智利外海茎柔鱼耳石微量元素研究

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是东太平洋海域重要的经济头足类,分布很广,群体结构和生活史过程复杂。头足类耳石生态信息丰富,多被用于生活史重建、群体划分等领域的研究。本研究根据我国鱿钓船2007和2008年在智利外海采集的茎柔鱼样本,利用激光剥蚀电感等离子质谱法(Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,LA-ICP-MS)分析了18枚茎柔鱼耳石的微量元素组成及其分布特性。分析表明,茎柔鱼耳石主要由48种元素组成,含量最多的前10位元素分别为钙(Ca)、锶(Sr)、钠(Na)、硅(Si)、钾(K)、镁(Mg)、钡(Ba)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)和锂(Li)。方差分析表明,不同性别间茎柔鱼耳石的Ca、Sr、K、Mg、Ba、Zn、Mn和Li含量不存在显著性差异,而Na和Si差异性明显;不同孵化群体间,除Zn和Mn不存在显著性差异外,其余元素的含量均存在显著性差异;茎柔鱼耳石的不同部位间,Sr、Na、K、Mg、Ba、Zn、Mn和Li的含量都存在显著性差异,而Ca和Si不存在显著性差异。研究表明,Sr、Ba、Mg、K和Li比较适合用于研究茎柔鱼群体的划分、洄游分布等方面的研究。     

南海鸢乌贼耳石微量元素差异性分析

文章通过激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,LA-ICP-MS)测量南海鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)耳石微量元素浓度,分析鸢乌贼耳石微量元素组成及与钙(Ca)元素比值的变化,探讨其存在的差异和与栖息环境之间的关系。结果表明,鸢乌贼耳石主要微量元素为Ca、锶(Sr)、钠(Na)、铁(Fe)、钡(Ba)、锰(Mn)。方差分析表明,鸢乌贼中型群和微型群及其性别间耳石微量元素浓度差异不显著(P0.05)。除Fe/Ca外,不同耳石区域微量元素浓度与Ca比值存在显著性差异(P0.01)。核心区Sr/Ca最高,随后逐渐降低,不同产卵群体和地理区域耳石Sr/Ca无显著差异(P0.05)。幼体期Sr/Ca与温度呈正相关性,与盐度呈负相关性,可以作为良好的温度指标。Na/Ca先增大后减小,暗区最高,核心区和后核心区Na/Ca在不同产卵群体间差异显著(P0.01)。Mn/Ca和Ba/Ca先减小后增大,暗区最低,随后分别在边缘区和外围区增大。成体期耳石Ba/Ca与盐度呈正相关,可以作为垂直移动的指标。Fe/Ca在不同产卵群体和地理区域中差异显著(P0.01)。分析认为,Na/Ca和Fe/Ca较为适合研究南海鸢乌贼不同群体的划分,Sr/Ca和Ba/Ca可用于推测鸢乌贼的栖息环境。     

中国南海南沙群岛海域鸢乌贼耳石微量元素组成特性

耳石是头足类重要的硬组织之一,存储了大量微化学信息,能够反映其栖息环境变化,是研究头足类生活史的重要材料。本文根据2017年3月—5月我国灯光罩网渔船于中国南海南沙群岛海域采集的1002尾鸢乌贼样本,利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)分析了17枚鸢乌贼耳石微量元素的组成及分布。结果表明：南沙群岛海域的鸢乌贼耳石主要由56种微量元素组成,含量最多的前10种元素依次为钙(Ca)、锶(Sr)、钠(Na)、磷(P)、硅(Si)、钾(K)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、钡(Ba)和硼(B)。方差分析表明,不同性别间Ca、Sr、Na、P、Si、K、Mg、Fe、Ba、B的分布均无显著性差异；不同孵化期的群体间Ca、Sr、Na、P、Si、K、Mg、Fe、Ba、B的分布也无显著性差异；不同耳石部位间Si、K、Fe无显著性差异,而Ca、Sr、Na、P、Mg、Ba、B则有显著性差异。     

