公鸡和母鸡氮代谢及氮维持需要量的比较研究

试验采用氮平衡试验研究产蛋高峰期罗曼公、母鸡的氮维持需要量(Nm),并分析公、母鸡氮代谢的变化规律。试验选取27周龄健康的公、母鸡各30只,分别分为5个处理,每处理6个重复,每个重复1只试鸡,对公、母鸡分别饲喂5个不同粗蛋白质水平的试验日粮。结果表明:相同蛋白水平处理组的公鸡氮食入量和氮沉积率均高于母鸡的结果。母鸡和公鸡的氮食入量(NI)与氮沉积量(NB)间的回归方程分别为NB=0.3743NI-0.1589(R2=0.79)和NB=0.6228NI-0.3151(R2=0.85)。母鸡和公鸡的氮维持需要量分别为每天0.4245g和0.5059g;每千克体重0.2364g和0.2754g;每千克代谢体重0.2739g和0.3208g。     

Comparative Study on Nitrogen Metabolism and the Nitrogen Maintenance Requirement in Lohmann Brown Roosters and Layers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on nitrogen retention and compare nitrogen metabolism in Lohmann Brown adult roosters and layers. The nitrogen maintenance requirement ( Nm ) was determined based on the nitrogen balance. Thirty Lohmann Brown adult roosters and 30 laying hens at 27 weeks of age were randomly divided into five groups of six birds per group. The birds were fed with one of five diets containing 10.46%, 11.77%, 13.79%, 16.77% or 18.29%of crude protein. Nitrogen intake, nitrogen retention and nitrogen retention efficiency were higher in roosters than in laying hens, and the average nitrogen retention rate for groups fed with CP level of 11.77%,13.79%, 16.77% and 18. 29% was improved by 9.14%. The nitrogen maintenance requirement for Lohmann Brown roosters and laying hens at 27 weeks of age were 0.4245 g/d and 0.5059 g/d, respectively,and Nm based on average body weight (BW) and metabolic body weight ( BW0.75 ) was 0.2364 g/kg BW and 0.2739 g/kg BW0.75 for laying hens and 0.2754 g/kg BW and 0.3208 g/kg BW0.75 for roosters, respectively. The regression equations for daily N gain ( NB, protein accretion) vs. daily N intake ( NI )for Lohmann Brown layers and roosters were NB =0.3743NI -0. 1589(R2 =0.79) and NB =0.6228NI -0.3151 (R2 =0.85),respectively. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen intake and nitrogen retention at the same dietary CP level were higher in roosters than in laying hens.     

Comparative Study of Nitrogen Metabolism and the Nitrogen Maintenance Requirement in Lohmann Brown Roosters and Layers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on nitrogen retention and compare nitrogen metabolism in Lohmann Brown adult roosters and layers. The nitrogen maintenance requirement (N_m) was determined based on the nitrogen balance. Thirty Lohmann Brown adult roosters and 30 laying hens at 27 weeks of age were randomly divided into five groups of six birds per group. The birds were fed with one of five diets containing 10.46%, 11.77%, 13.79%, 16.77% or 18.29% of crude protein. Nitrogen intake, nitrogen retention and nitrogen retention efficiency were higher in roosters than in laying hens, and the average nitrogen retention rate for groups fed with CP level of 11.77%, 13.79%, 16.77% and 18.29% was improved by 9.14%. The nitrogen maintenance requirement for Lohmann Brown roosters and laying hens at 27 weeks of age were 0.4245 g/d and 0.5059 g/d, respectively, and Nm based on average body weight (BW) and metabolic body weight (BW^0.75) was 0.2364 g/kg BW and 0.2739 g/kg BW^0.75 for laying hens and 0.2754 g/kg BW and 0.3208 g/kg BW^0.75 for roosters, respectively. The regression equations for daily N gain (N_B, protein accretion) vs. daily N intake (N_I) for Lohmann Brown layers and roosters were N_B = 0.3743N_I–0.1589 (R² = 0.79) and N_B = 0.6228N_I–0.3151 (R² = 0.85), respectively. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen intake and nitrogen retention at the same dietary CP level were higher in roosters than in laying hens.     

