐waste compost (gw) or cocompost from sewage sludge and wood chips (sw), were mixed with sandy loam soil (40% v/v) and placed in 600‐L containers. Containers received a 29‐cm thick layer of sandy loam soil–organic matter mix over a 28‐cm thick layer without organic amendment. Volumetric water content, dry bulk density, hydraulic conductivity at saturation and water retention were measured over 5 yrs in the soils and values for the mixes and a control compared. After this time, dry bulk density was greater (1.54 g/cm³) in control than in gw or sw soils (1.31 and 1.11 g/cm³, respectively), whereas hydraulic conductivity at saturation was smaller (4 × 10^?7 m/s) than in gw (3.4 × 10^?6) or sw (3.7 × 10^?6 m/s). HYDRUS 1D water balance model indicated that below 27 cm depth in the control after 5 yrs, there was a high degree of anoxia, lasting >200 days per year, compared with <40 days in gw and sw. Amplification of the risk of anoxia below 27 cm depth after 10 yrs was 323, 151 and 100 days in the control, gw and sw, respectively. Organic matter amendment could support sustainable urban soils for ten years after soil reconstitution.     

耕作对土壤有机物和土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

Agricultural sustainability relates directly to maintaining or enhancing soil quality. Soil quality studies in Canada during the 1980‘s showed that loss of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil aggregate stability was standard features of non-sustainable land management in agroecosystems. In this study total soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic matter (POM), POM-C as a percentage of total SOC, and aggregate stability were determined for three cultivated fields and three adjacent grassland fields to assess the impact of conventional agricultural management on soil quality. POM was investigated using solid-state ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine any qualitative differences that may be attributed to cultivation. Results show a highly significant loss in total SOC, POM and aggregate stability in the cultivated fields as compared to the grassland fields and a significant loss of POM-C as a percentage of total SOC.Integrated results of the NMR spectra of the POM show a loss in carbohydrate-C and an increase in aromatic-C in the cultivated fields, which translates to a loss of biological lability in the organic matter. Conventional cultivation decreased the quantity and quality of SOM and caused a loss in aggregate stability resulting in an overall decline in soil quality.