Role of canopy interception on water and nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantation ecosystem

The role of canopy interception on nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantation ecosystem was studied on the basis of the position data during four years. Results indicate that the average canopy interception amount was 267.0 mm/year. Canopy interception play a significant role in water cycle and nutrient cycle processes in ecosystem, and was an important part of evaporation from the Chinese fir plantation ecosystem, being up to 27.2%. The evaporation from the canopy interception was an important way of water output from ecosystem, up to 19.9%. The flush-eluviation of branches and leaves caused by canopy interception brought nutrient input of 143.629 kg/(hm² · year), which was 117.2% of the input 63.924 kg/(hm² · year) from the atmospheric precipitation. The decreased amount of 80.1 mm precipitation input caused by canopy interception reduced the amount of rainfall into the stand surface and infiltration into the soil, reduced the output with runoff and drainage, and decreased nutrient loss through output water. Therefore, the additional preserve of nutrient by canopy interception was 8.664 kg/(hm² · year). __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(12): 1–5 [译自: 林业科学]     

施N肥对会同杉木人工林N、P含量的影响

以湖南会同杉木基地Ⅱ号集水区杉木人工林为研究对象,对其进行施N肥实验,并进行一年期采样,测定不同施肥处理下N肥对杉木林N、P含量的影响及杉木器官与土壤N、P含量之间的相关关系。结果表明:施肥能够提高杉木土壤、细根、叶片的N和P含量,其中施N肥25 g/m~2能提高土壤的N、P含量,施N肥25g/m~2比施N肥5 g/m~2和15 g/m~2更能提高土壤中细根的N、P含量,施N肥5 g/m~2比施N肥15 g/m~2和25 g/m~2对提高叶片中的N含量的效果好,施N肥并未提高凋落物N含量。会同杉木人工林氮磷含量的增加说明施肥能够促进杉木林的生长。     

杉木人工林生态系统太阳辐射特征研究

根据2008年的观测数据,分析了会同杉木人工林太阳辐射各分量的时间分布特征及不同季节太阳辐射分配率的差异。结果表明:除大气逆辐射(RLd)外,其余3种辐射的年变化大致呈单峰形;太阳总辐射(RSd)及反射辐射(RSu)日变化均呈规则的单峰曲线,而森林生态系统长波辐射(RLu)和RLd则呈波浪形;就全年太阳辐射的分配率而言,净辐射(23.5%)最大,有效辐射(19.0%)次之,反射辐射最小,仅7.5%;不同季节太阳辐射分配率亦有所不同,反射辐射和净辐射均为旱季小于雨季,有效辐射则相反。     

C and N stocks under three plantation forest ecosystems of Chinese fir, Michelia macclurei and their mixture

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a type of subtropical fast-growing conifer tree, is widely distributed in South China. Its plantation area covers more than 7 × 10⁶ hm², accounting for 24% of the total area of plantation forests in the country. In recent decades, the system of successive plantation of Chinese fir has been widely used in southern China due to anticipated high economic return. However, recent studies have documented that the practice of this system has led to dramatic decreases in soil fertility and forest environment as well as in productivity. Some forest ecologists and managers recognize the ecological role performed by broadleaf trees growing in mixtures with conifers, and a great deal of studies on mixture effects have been conducted, particularly on mixture species of temperate and boreal forests, but these research results were not completely consistent. Possibilities include dependence of the mixture effects in large part to specific site conditions, the interactions among species in mixtures and biological characteristics of species. Although some researchers also studied the effects of mixtures of Chinese fir and broadleaf tree species on soil fertility, forest environment and tree growth status, little information is available about the effects of Chinese fir and its mixtures with broadleaves on carbon and nitrogen stocks. The experimental site is situated at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province (26°40′–27°09′ N, 109°26′–110°08′ E). It is located at the transition zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the low mountains and hills of the southern bank of the Yangtze River at an altitude of 300–1,100 m above mean sea level. At the same time, the site is also a member of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). This region has a humid mid-subtropical monsoon climate with a mean annual precipitation of 1,200–1,400 mm, most of the rain falling between April and August, and a mean temperature of 16.5°C with a mean minimum of 4.9°C in January and a mean maximum of 26.6°C in July. The experimental field has red-yellow soil. After a clear-cutting of the first generation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation forest in 1982, three different plantation forest ecosystems, viz. mixture of Michelia macclurei and Chinese fir (MCM), pure Michelia macclurei stand (PMS) and pure Chinese fir stand (PCS), were established in the spring of 1983. A comparative study on C and N stocks under these three plantation forest ecosystems was conducted in 2004. Results showed that carbon stocks were greater under the mixtures than under the pure Chinese fir forest and the pure broad-leaved forest, and the broadleaves and the mixtures showed higher values in nitrogen stocks compared with the pure Chinese fir forest. The spatial distribution of carbon and nitrogen stocks was basically consistent, the value being greater in soil layer, followed by tree layer, roots, understory and litter layer. The carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil layer were both highly correlated with the biomass in understory and litter layer, indicating that understory and forest litterfall exerted a profound effect on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks under plantation ecosystems. However, correlations among soil carbon, nitrogen stocks and below ground biomass of stand have not been observed in this study. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(12): 3,146–3,154 [译自: 生态学报]     