Nitrogen requirement for maintenance in Yangzhou goslings

1. Experiments were conducted to determine the nitrogen (N) requirement for maintenance (N(m)) in Yangzhou goslings. 2. At 56 d old, 18 birds were divided into three equal groups and fed on diets with equal metabolisable energy (ME) and different contents of crude protein (CP; low, medium and high) in an N balance test. N(m) was estimated from the relationship between N output (N(E)) and N intake (N(I)). Following the above N balance test, 16 goslings at the same age were used in a N balance test with an N-free diet. The birds were divided into 4 equal groups and offered an N-free diet at intakes of 90, 70, 50 and 0 g per d, respectively. 3. The estimated N(m) was 240 mg/kg BW(0.75) per d in the N balance test. The result from the N-free diet trial gave a value of 244 mg/kg BW(0.75) per d, confirming the result of the N balance test. The lower intake of N-free diet resulted in more N(E), suggesting that protein catabolism may occur in the body of birds to meet N(m) when dietary N(I) was very low. 4. It was concluded that the N(m) of Yangzhou goslings was about 240 mg/kg BW(0.75).     

Nitrogen requirement of pregnant gilts

Eleven Yorkshire x Landrace gravid gilts were used in two Latin square trials to determine the N requirement for pregnancy. Semipurified diets were formulated to be adequate in indispensable amino acids (IAA) and other nutrients. Diets were fed once daily (1.82 kg); L-glutamic acid, corn sugar, powdered cellulose, and soybean oil percentages differed to maintain isocaloric diets. In Trial 1, six gilts were fed diets containing 6.6 to 17.2% CP equivalent (19.2 to 50.1 g of N/d) during six 10-d periods beginning on d 40 postcoitum. In Trial 2, five gilts were fed diets containing 4.3 to 12.6% CP equivalent (12.5 to 36.8 g of N/d) during five 10-d periods beginning on d 50 postcoitum. Nitrogen balance trials were conducted during the last 5 d of each period. Blood samples were taken both before and 3 h after the last feeding of each period. Results from Trial 1 suggested that adequate N retention (10 g/d) could be attained by pregnant gilts fed less than 28 g of N/d intake when the diet contained indispensible amino acids at levels suggested by Nutrient Requirements of Swine (NRC, 1988). An intake of 20.6 g of N/d (7.1% CP equivalent) yielded near maximum N retention among pregnant gilts fed the semipurified diets in Trial 2. Other criteria measured (urine urea nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen) had limited value in the evaluation of the N status of the pregnant gilts in these trials.     

饲粮不同采食水平下肉羊氮沉积和尿中嘌呤衍生物排出规律的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同采食水平下肉羊氮沉积和尿中嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排出规律.试验选用12只平均体重为(41.3±2.8)kg的杜寒杂交绵羊公羔,随机平均分为3组,按照自由采食、自由采食量的70％和自由采食量的40％3个干物质采食水平饲喂,试验期为12d,其中预试期7d,正试期5d.结果表明:随着饲粮采食水平的降低,营养物质消化率均显著上升(P＜0.05),粪氮和尿氮排出量均显著降低(P＜0.05),沉积氮与摄入氮之间存在线性相关(R2=0.92).尿中PD排出量和微生物氮(MN)产量均随采食水平的降低而显著降低(P＜0.05),嘌呤氮指数(PNI)与氮沉积率和氮吸收率均表现出相同变化趋势.由此可见,PD排出量与可消化有机物采食量(DOMI)以及MN产量之间均存在线性相关,相关方程分别为y=21.41X-1.81(R2=0.94)和Y=0.91X+2.57(R2=0.94);PNI能够将氮平衡和PD排出量有机结合起来,用于评价饲粮氮的利用效率.     

Nitrogen balance and mineral excretion in growing male pigs injected with a human growth hormone-releasing factor analog.

A human growth hormone-releasing factor analog ([Desamino-Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15] hGRF(1-29) NH2) has been reported to reduce feed intake and increase growth and feed efficiency in a dose-dependent manner in growing pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of this analog on nitrogen (N) balance and mineral excretion. Fifteen castrated male Yorkshire x Landrace pigs (45.9 +/- 1.4 kg) were randomly allotted to 2 groups: control (saline, n = 7) and GRF (6.66 micrograms/kg sc, TID, n = 8). The animals were injected for 20 consecutive days: feces and urine were collected during the last 10 d of injection. The animals had free access to water and food until satiety (approximately 15 min) at 07:00, 11:00, 15:00, 19:00, 23:00 and 07:00 h. The diet consisted of a hog fattening ration (18.0% crude protein). Blood samples were collected on the last day of the study by venipuncture. This analog increased (P < 0.05) insulin-like growth factor-1 and glucose serum concentrations and decreased (P < 0.05) serum urea nitrogen concentration and feed intake. The GRF-treated animals ingested less N, excreted less N in urine and feces to retain a similar amount of N than controls. The apparent coefficient of digestibility of the N has been slightly increased (P < 0.05) by GRF. Urinary excretion of P, K, and Cl decreased (P < 0.01) with GRF treatment. In conclusion, this GRF analog increased N digestibility and retention relative to N ingestion and reduced urinary N, P, K, and Cl excretion.     

