应用16%虫线清乳油防治肖氏松茎象的研究

应用１６％虫线清乳油以不同浓度的药液和施药方式防治肖氏松茎象Ｈｙｌｏｂｉｔｅｌｕｓ ｘｉａｏｉ Ｚｈａｎｇ,林间防治试验表明,采用树干局部喷药的方法,对消氏松茎象幼早有很好的防治效果,施药后第１４天检查,杀早效果可达１００％,而且残效期长。     

蛀干害虫的化学防治研究进展

综述了松墨天牛、茶材小蠹、红脂大小蠹和肖氏松茎象等 4种蛀干害虫化学防治研究进展 ,并对其防治前景进行了展望 ,为这 4种害虫的合理治理提供了参考。     

虫道注射化学药剂防治萧氏松茎象试验

应用40%氧化乐果乳油和保绿宁乳油不同剂量对萧氏松茎象幼虫进行虫道注射防治试验,结果表明,施药5 d后,防治效果分别达93.6%和94.6%。每孔注射适宜用药量为1 mL原液。虫道注射对蛹有一定防治效果。注射防治的平均成本在0.25元/株以下。     

护林神2号粉剂防治萧氏松茎象药效试验

室内用护林神2号粉剂对萧氏松茎象成虫进行药效测定,结果表明,施药后的第1天到第15天成虫死亡率均可达100％,第20天药效仍可达93．1％。萧氏松茎象成虫刚刚进入产卵期时应用该药剂在林间喷粉,施药区相对防治效果可达85．2％。     

白僵菌无纺布菌条防治萧氏松茎象初步试验

室内用萧氏松茎象成虫对白僵菌无纺布菌条进行爬行接触,感染死亡率可达73.8%。在信丰和安福林间安放无纺布菌条防治萧氏松茎象,效果分别可达74.3%和72.8%。     

萧氏松茎象防治指标的研究

通过对江西萧氏松茎象发生林区420株湿地松的调查和分析得出,萧氏松茎象防治指标(CT)为1.2头/株或65%的有虫株率。     

梅州市萧氏松茎象防治技术研究

通过3年对萧氏松茎象发生发展情况的调查,摸清了萧氏松茎象在梅州市的危害规律。采用4种防治措施7种不同的处理方法进行防治试验,结果表明:营林措施和人工捕捉防治萧氏松茎象效果最好,刮皮喷药防治效果较好,直接树干涂药防治效果较差,虫线清防治效果比氧化乐果好,生物防治效果不明显。     

松墨天牛引诱剂防治萧氏松茎象试验初报

萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi属危险性蛀干害虫。为了探讨其有效防治措施,作者利用松墨天牛引诱剂埋设引诱瓶对萧氏松茎象成虫进行诱捕防治试验。结果表明松墨天牛引诱剂比对照提高捕虫量6～8倍,差异极显著,可作为萧氏松茎象预测和防治的新方法。其不同松林间引诱效果有差异的原因主要是受虫源密度的影响。     

萧氏松茎象防治技术概述

在查阅有关文献的基础上,结合多年从事萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang防治研究的经验,从物理防治、化学防治和生物防治3个方面总结了萧氏松茎象的防治技术,并阐述了每种防治技术适用的条件和防治的关键点,以期为生产实践提供帮助.     

浅谈萧氏松茎象防治技术

文章主要分析了萧氏松茎象的生活习性及危害特点,针对萧氏松茎象钻蛀性害虫采取引诱剂配制药剂进行防治,可减少防治面积,降低劳动强度;抓住时机进行防治,可达到事半功倍的防治效果,防治费用大幅降低;防治过程中可进行局部防治,即可达到预期的防治目的。     

两种危害松类的新叶蜂(膜翅目, 广腰亚目, 松叶蜂科)

本文记述了中国松叶蜂昆虫两新种,马尾松吉松叶蜂和油松吉松叶蜂。文中附有形态特征图4幅。     

中国竹类多样性及其重要价值

竹类属于禾本科Gramineae（Poaceae）、竹亚科Bambusoideae植物,全世界约1 500多种。中国竹类的自然分布广阔,横跨热带、亚热带和温带地区,涵盖包括台湾、香港在内的21个有竹子分布的省、自治区、直辖市和特区。中国是世界上竹类多样性最丰富的国家,也是世界上栽培竹类最丰富的国家,共有竹类植物753种（含22种引进种）,约占世界总数的50%以上。同时,中国竹类在起源、遗传进化、内部构造、生态及林型等方面均具有十分丰富的多样性。中国竹类从宏观到微观所展现出的多样性特质,是大自然留给人类的宝贵遗产,对于人类认识自然、保护自然、从而更好的利用竹类资源服务于人类的长远利益,具有重要价值。文章从起源、生态、林型、物种、形态、遗传等方面概述了中国竹类的多样性,为进一步探讨竹类多样性提供基础信息。     