杉木人工林及其采伐迹地林下植被物种多样性研究

对中国科学院会同森林生态实验站实验林场的杉木人工林及其采伐迹地撂荒而形成的林下植被群落进行了物种多样性分析和比较。结果表明,人工林与撂荒地相比,物种组成上有明显差异,但人工林林下物种多样性与撂荒地相比,差异不明显。杉木人工林和撂荒地的灌木、草本、藤本3层物种丰富度分别为56、38、41和79、40、38;Simpson多样性指数分别为0.935、0.931、0.828和0.944、0.948、0.830;均匀度指数分别为0.228、0.247、0.218和0.216、0.254、0.222。物种多样性差异不明显的主要原因是风倒木和干死木导致人工林乔木层郁闭度减小,增加了林下的光照,从而改变了林下的小生境。     

埔上林场杉木大径材生长规律研究

以顺昌埔上国有林场33 a生杉木人工林为对象设置标准地。分径阶选取解析木,以解析木的资料为基础,结合数学方法,对其胸径、树高及材积生长进行分析,研究林分各测树因子的生长规律,并提出各因子的生长模型,确定了林分的主伐年龄。     

近自然经营对杉木人工林生长的影响

通过伐除竞争木、间伐过密木、择伐达标木、开窗补植等一系列营林措施培育目标树,研究杉木人工中龄纯林近自然经营前期效果。结果表明:随着间伐、择伐强度的增加,目标树树高、胸径增长效果越来越显著。林分密度每667 m2保留100、120、140、150、160、170、180株相对220株(CK),目标树平均树高增长率分别提高3.08%、2.77%、2.52%、2.27%、1.77%、1.50%、1.21%,目标树平均胸径增长率分别提高4.26%、3.61%、3.04%、2.58%、2.18%、1.67%、1.12%;开窗直径6 m、7 m、8 m相对不开窗(CK),目标树树高增长率分别提高0.54%、0.96%、1.37%,目标树胸径增长率分别提高1.32%、1.85%、2.53%。     

杉木速生丰产林营造新技术

从造林地选择、造林前准备、植苗造林、造林后管护、造林投入分析、新技术适用范围等方面介绍了以化学除草+造林地内培植大苗的杉木营造林新技术。     

杉木人工林的土壤性质变化

系统研究和分析了不同代、不同发育阶段杉木林的土壤物理性质、化学性质和生物特性的变化过程,揭示了杉木人工林随着栽植代数增加(2～3代),土壤物理性质变劣,pH值下降,养分含量降低,速效P和水解N的下降尤为明显,微生物区系及酶活性也朝着生物活性下降的方向变化,也反映出杉木人工林不同发育阶段土壤肥力的差别。一般从幼龄林到中龄林土壤肥力呈下降趋势,到了成熟林阶段土壤肥力稍有上升,但不能恢复到原来的状态。在现行栽培制度下,杉木人工林连作能导致土壤功能衰退,这是杉木人工林不能保持长期生产力的主要原因之一。     

杉木林地和根际土壤酚类物质分析

为了解杉木林地和根际土壤酚类物质的含量与动态变化，同时也为了和阔叶林地及连栽林地进行比较，作者采样分析了杉木１代、２代以及檫树林地林间和根际土壤的酚类物质。结果显示：①杉木榨树两林木根际土壤总酚含量均显著高于其林间土壤，Ｒ／Ｓ植平均是１．６１和１．６７，但两种林木之间无论是根际土壤还是林间土壤总酚含量无明显不同；②杉木根际土壤游离酚含量显著高于檫树根际土，平均是檫树根际土的１１．９倍；③从１年的动     