氮磷调控对紫花苜蓿氮积累与土壤氮磷营养的影响

在西北半干旱地区进行不同氮磷水平对种植第2年的‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa‘Gannong No.3’)产量、粗蛋白含量及氮积累的影响和紫花苜蓿草地土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量及其动态变化、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性及其动态变化、土壤速效养分及酶活性与紫花苜蓿产量和蛋白总量的相关性研究。结果表明:氮磷肥能显著提高‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿产量和粗蛋白含量,施肥可提高土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量,增强土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,其中氮磷配施(NP)作用明显大于氮、磷肥单施。相关性分析表明,‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿产量(y)与各层土壤碱解氮含量(x₁)、脲酶活性(x₂)、有效磷含量(x₃)及碱性磷酸酶活性(x₄)均呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量的相关性最好,符合线性回归方程y=-2976.953+53.577x₁+216.824x₂+58.534x₃+12.145x₄(R²=0.874^**)。     

生长肥育阉牛饲料蛋白质转化效率的研究

用３个不同梯度氮进食量的１０种日粮的研究结果表明,可消化氮进食量与氮沉积之间呈线性相关（ｒ＝０．９６０１）。当沉积氮为零时,可消化氮为０．３９８２ｇ／Ｗ０．７５。沉积氮／可消化氮与沉积氮量之间呈线性相关（ｒ＝０．９６１５）,实测的沉积氮（ｇ／Ｗ０．７５）范围为０．０１１至０．３７６,沉积氮／可消化氮的范围为０．０２３５至０．４７９。维持的可消化氮需要为０．３９８２ｇ／Ｗ０．７５,内源尿蛋白氮为２．４４ｇ／Ｗ０．７５。     

Physiologic and nutritional studies in pigs with ileorectal anastomoses. 3. Nitrogen retention and utilization following energy an electrolyte supplementation

In order to guarantee an equally good development of ileorectostomized pigs (IRA) used for the determination of precaecal protein digestibility and the absorption of amino acids as for intact animals (INT), the supplementation of their rations with easily soluble carbohydrates and minerals is necessary. The effects of these supplements on live weight development, nitrogen balance and N utilization level were the subject of the assessment of 21 rations with 129 and 117 balance measuring resp. with growing IRA and INT pigs. Without any supplementation of the rations the N balances of the IRA pigs showed significantly lower and partly negative N balances and N utilization levels in comparison to the INT pigs. The combined supplement of easily soluble carbohydrates (100 g/kg DM intake) and 300 ... 400 ml electrolyte solution per day (approximately 1 ... 1.3 g additional Na) resulted in N balances almost equal to those of INT pigs. The supplement of both electrolyte solution and NaHCO3 (approximately 2 g Na per animal and day additionally) to a barley + lysine ration resulted in a significant increase of the N balance and N utilization in IRA pigs of a live weight between 120 and 140 kg in contrast to the control period. A supplement of carbohydrates to a ration consisting of barley + fish meal + grass meal and electrolyte supplements of 400 ml per animal and day only resulted in significantly higher N balances and N utilization levels in the live weight range up to 70 kg in comparison to the control periods, which then corresponded to those of INT pigs. There was no essential influence of carbohydrate supplementations on pigs of more than 70 kg live weight. The postileal digestibility of the crude carbohydrates (CC) of 14 rations calculated from the difference between total digestibility (faecal analysis) and precaecal digestibility (analysis of the ileal chyme of IRA pigs) showed that between 40 and 100 g (70 g on average) out of the 780 g CC per kg DM consumed disappear in the large intestine. These studies show that in the testing of concentrates and mixed feed rations the supplementation of 100 g easily soluble carbohydrates/kg DM intake should be sufficient to guarantee a normal development of IRA pigs. In addition, an oral supply of 1 to 2 g sodium in the form of electrolyte solution exceeding the requirement of INT pigs is necessary as this supplementation significantly improves the N retention of IRA pigs even heavier than 100 kg.     