Organic Amendment,Fertilizer, and Lime Effects on Bareroot Jeffrey Pine Outplanted on a Sierra Nevada Surface Mine

Abstract

Composted organic matter, controlled release fertilizer, and dolomitic lime soil amendments were evaluated for their effectiveness in facilitating the reforestation of an acidic, semiarid Sierra Nevada surface mine with bareroot Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.). Single application rates were used for the organic matter (2.0 L) and lime (28 g) amendments while low and high rates (8 g and 16 g, respectively) of the chemical fertilizer, High N 22-4-6 + Minors, were employed. All amendments were administered at outplanting using the minisite application method. The organic and lime amendments suppressed seedling survival, more so with the former than the latter, but this result did not extend to the High N fertilizer. Growth was also suppressed by the organic and lime amendments, although there was some evidence that these responses were waning late in the study, while High N was exceedingly stimulatory, especially with the high application rate. Annual assessment of seedling nutrition during this three-year study revealed numerous High N and organic matter treatment influences. Among them, increases in foliar N, P, and K and reductions in Fe, Mn, Zn, and Al were prominent within the High N treatments, but particularly so at the high application rate. For the organic matter treatment, the above increases and decreases in elemental concentrations were again noted, although the nutritional responses to this treatment were generally more subdued and somewhat ephemeral in comparison with those to High N. Calculation of base cation/metallic element molar ratios revealed that the organic matter treatment had the highest Ca/Al, Ca/Mn, Mg/Al, Mg/Mn, K/Al, K/Mn, and K/Cu during the initial season, but exerted little influence on these ratios thereafter. The High N treatments produced the highest Ca/Cu and Mg/Cu in the first season, the highest Ca/Al, Mg/Al, K/Al, and K/Mn in the second, and the highest Ca/Al, Mg/Al, Mg/Mn, K/Al, and K/Mn in the third season, with the high application rate especially prominent. Seedling nutrition was, at best, minimally affected by liming, with perhaps its most notable influence that of counteracting the positive responses indicated above with regard to the organic amendment effects on molar ratios. Overall, these results indicate that in the reforestation of difficult sites such as eastern Sierra Nevada surface mines, the favorable responses to controlled release fertilization can not be duplicated using composted organic amendments, and furthermore, dolomitic lime applications by the method used here are likely to prove exceedingly detrimental to seedling establishment.     

中国竹产业的特色优势与创新发展

中国是竹产业发展规模最大和最先进的国家,竹林培育和竹材加工技术取得了显著成就,产业初具规模。但在新形势下,竹产业正面临技术变革,推动竹产业整体转型升级亟需创新技术与模式设计。文章主要以竹材加工产业为重点,从竹材的资源分布、文化属性、经济价值、国际贸易等方面阐述了中国竹产业的特色与优势。进而从资源利用效率提升、产业结构升级、创新能力培育等方面剖析了当前制约中国竹产业高质量发展的瓶颈与挑战。在此基础上,重点围绕统筹规划、产业链构建、科技创新、政策扶持、认知提升、标准体系建立、国际市场拓展等方面,提出了中国竹产业创新发展的新途径和新思路。     

四川西部甘孜、凉山地区鱼类多样性及保护研究

本文利用现有资料以及实地调查,对川西地区(甘孜、凉山)的鱼类多样性进行了分析研究。结果表明:①川西地区共有鱼类9目19科82属148种和亚种,分别占整个四川(含重庆)鱼类的61.16%和整个中国鱼类的6.15%;②各科鱼类的种数分布为鲤科最多,为82种,占整个川西鱼类总数的55.41%,其次为鳅科,占14.19%。③川西地区是鲤科鱼类的东亚类群向西扩布的西缘地带,是青藏高原鱼类区系向东延伸的东缘地区,同时是南亚鱼类向北分布的北缘区域;④川西鱼类的垂直分布状况因地貌、海拔高度变化以及生态环境的差异等呈现出一定的规律性。此外,本文还对川西鱼类资源的保护提出了建议和对策。     

竹大片刨花板对竹材生物学特性的适应性

以云南四种典型材用丛生竹（龙竹、甜龙竹、黄竹和油勒竹）宏观构造、组织结构、主要物理力学性质和化学组份等竹材主要生物学特性的研究分析结果为依据,提出了竹大片刨花板的结构、制板工艺和设备与原料竹材生物学特性之间应有的适应性关系。继而,通过实验室系列化试验和工厂试生产,确定了竹大片刨花板的应有性能和最佳工艺条件包括竹大片刨花的最佳质量指标及其最佳制备条件。     