萌芽杉木--酸枣混交林生长与生物量研究初报

对福建明溪21年生、13地位指数的第1茬杉木林采伐迹地上,通过不炼山、保留杉木萌芽条、套种酸枣更新的5年生萌芽杉木--酸枣混交林的生长状况与生物量进行了研究,结果表明二茬萌芽更新的杉木酸枣混交林生长良好,杉木的平均胸径、树高、单株材积、地上部分单株生物量分别为5.6cm、4.5m、0.00817m3、4.788kg.株-1,与萌芽更新的杉木纯林相比,均略有提高.分别比杉木纯林增加3.70%、1.12%、3.29%、2.79%;混交林中酸枣的平均胸径、树高、单株材积、地上部分单株生物量分别为5.0cm、6.10m、0.00754m3、3.878kg.株-1,除了平均高外,均小于杉木;混交林总蓄积量和乔木层总生物量分别为24.884m3.hm-2和13.32t.hm-2,分别是纯林的2.29倍和2.08倍.萌芽杉木--酸枣混交林是一种生产力较高的混交模式.     

亚热带地区杉木人工林和阔叶林土壤活性有机质研究(英文)

土壤活性有机质对土壤养分如氮、磷、硫的生物化学循环具有作用,其含量和质量影响土壤的初级生产力。本试验在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站通过对第一代、第二代杉木纯林和地带性阔叶林土壤活性有机质组分的对比研究,发现杉木纯林土壤活性有机质的含量低于地带性阔叶林。第一代杉木纯林易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳、水溶性有机碳和水溶性碳水化合物的含量分别比第二代杉木纯林高35.9%、13.7%、87.8%和50.9%,比地带性阔叶林的低15.8%、47.3%、38.1%和30.2%。在调查的三种林地内,土壤微生物生物量碳和水溶性有机碳含量下降幅度较大,其次为水溶性碳水化合物,而易氧化有机碳的变化最小。同时,杉木纯林土壤养分等理化性质也比地带性阔叶林低。这表明在杉木纯林取代地带性阔叶林以及杉木纯林连栽后林地的土壤肥力降低。图3 表2参26。     

Research on Change of Rhizosphere Soil Properties of Chinese fir Plantation

This article emphatically reviews the difference of soil biological activities, biochemical activities and soil chemical properties between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of first rotation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook) plantation. It also reviews their dynamic patterns during Chinese fir plantation development. The results show that the contents of organic and inorganic nutrients in the rhizosphere soil of young, half-mature and near-mature Chinese fir of first-rotation are more than those in non-rhizosphere soil; except for total K in young Chinese fir plantation. Various patterns of soil nutrients in different stages of Chinese fir plantation development are as follows: available N shows the trend of declination in both rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil; the content of available P also declines, only increases a little from half-mature stage to near-mature stage, but total P decreases from the beginning to the end. The content of available K increases from youn     

杉木火力楠混交林和杉木纯林的生物量及分布格局研究

分析比较了16年生杉木火力楠混交林以及杉木纯林生物量及其分布格局。结果表明:杉木火力楠混交林乔木层生物量为189.35 t·hm-2,高出杉木纯林49.3%;其凋落物层生物量则为纯林的3.48倍。混交林中火力楠枝叶生物量分布高度高于杉木,有利于提高光能利用率;火力楠根系分布深度低于杉木,有利于提高土壤养分利用率。因而,杉木和火力楠混交林能形成较好的林分结构,可促进林分生产力的提高和地力改善,是值得推广的杉阔混交林模式。     

杉木生态系统生物量与固碳能力的分析与评价

杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)是我国特有的优良速生针叶树种,分布地域广阔,在碳循环及维护生态系统平衡等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。本文通过分析大量文献,讨论了立地条件、分布区域和经营方式等因素对杉木林生态系统生物量和生产力的影响。根据文献资料对杉木林生态系统生物量和固碳能力进行了初步估测。结果表明:①中国杉木林生态系统平均生物量约为36.516 t.hm-2,平均生产力约为8.412 t.hm-2.a-1。杉木林生产力的最大值在杉木中心分布区的中亚热带,尤以中亚热带南部亚地带的最高,其生产力平均达13.50 t.hm-2.a-1;中亚热带北部亚地带平均为11.95 t.hm-2.a-1;南亚热带和北亚热带分别是8.83 t.hm-2.a-1和5.54 t.hm-2.a-1;北热带地区杉木林的生物生产力最低,平均为5.02t.hm-2.a-1。②1994年以前的统计数据,中国杉木林生态系统的总植物碳储量为:幼龄林9.98×106t,中龄林31.61×106t,近熟林11.73×106t,成熟林7.50×106t,过熟林2.87×106t,总计为63.69×106t。③目前,中国杉木林面积达1 239.1×104hm2,蓄积量为47 357.33×104m3,换算成生物量约为18 938.20×104t,总固碳量约为5 211.65×104t.a-1。目前,杉木林生态系统的碳储量的估算没有包括土壤以及凋落物层的碳含量,因此,所估算的杉木林固碳能力和总的碳储量可能偏低。     