肉牛真胃灌注不同水平的葡萄糖和酪蛋白对日粮氮代谢调控的研究

３头带有瘤胃和真胃瘘管的肉牛（３７５±２５ｋｇ）饲喂全羊草以满足维持需要,设计３个对比试验,每个试验均向瘤胃内持续灌注高乙酸摩尔比例（７５％）的混合ＶＦＡ。试验１,真胃每天持续灌注１００ｇ,２５０ｇ和４００ｇ葡萄糖;试验２,真胃每天持续灌注２００ｇ,３００ｇ和４００ｇ酪蛋白;试验３,真胃每天持续灌注２５０ｇ葡萄糖与２００ｇ,３００ｇ,４００ｇ酪蛋白组成的混合物。连续７天灌注后测定氮平衡。试验结果表明,真胃灌注葡萄糖、酪蛋白及两者的混合物均能增加氮沉积和可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率（ＲＮ／ＤＮ）,经回归分析,可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率（ｙ,％）与真胃葡萄糖灌注量（ｘ,ｇ／天）之间存在线性正相关,回归方程为ｙ＝２５．０８２＋０．１０６９ｘ（ｒ＝０．９８９,ｎ＝４）;与真胃酪蛋白灌注量（ｘ,ｇ／天）之间存在曲线正相关,回归方程分别为ｙ＝３３．４７０＋３．３８２１ｎｘ（ｒ＝０．９７０,ｎ＝４）;与真胃葡萄糖和酪蛋白混合物的灌注量（ｘ,ｇ／天）之间也存在曲线正相关,回归方程为：Ｙ＝３５．８７０＋４．０７９ｌｎｘ（ｒ＝０．９８５,ｎ＝４）。真胃灌注葡萄糖和酪蛋白的混合物比单独灌注葡萄糖时氮的转化效率提高了１９．４１％（Ｐ?     

Nitrogen maintenance requirements and potential for nitrogen retention of pullets in growth phase

Experiments were conducted to estimate daily N maintenance requirements (NMRs) and the genetic potential for daily N retention (NR_maxT) of pullets in growth phase. Three nitrogen balance trials were conducted, and a total of 48 Hy‐line W‐36 pullets were used in each trial in age periods (starter: 14–28, grower: 56–70 and developer: 98–112 days). The treatments consisted of six graded levels of nitrogen in the diets (L1 = 8, L2 = 16, L3 = 24, L4 = 32, L5 = 40 and L6 = 48 g N/kg of feed), formulated using the dilution technique. The regression analyses between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion were performed to fit the exponential function and to determine the NMR. The daily NMRs that were estimated at 294, 331 and 355 mg/BW_kg^0.67 for the initial, grower and developer periods, respectively, were applied for further calculation of NR_maxT as the threshold value of the function between N intake and daily N balance. The NR_maxT was estimated by a statistical procedure following several iteration steps by the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm until the sum of the squares of the residual was minimized. The NR_maxT was estimated at 3,200, 2,633 and 1,826 mg/BW_kg^0.67 for starter, grower and developer periods respectively. The determined model parameters were the precondition for modelling of the amino acid requirement based on an exponential N‐utilization model and depended on performance and dietary amino acid efficiency. This procedure will be further developed and applied in the subsequent study.     

CO2浓度升高及降水变化对红砂植物碳氮特征的影响

本研究以荒漠优势植物红砂（Reaumuria soongorica） 1年生幼苗为研究对象,采用开顶式生长箱（Open top chambers,OTCs）模拟CO₂浓度变化（350和700 μmol·mol^-1）,研究了降水变化（-30%,-15%,0,+15%和+30%）及其协同作用对红砂地上和地下部分碳、氮含量与积累量的影响。结果发现：CO₂浓度倍增和降水对红砂地上和地下部分有机碳、全氮含量和有机碳积累量以及地上全氮积累量影响极显著,并且表现出极显著的交互作用。CO₂浓度倍增下,红砂地上和地下部分有机碳、C/N和有机碳积累量以及地下部分全氮显著增加。随着降水增加,红砂地上和地下部分有机碳含量和积累量以及地下部分全氮均呈增加趋势,地上和地下部分C/N呈先降后升趋势,而地上部分全氮先升后降。综上所述：未来CO₂升高时,降水增加协同高CO₂浓度有助于红砂植株有机碳积累,从而促进红砂植株对氮素的吸收,降水减少则有利于红砂调节自身碳氮平衡从而提高其抗旱性。     