长江口邻近海域蓝点马鲛耳石微量元素初步分析

为了解蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)耳石微量元素组成特征,以2018—2019年在长江口邻近海域捕获的该种类耳石样本为材料,利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱法(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LA-ICP-MS)测定了18尾蓝点马鲛的耳石核心到边缘处的微量元素,分析其微量元素组成及其与钙(Ca)元素比值的变化,基于随机森林方法分析元素重要性,利用回归树分析法,尝试推断蓝点马鲛的生长阶段,并探讨其存在的差异和与栖息环境之间的关系。结果表明,蓝点马鲛耳石中主要微量元素为Mg、Na、Ca、Mn、Cu、Sr和Ba,除了Ca之外,Na和Sr的含量较高,各微量元素在不同生活史阶段的变化趋势明显。相较于其他元素,Na、Mg、Mn元素可以较好地体现蓝点马鲛生活史变动特征。根据耳石核心到边缘处的距离,蓝点马鲛生活史主要可分为5个阶段,分别为0～150μm、150～450μm、450～750μm、750～1 200μm和1 200μm以上,分别对应胚胎期、孵化期、索饵期、越冬期和产卵期。分析...     

毛里塔尼亚海域沙丁鱼耳石微量元素特征分析

鱼类耳石元素含量受栖息环境影响,因此通过分析鱼类耳石元素含量比值可以研究其栖息环境。根据2018年10月至12月在毛里塔尼亚海域(20°10′N～21°10′N、17°10′W～17°40′W)采集的219尾沙丁鱼(Sardina pilchardus),筛选58枚沙丁鱼耳石,利用激光剥蚀电感等离子质谱仪(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LA-ICP-MS)测定不同年龄耳石元素含量并分析其比值的差异,探讨毛里塔尼亚海域沙丁鱼不同年龄栖息环境的变化情况。结果显示,毛里塔尼亚海域沙丁鱼耳石共检测到44种元素,主要为钙(Ca)、钠(Na)、锶(Sr)、铁(Fe)、镁(Mg)、钡(Ba)等;所有样本中不同性别沙丁鱼耳石主要微量元素(Na、Sr、Fe、Mg、Ba)含量与Ca含量比值差异不显著(P>0.05);毛里塔尼亚海域沙丁鱼耳石微量元素Na、Sr、Mg、Ba含量与Ca含量的比值核心区跟1龄区相比差异不显著(P>0.05),1龄区与2龄区、2龄区与边缘区差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明...     

黄海南部蓝点马鲛耳石微量元素

应用激光剥蚀(LA)-ICPMS技术对采集于黄海南部吕泗产卵场的产卵期蓝点马鲛耳石横截面从核心到边缘进行了分析,并结合耳石微结构分析比较各测定元素与钙的比值在不同生活史阶段的变化。结果显示,测定的Li、Na、Mg、Fe、Co、Sr和Ba含量在耳石上均呈非均匀分布,但Ba:Ca比值从核心到边缘波动较大(2.13~5.05 μmol/mol),总体为核心(0~40 μm)部分高,核心向外(40~320 μm)部分快速下降,其余部分(320~1 440 μm)低。Ba:Ca比值在不同生活史阶段间表现出了显著性差异,孵化阶段明显高于越冬和产卵阶段。相较其他元素,Ba元素更适合作为标志性元素重建蓝点马鲛生境履历。根据Ba:Ca比值重建了黄海南部蓝点马鲛的生境履历,结果发现它们在胚胎发育和孵化阶段生活在高Ba浓度生境,早期发育阶段游离近岸高Ba浓度生境,随后的生长发育阶段则会长期处于Ba浓度稍低的生境进行越冬和产卵洄游。     