杉木纯林、混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分的比较研究

本文于2005年5月份,在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站选择了一块15年生的杉木纯林和两块15年生杉阔混交林作为研究对象,调查了林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、有效磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸以及呼吸熵,比较了纯林和混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分.结果表明,杉阔混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷硝态氮和有效磷含量高于杉木纯林;在混交林中,土壤微生物学特性得到改善.在0(10 cm和10(20 cm两层土壤中,杉阔混交林土壤微生物氮含量分别比杉木纯林高69%和61%.在0(10 cm土层,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳、磷和基础呼吸分别比杉木纯林高11%、14%和4%;在10(20 cm土层,分别高6%、3%和3%.但是,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵较杉木纯林低34%和4%.另外,土壤微生物与土壤养分的相关性高于土壤呼吸、微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵与土壤养分的相关性.由此可知,在针叶纯林中引入阔叶树后,土壤肥力得以改善,并有利于退化森林土壤的恢复.     

杉木冷冻干燥材和气干材液体浸注性的比较研究

A comparative study was conducted on liquid penetration of the freeze-drying and air-drying sapwood and heartwood lumber of plantation Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata）. The maximum amount of dyeing solution uptake by the capillary rise method was used to evaluate the liquid penetration properties of the treated wood. The pit aspiration ratio was determined by semithin section method. Changes in wood microstructure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that compared with air drying, the freeze drying had a significant effect on liquid penetration of sapwood and heartwood of Chinese fir. The liquid penetration of sapwood is significantly higher than that of the heartwood for both drying treatments. Low pit aspiration ratio and cracks of pits membrane of some bordered pits are the main reasons for increasing liquid penetration after freeze drying treatment.     

第2代杉木近熟林水文学过程研究

根据2005年会同定位观测站第3小集水区实测数据,对第2代杉木近熟林进行了水量平衡和蒸发散研究.结果表明:2005年降水量为1077.5 mm,水分输出中,总径流量为191.90 mm,总蒸发散量899.49 mm,水分输出比水分输入多13.89 mm,这部分水量由原来贮存在土壤中的水分提供;与第1代杉木成熟林的水量平衡相比,林冠截留率降低了4.7%,总径流系数降低了2.1%,土壤蓄水多亏损0.1%左右,蒸发散系数由81.20%提高到83.48%.     

杉木人工林凋落物C,N,P归还量对氮沉降的响应

为探讨亚热带森林对氮沉降增加的响应,在12年生的杉木人工林中开展4种水平的模拟氮沉降试验,分N0(对照),N1,N2,N3等4种处理,氮沉降量分别为0,60,120,240kg·hm-2a-1。模拟氮沉降2年后,4种不同氮沉降水平杉木人工林的年凋落量分别为1008.83,1164.10,1147.30和976.47kg·hm-2,表明低中氮处理(N1,N2)在一定程度上增加森林凋落物量,而高氮处理(N3)则表现出一定的抑制作用。叶凋落物中C,N元素含量随氮沉降水平的增加而增加,而C/N则呈不断下降的趋势。经不同氮沉降处理后,凋落物C元素的归还量分别为474.70,544.07,538.55和474.02kg·hm-2,N元素的归还量分别为7.21,8.56,9.03和9.04kg·hm-2,P元素的归还量分别为1.17,1.24,1.32和1.09kg·hm-2,说明与N0处理相比,氮沉降显著提高N元素的归还量,而N1,N2处理提高C,P元素归还量,N3处理对C归还量影响不明显,但降低P的归还量。     

湖南杉木人工林近自然经营问题探讨

德国人工林在19世纪,与湖南杉木人工林有相似之处,采用单一树种营造大面积人工林,造成地力消耗很大,无法实现林木的可持续利用。本文从杉木经营历史,分析了现有栽培制度下的炼山、幼林抚育、轮伐期短、林分结构单一等现状所导致的杉木人工林生产力下降、林地地力衰退。本研究引进德国森林近自然经营理念及原则改造杉木人工林,分别对杉木幼林、中林、成林进行第1代目标树经营,为第2代目标树形成创造有利条件,使林地地力得到恢复,达到可持续经营的目的,同时获得较大经济效益。