菲律宾的竹子生产和研究现状

本文是林业部1987年赴菲竹子考察组的业务总结。菲已知竹种有11属55种,其中36种是直立型的,19种是攀援型的。8种竹种得到广泛应用,其中茨竹(Bambusa blumeana)分布最广,用途最大,是菲律宾最重要竹种。全菲竹林面积不清,估计直立型竹子面积在2万公顷以上。菲律宾气候炎热,雨量充沛,地形复杂,使丛生型、散生型、混生型竹种都有合适的生长区域,但热带型的丛生竹占主要地位。菲对发展人工竹林较为重视,采用的竹子繁殖方法包括种子育苗、鞭移栽、竹兜移栽、秆插、枝插、高压和平埋等等,裸根或带容器栽植,管理比较粗放。菲竹子主要用于渔业、香蕉业、建筑业、家具和手工业、船和筏。菲竹沙发和竹乐器精致,是菲竹子利用的一个特色。竹子改形技术较为成熟,竹子防蛀防腐较为重视。菲律宾竹子研究发展较快,有一批项目包括FAO资助项目正在研究。本文最后提出了几个值得借鉴的开发技术和管理措施。     

福建省樟树溃疡病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为了明确福建省樟树溃疡病的病原菌种类,对福建省福州市仓山区、三明市明溪县、南平市建阳区和顺昌县4个地区采集的樟树枝干溃疡样本进行分离、纯化和致病性分析,将病原菌进行系统形态学观察,并结合代表菌株的核糖体基因内转录间隔区(ITS)、翻译延伸因子(EF-1α)、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ大亚基(RPB2)和β-微管蛋白(BT)基因序列进行同源性分析,构建进化树,最终确定病原菌种类。结果表明,在福建省不同地区内采集到的75份樟树溃疡样本,经过组织分离、纯化和致病性检测,得到43个病原菌株,根据观察病原菌的菌丝生长状态和孢子特征,并结合系统进化树的结果,得到小新壳梭孢(Neofusicoccum parvum)、可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)、假可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae)和Lasiodiplodia iranensis 4种类型菌株。接种菌株后发病症状与野外发病症状相同,但致病程度不同,其中小新壳梭孢最强,可可毛色二孢次之,L.iranensis最弱。     

一个世纪来黑龙江省森林景观动态研究

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO,ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS,the map of forest resource distribution of Heilongjiang Province was analyzed in 1896,1949 and 1981.Using total area,mean patch size,patch density,coefficient of patch size variation,mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index,we studied the change of forest landscape pattem and the change of each patch types in this region.As a result,the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply,the quantity and density of patches increased,the juxtaposition of patches weakened,the shape of patch tended to become regular,and the border of patch simplified.All these showed that the forest landscape of this area tended to fragment gradually,and the fragment of Korean pine forest is the severest.the diversity of whole forest landscape and the eveness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually.Human impact,instead of climate change and forest community succession,is the most important reason for such dramatic chages.     

Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects

Cordyceps militaris is a potential harbour of bio-metabolites for herbal drugs and evidences are available about its applications for revitalization of various systems of the body from ancient times. Amongst all the species, C. militaris is considered as the oldest source of some useful chemical constituents. Besides their popular applications for tonic medicine by the all stairs of the community, the constituents of C. militaris are now used extensively in modern systems of medicine. The current survey records the mysterious potentials of C. militaris are boosting up the present herbal treatments, as well as gearing up the green pharmacy revolution, in order to create a friendly environment with reasonable safety. Evidence showed that the active principles of C. militaris are beneficial to act as pro-sexual, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant/anti-aging, anti-tumour/anti-cancer/anti-leukemic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, insecticidal, larvicidal, anti-fibrotic, steroidogenic, hypoglacaemic, hypolipidaemic, anti-angiogenetic, anti-diabetic, anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, liver-protective, reno-protective as well as pneumo-protective, let alone their other synergistic activities, which let it be marketable in the western countries as over-the-counter medicine. A number of culture techniques for this mushroom have been noticed, for example, storage/stock culture, pre-culture, popular/indigenous culture (spawn culture, husked rice culture and saw dust culture) and, special/laboratory culture (shaking culture, submerged culture, surface liquid culture and continuous/repeated batch culture). The prospects for herbal biotechnology regarding drug discovery using C. militaris delivering what it has promised are high, as the technology is now extremely more powerful than before. This study chiefly highlights the medicinal uses of the mushroom C. militaris including its culture techniques, also aiming to draw sufficient attention of the researchers to the frontier research needs in this context.