环境因子对大黄鱼耳石钡元素富积的影响

通过设计3个温度(18℃、22℃、26℃)×3个盐度(17、25、34)×3个锶(Sr)元素组(低、中、高)来研究环境因子对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)耳石中钡(Ba)元素沉积的影响。研究结果表明:温度、盐度和锶元素含量对耳石钡分配系数具有显著的影响,盐度的影响最大,锶元素的影响其次,温度的影响最小,温度和盐度对耳石钡分配系数具有显著的交互作用。在所有试验组中,耳石钡分配系数均随着盐度的增加而增加,随着水中Ba/Ca值的增加而减少,而耳石Ba/Ca值随着水中Ba/Ca值的增加而增加。盐度是影响大黄鱼耳石Ba/Ca值的主要因素,温度和锶元素的影响都很小,盐度对耳石Ba/Ca值的影响主要是因为水中Ba/Ca值随盐度的降低而增加。所有试验组中耳石Ba/Ca值均随着盐度的增加而降低,根据盐度与耳石Ba/Ca值的定量关系就可以反演大黄鱼所经历的盐度史。     

南海鸢乌贼耳石微量元素研究

根据2012年9月~10月于南海采集的鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)样本,利用激光剥蚀电感等离子质谱法(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,LA-ICP-MS)分析鸢乌贼耳石微量元素组成及分布。结果显示,南海鸢乌贼耳石含量前10位的元素依次为钙(Ca)、锶(Sr)、钠(Na)、磷(P)、钾(K)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、铝(Al)、铜(Cu)和镍(Ni)。P方差分析发现,鸢乌贼耳石微量元素Ca(P=0.017)、Sr(P=0.016)、Na(P=0.042)种群差异显著(P0.05);中型群Ca(P=0.026)、Sr(P=0.021)、Na(P=0.025)性别差异显著(P0.05),微型群性别差异不显著(P0.05);中型群Cu(P=0.002)、Ni(P=0.001)日龄差异显著(P0.05),微型群P(P=0.000)、Mg(P=0.002)、Zn(P=0.023)、Al(P=0.000)、Cu(P=0.003)日龄差异显著(P0.05)。南海鸢乌贼Sr含量随纬度的降低而减少,且0日龄高于10日龄。     

环境因子对大黄鱼耳石锶元素富积的影响

通过设计3个温度(18℃、22℃、26℃)×3个盐度(17、25、34)×3个锶元素组(1x、2x、3x)来研究环境因子对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)耳石中锶元素沉积的影响。结果表明:不同温度条件下,耳石中Sr/Ca值与海水中的Sr/Ca值均呈线性关系;温度和盐度对耳石锶分配系数均具有显著的促进作用;锶元素浓度对耳石锶分配系数具有显著的抑制作用;影响耳石Sr/Ca值的环境因子中,海水Sr/Ca值的影响最大,温度的影响其次,盐度的影响最小;温度、盐度和锶元素浓度差异较大时,对耳石锶分配系数都具有显著的交互作用;在没有添加锶元素的实验组(低锶组)中,温度(18℃和26℃)和盐度(17和34)对耳石锶分配系数具有显著的交互作用;水温较高(26℃)时,锶元素浓度和盐度对耳石锶分配系数具有显著的交互作用。     

日本鳗鲡幼体的耳石微化学分析及其环境指示元素筛选

在长江口日本鳗鲡鳗苗捕捞汛期,于长江靖江段采集日本鳗鲡幼体,采用同步辐射X射线荧光(XRF)定量分析方法测定了幼体矢耳石中14种元素的含量,分析了在海洋与淡水早期生活史阶段的微化学特征。结果显示,耳石中Ca和Sr为常量元素,Ba、Fe、Mn、Zn的含量也在1-10μg/g之间,Cr、Ni、Se、Co、Cu、Au则在1 mg/g以下。Ni、Cu、Mn、Cr、Co、Zn和Sr含量的稳定性较好,变异系数在30%以下;Se、Au的含量低且极不稳定,变异系数达40.8-75.0%;Fe在不同个体间存在显著的含量差异(p=0.007<0.05),但其他元素不存在个体差异。在海洋生活史阶段,Mn、Se、Co、Ba为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Sr、Fe、Zn、Ni、Cu为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000)。除Sr、Ba和Se外,卵黄囊期和柳叶鳗期的耳石富集系数并无显著差异(p>0.05)。在淡水生活史阶段,Sr和Co为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Se、Zn、Cu、Ba、Mn为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000),Ni、Fe为低富集元素(BCFa-e在10~100)。与海水阶段相比,耳石在淡水阶段的Fe、Ba、Mn、Se、Co、Ni富集系数均大幅减小,而对Sr、Zn、Cu的富集能力有所增大。分析表明,耳石内的Sr、Ba、Ni、Co为环境强响应元素,Fe和Mn为环境弱响应元素,Zn、Cu和Se为环境负响应元素,幼鳗自海洋至淡水的迁徙过程中,前者存在明显的时滞效应,但后两者的日间含量波动较大,缺乏响应的规律性。本文认为,用作鱼类迁移行为或栖息地环境变化的指示元素,需要具备耳石富集效应强、时滞效应小、不同环境间含量差异大、稳定性好、且为非必需元素等特点。从本研究结果看,只有Sr和Ba两种元素符合这些条件 。     