The effect of a reduced drinking water dose on the digestibility of nutrients and several metabolic parameters in sheep. 2. N-balance, water balance and several physiologic parameters

Wethers of an average live weight of 43.2 kg received alfalfa pellets either according to maintenance requirement (1.3 kg = group I) or ad libitum (1.5 times the amount; 2.0 kg = group II). In variant a both groups received water ad libitum, in variant b the animals received 1/3 of the amount of water, which was taken in ad libitum. Apparent digestibility was between 59 and 64%, the lower value of which was ascertained with the higher feed intake in variant a. 85% of the apparently digested nitrogen were excreted in urine after optimal water supply and ca. 100% after reduced water supply, so that a slightly negative N balance (Ib) and an N balance of +2.3% res (IIb) were achieved. The N balances amounted to +9.4% (Ia) and +8.4% (IIa) resp. after sufficient water supply. The water intake in liters/kg consumed DM reached the following values (in brackets total water intake from drinking water + water in the feed): Ia = 3.16 (3.30), Ib = 1.38 (1.52), IIa = 2.94 (3.08) and IIb = 1.58 (1.72). The water balance (in % of the total water intake) reached the following values in the same sequence: 13.7, 13.2, 17.2 and 25.3. The water content of the body (according to the phenazone dilution method determined from one sheep each) decreased in Ib by 4.7% and in IIb by 5.7% and thus did not reach critical limits. The quota of urea N in urine significantly increased after water restriction. Urea concentration and haematocrit in the blood plasma did not show any significant changes in dependence on water intake; the same was ascertained for the molar quotas of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid and in faeces.     

施氮对晋北燕麦饲草主要农艺性状及干物质产量的影响

为探究晋北农牧交错带燕麦（Avena sativa）生产的最佳施氮量,以饲用燕麦‘牧王’为研究材料,采用完全随机区组设计,测定不同施氮量（0,30,60,90,120,150,180 kg·hm^-2）对燕麦农艺性状和干物质产量的影响,同时对施氮量与干物质产量进行回归分析,对干物质产量与农艺性状进行相关性分析和通径分析。结果表明,施氮对燕麦株高、茎粗、旗叶叶面积有显著影响（P<0.05）,施氮量与干物质产量成极显著的二次曲线关系,干物质产量的理论最大值为9.89 t·hm^-2,施氮量为93.75 kg·hm^-2。相关性和通径分析表明,干物质产量（y）与各农艺性状的相关关系大小顺序依次为：株高（x₁） > 叶面积（x₄） > 鲜干比（x₆） > 穗长（x₃） > 茎粗（x₂） > 叶茎比（x₅）,其中除了与鲜干比呈极显著负相关以外,与其他性状均成极显著的正相关关系。干物质产量与株高和茎粗的最优回归方程为y=-9.583+0.123x₁+0.803x₂（R²=0.611,F=14.149^**）。综合结果分析,该地区燕麦的适宜施氮量为90~120 kg·hm^-2。     

氮、磷添加对青藏高寒草甸土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征影响的Meta分析

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸土壤碳(Carbon,C)、氮(Nitrogen,N)、磷(Phosphorus,P)化学计量特征对氮、磷添加的响应,提高养分管理水平及草地生态系统的养分平衡。本研究严格筛选出21篇文章(612项数据)进行Meta分析,通过亚组分析分析了不同施肥方式(氮添加、磷添加、氮磷添加)、不同施肥强度(轻度、中度、重度)对青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明：养分添加显著增加了青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P含量;氮添加对土壤的增加效应随施肥强度增加而增加,磷轻度施肥(20g·m^-2以下)处理、氮磷添加轻度施肥处理下的土壤C,N,P含量及化学计量比增加效果最好。本研究结果总体反映出氮、磷添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤产生积极影响,研究结果可为青藏高原草地生态系统的保护提供科学依据。     