Characteristics of the marine environment and algal blooms in Gamak Bay

This study was conducted to gain insight into the characteristics of algal blooms in relation to the marine environment of Gamak Bay. From the first known occurrence of algal blooms in 1984 until 2006, 23 causal species have been identified, the most common ones being Prorocentrum sp., Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema costatum, and Heterosigma akashiwo. A principal component analysis indicated that blooms of these species develop under different conditions in terms of water temperature, salinity, precipitation, and insolation. Field data showed Cochlodinium polykrikoides to be favored by high temperatures and to be euryhaline, whereas Skeletonema costatum appeared to be eurythermal and euryhaline. Prorocentrum sp. and Chaetoceros sp. appeared to be stenothermal and stenohaline. Finally, Heterosigma akashiwo appeared at the lowest temperature and highest salinity of the five species and was classified here as stenothermal and stenohaline.     

Antifreeze proteins in the urine of marine fish

Several species of marine teleosts have evolved blood plasma antifreeze polypeptides which enable them to survive in ice-laden seawater. Four distinct antifreeze protein classes differing in carbohydrate content, amino acid composition, protein sequence and secondary structure are currently known. Although all of these antifreezes are relatively small (2.6–33 kd) it was generally thought that they were excluded from the urine by a variety of glomerular mechanisms. In the present study antifreeze polypeptides were found in the bladder urine of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Since the plasma of each of these fish contains a different antifreeze class it would appear that all four classes of antifreeze can enter the urine. The major antifreeze components in the urine of winter flounder were found to be identical to the major plasma components in terms of high performance liquid chromatography retention times and amino acid composition. It is concluded that plasma antifreeze peptides need not be chemically modified before they can enter the urine.     

Delivery of HUFA, probionts and biomedicine through bioencapsulated Artemia as a means to enhance the growth and survival and reduce the pathogenesity in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae

One of the major problems in the shrimp culture industry is the difficulty in producing high-quality shrimp larvae. In larviculture, quality feeds containing a high content of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and ingredients that stimulate stress and disease resistance are essential to produce healthy shrimp larvae. In the present study, Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL15) were fed for 25 days on an unenriched Artemia diet (control; A) or on a diet of Artemia enriched with either HUFA-rich liver oil of the trash fish Odonus niger (B), probionts [Lactobacillus acidophilus (C1) or yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C2)] or biomedicinal herbal products (D) that have anti-stress, growth-promoting and anti-microbial characteristics. P. monodon postlarvae fed unenriched Artemia exhibited the lowest weight gain (227.9 ± 8.30 mg) and specific growth rate (9.95 ± 0.05%), while those fed the HUFA-enriched Artemia (B) exhibited the highest weight gain and specific growth rate (362.34 ± 12.56 mg and 11.77 ± 0.08%, respectively). At the end of the 25-day rearing experiment, the shrimp postlarvae (PL40) were subjected to a salinity stress study. At both low and high (0 and 50‰) salinities, the group fed the control diet (A) experienced the highest cumulative mortality indices (CMI) 935.7 ± 2.1 and 1270.7 ± 3.1, respectively. Those fed diet D showed the lowest stress-induced mortality, and CMI were reduced by 31.1 and 32.3% under conditions of low and high salinity stress, respectively. A 10-day disease challenge test was conducted with the P. monodon postlarvae (PL40–PL50) by inoculating the shrimp with the pathogen Vibrio harveyi at the rate of 10⁵–10⁷ CFU/ml in all rearing tanks. P. monodon postlarvae fed probiont-encapsulated Artemia diets (C1 and C2) exhibited the highest survival (94.3 and 82.3%, respectively) and lowest pathogen load (V. harveyi) in hepatopancreas (5.2 × 10² ± 9.0 × 10 and 4.6 × 10² ± 9.0 × 10 CFU g⁻¹, respectively) and muscle (2.0 × 10² ± 6 × 10 and 1.7 × 10² ± 8.6 × 10 CFU g⁻¹, respectively) tissues. The shrimp that were fed the unenriched Artemia (Control; A) showed the lowest survival (26.33%) and highest bacterial load in the hepatopancreas (1.0 × 10⁵ ± 5 × 10³ CFU g⁻¹) and muscle (3.6 × 10⁴ ± 6 × 10² CFU g⁻¹). The shrimp fed the herbal product (D)-enriched Artemia also exhibited enhanced survival and reduced V. harveyi load in the tissues tested compared to the control diet (A) group. The results are discussed in terms of developing a quality larval feed to produce healthy shrimp larvae.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Bioaugmentation in the growth and water quality of livebearing ornamental fishes

Bacillus subtilis isolated from the intestine of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was incorporated into the rearing water of Poecilia reticulata (Peters), Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes), Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) and Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther) at four different concentrations (5 × 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁷ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ and 5 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹) and its effect on fish growth performance and survival, water quality parameters and bacterial population of water were assessed. The results showed that the addition of bacterial cells in the rearing water resulted in greater survival and a faster growth rate and, hence, greater length and weight increments of the livebearers. The use of a bioaugmentor in the rearing water of the livebearing fishes resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of dissolved organic matter and total ammonium nitrogen. The counts of motile aeromonads and total coliforms recorded in the water of bioaugmented tanks were also lower than that in the control tank. Bioaugmentation between 10⁶ and 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹ in the rearing water is sufficient in establishing a bioaugmentor and the use of a higher concentration of bacterial cells did not always lead to significantly better results.     

基于线粒体COⅠ和Cytb基因序列的北太平洋柔鱼种群遗传结构研究

为准确掌握柔鱼的种群遗传结构,拟通过线粒体DNA的COI和Cytb基因序列分析方法对柔鱼不同产卵季节群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究。经PCR扩增与测序分别获得600 bp COI与481 bp Cytb基因序列。基于COI基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为24、(0.729 ±0.033)、(0.005 70 ± 0.003 25)和3.421。基于Cytb基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为28、(0.852 ± 0.016)、(0.006 45 ± 0.003 73)和3.101。分析认为, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体均具有较高的单倍型多样性指数和较低的核苷酸多样性指数。单倍型邻接树、两两群体间的F_st值以及AMOVA分析结果均表明, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体间的遗传差异不显著, 不存在显著的群体遗传结构。初步认为, 该海域因缺乏地理上的障碍, 加之北太平洋海流的作用以及柔鱼个体较强的游泳能力, 使得群体之间具有较强的基因流。     

Henneguya pseudorhinogobii n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) parasitizing the gills of the freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp. OR from the Nagara River and redescription of Henneguyarhinogobii

Two types of infection with myxosporean parasites, which were different in cyst size, were found from the gill of Rhinogobius sp. OR collected from the Nagara River, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. A myxosporean forming large-type cysts in the gill filament was morphologically identified as Henneguya rhinogobii. Another myxosporean forming small-type cysts was found to be parasitic in the gill lamella. Average spore sizes of the latter myxosporean were 15.8 (range 14.2–17.8) μm in length, 5.3 (4.7–5.8) μm in width, 6.5 (5.9–7.6) μm in polar capsule length and 34.9 (25.3–42.9) μm in caudal appendage length, which were almost identical to those of H. rhinogobii. However, the two were distinguishable by the location in the gill (intrafilamental or intralamellar) and by the difference in the sequence of SSU rDNA (about 96% similarity). We propose the myxosporean forming intralamellar small-type cysts as Henneguya pseudorhinogobii n. sp. and redescribe H. rhinogobii by morphological and molecular studies.     

东太平洋公海茎柔鱼种群遗传结构初步研究

根据2009年7月到10月我国大型鱿钓渔船在东太平洋(81.9°～94.9°W,8.9°N～11.3°S)秘鲁和哥斯达黎加外海作业期间采集的样本,利用线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的724 bp部分序列,分析了采自秘鲁7个采样点和哥斯达黎加3个采样点的155个个体的序列多样性与种群遗传结构.结果显示,724 bp片段中发现了16个变异位点,155个个体出现43个单倍型.序列多样性分析结果揭示,155个个体的平均单倍型多样性指数为0.873,核苷酸多样性指数为0.003 69.群体间共享6个单倍型,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼群体享有最多特有单倍型(20个).分子方差分析揭示,82.70％的遗传变异性出现在种群内;群体间的FST分析揭示部分秘鲁群体与哥斯达黎加群体,部分秘鲁群体间存在着显著的遗传分化;而哥斯达黎加群体内部不存在显著的遗传分化.     

Environmental factors affecting the susceptibility of barramundi to Streptococcus iniae

A long-term environmental study was conducted to evaluate the significance of water temperature, pH and salinity on the prevalence of Streptococcus iniae mortalities in barramundi sea-cage facilities. It was determined that there is a strong association between temperature and increased mortality, specifically between 25 and 28 °C. Temperatures outside of that range result in decreased mortalities attributed to S. iniae. There was no statistical significance between pH or salinity and S. iniae induced mortality (p > 0.05), although acidic conditions (< pH 6) occurring due to anthropogenic disturbances did result in acute mortalities and S. iniae was recovered from approximately 70% these fish. Laboratory challenge studies confirmed the temperature dependence of S. iniae infections as well as the increased susceptibility of barramundi to S. iniae during acid water conditions.     

新疆3种雅罗鱼的多元形态

为了揭示高体雅罗鱼(Leuciscus idus)、贝加尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus baicalensis)和准噶尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus merzbacheri)的形态信息和规律,指导新疆雅罗鱼物种的识别、资源保护和良种选育。本研究运用主成分分析、聚类分析及判别分析,对 3 种鱼的 11 个可量指标和 18 个框架指标进行了多元形态差异分析。主成分分析结果提取 3个主成分,贡献率分别为 57.71%、9.019%、6.502%,累积贡献率为 73.23%;主成分 1 的贡献指标主要集中于头部和尾柄部,头部指标主要包括 HL/BL、 ML/BL、 SL/BL、 L1-2/BL、 L1-3/BL和 L2-3/BL共计 6个指标,尾柄部包括 CL/BL、L6-8/BL、L6-8/BL、L7-8/BL 和 L8-9/BL 共计 5 个指标。聚类分析结果显示,高体雅罗鱼和贝加尔雅罗鱼亲缘关系较近,高体雅罗鱼、贝加尔雅罗鱼与准噶尔雅罗鱼亲缘关系较远。判别分析筛选出 11 个指标(集中于头部和尾柄部),建立了新疆 3种雅罗鱼的形态判别函数,将 3种鱼的数据代入函数,得到高体雅罗鱼与贝加尔雅罗鱼之间相互判错的概率大,与准噶尔雅罗鱼之间判错的概率均较小;高体雅罗鱼与贝加尔雅罗鱼的个体判别准确率(P1、P2)均为 80%以上,准噶尔雅罗鱼的个体判别准确率(P1、P2)达到 95%以上;非交互验证综合判别率为 91.2%,交互验证综合判别率为 89.4%,两种综合判别率均高且接近,认为判别公式是可信的。新疆 3 种雅罗鱼被分为两支群体,彼此之间形态差异主要体现在头部和尾柄部,且能够用多元回归函数进行判别。