施氮对不同紫花苜蓿品种氮积累及土壤氮动态变化的影响

在甘肃省秦王川灌区种植"甘农3号"和"陇东苜蓿"的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)试验田,采用完全随机区组设计,设置3个施氮水平0,51.75和103.50 kg(N)·hm^-2(记为N0,N51.75,N103.50),研究施氮对不同紫花苜蓿品种氮积累及土壤氮动态变化的影响。结果表明:施氮可以提高西北荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿物质积累,紫花苜蓿植株干物质积累和氮积累随施氮量的增加而增加,在N103.50水平下最高,经回归分析得出施氮量与干物质积累和氮素积累之间符合一元二次方程;施氮可以显著提高西北荒漠灌区刈割苜蓿田土壤碱解氮含量,对全氮含量没有太大影响。因此,西北灌区紫花苜蓿适宜施氮量为103.50 kg(N)·hm^-2,为了使紫花苜蓿达到更高产量,应在每次刈割后补施氮肥。     

成年阉牛对饲粮蛋白质的消化及维持需要量的估计

选择 6头安装有瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端瘘管的阉牛 ,分 3期依次饲喂以玉米、棉籽饼和氨化稻草为原料配合的 3种不同饲养水平的日粮 ,以Cr2 O3为指示剂测定小肠表观可消化N供给量 ,采用全收粪尿法测定氮平衡值。结果显示 ,以代谢体重为基础的氮平衡值 (NB)与进食氮和小肠表观可消化氮供给量之间分别存在如下回归关系 :NB =- 0 .5 0 12 +0 .5 76 8×进食氮　　　　　　　　R =0 .76 6 0NB =- 0 .2 80 4 +0 .6 398×小肠表观可消化氮R =0 .9894据此估计 ,阉牛维持的粗蛋白、小肠表观可消化粗蛋白和净蛋白需要量分别为 5 .4 3、2 .74、1.76g kgW0 .75。对体表氮损失加以考虑后 ,阉牛维持的粗蛋白、小肠表观可消化粗蛋白和净蛋白需要量分别为 5 .6 5、2 .93、1.88g kgW0 .75。小肠表观可消化粗蛋白用于维持和增重的效率为 0 .6 4     

Nitrogen balance in clinically normal dogs receiving parenteral nutrition solutions

OBJECTIVE: To determine nitrogen balance in clinically normal dogs receiving parenteral nutrition solutions. ANIMALS: 8 clinically normal female Beagles. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive 4 treatments in random order. Treatment A consisted of IV administration of nonlactated Ringer's solution. Treatments B, C, and D consisted of IV administration of isocaloric parenteral solutions containing 0, 1.36, and 2.04 g of amino acids/kg of body weight/d, respectively, for 7 consecutive days. Urine and feces were collected on days 5, 6, and 7 of each treatment period, and Kjeldahl analysis was used to determine nitrogen balance. RESULTS: Mean nitrogen balance was negative with treatments A and B but was not significantly different from 0 with treatments C and D. Dogs had the lowest nitrogen balance values and lost the most weight while receiving treatment A. Dogs were able to conserve protein and had higher nitrogen balance values when receiving treatment B, compared with treatment A. Dogs lost the least amount of weight while receiving treatment D. Regression analysis indicated that an IV amino acid intake of 2.32 g/kg/d (95% confidence interval, 2.00 to 2.81 g/kg/d), as supplied by the commercial product used in this study, would result in zero nitrogen balance in clinically normal dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that IV amino acid requirement of clinically normal dogs is approximately 2.3 g/kg/d.     

施氮与刈割对陇东地区高羊茅产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响

为探究陇东地区高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea L.)草地高产、优质和氮肥高效利用的种植方式，本研究设置0kg·hm^-2(N1),80kg·hm^-2(N2)和160kg·hm^-2(N3)3个施氮量，每个施氮量下设置25 d(M1),50d(M2)和75d(M3)3个刈割频率。结果表明：N2和N3处理的全年干草产量、粗蛋白产量和氮吸收量显著高于N1，两年平均干草产量较N1分别增加13.5%和15.5%，两年平均粗蛋白产量分别增加21.34%和25.25%，并且N2较N3显著提高了氮肥利用效率。两年M2处理的干草产量和粗蛋白产量显著高于M3，而各营养成分含量与M3无显著差异。两年M1处理较M2，M3降低了酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber,ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergent fiber,NDF)含量，显著提高相对饲用价值。两年M2处理较M3显著提高了氮吸收量和氮肥利用效率。所有处理中，N3M2处理的营养品质综合评价最优，是一种提升牧草品质的管理措施，而N2M2处理获得了较高的干草产量和氮肥利用效率，是一种氮肥高效利用的管理策略。