三江源区人工草地蒸散量与气候因子的相关分析(英文)

Based on observation data from the mini-type automatic weather station,the evapotranspiration quantity of reference crops from artificial grassland in three river sources areas was estimated by the method of FAO Penman-Monteith.The actual evapotranspiration quantity of grassland was calculated according to the synthetic crop coefficients referenced by FAQ-56,and the change of the actual evapotranspiration quantity of artificial grassland in three river sources areas as well as the relationship between the evapotranspiration quantity and climatic factors were studied.The results suggested that the seasonal change of actual evapotranspiration quantity in grassland was expressed in a single peak curve with the peak in the middle August,and daily transpiration quantity in summer was significantly larger than that in winter.The evapotranspiration was significantly correlated with air temperature,solar radiation and relative humidity,but not significantly correlated with wind speed.Effects of climatic factors on the evapotranspiration quantity of artificial grassland were ordered as follow:air temperature(T)>solar radiation(Ra)>relative humidity(RH)>wind speed(u2).     

Effect of Different Vegetation Types on the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community Structure in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau in China is one of the most eroded areas in the world. Accordingly, vegetation restoration has been implemented in this area over the past two decades to remedy the soil degradation problem. Understanding the microbial community structure is essential for the sustainability of ecosystems and for the reclamation of degraded arable land. This study aimed to determine the effect of different vegetation types on microbial processes and community structure in rhizosphere soils in the Loess Plateau. The six vegetation types were as follows：two natural grassland （Artemisia capillaries and Heteropappus altaicus）, two artificial grassland （Astragalus adsurgens and Panicum virgatum）, and two artificial shrubland （Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides） species. The microbial community structure and functional diversity were examined by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） and community-level physiological profiles. The results showed that rhizosphere soil sampled from the H. altaicus and A. capillaries plots had the highest values of microbial biomass C, average well color development of carbon resources, Gram-negative （G-） bacterial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, total PLFA, Shannon richness, and Shannon evenness, as well as the lowest metabolic quotient. Soil sampled from the H. rhamnoides plots had the highest metabolic quotient and Gram-positive （G＋） bacterial PLFA, and soil sampled from the A. adsurgens and A. capillaries plots had the highest fungal PLFA and fungal：bacterial PLFA ratio. Correlation analysis indicated a signiifcant positive relationship among the microbial biomass C, G- bacterial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, and total PLFA. In conclusion, plant species under arid climatic conditions signiifcantly affected the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil. Among the studied plants, natural grassland species generated the most favorable microbial conditions.     

Analysis of Temporal Changes in Botanical Composition of a Long-term Grazing Experiment in Nixinasuno, Japan

In order to understand the temporal changes of botanical composition in grassland ecosystem, and to clarify the relation between these changes and environmental impacts, such as climatic factors and artificial disturbance, a grazing trail was carried out during a 21-year period from 1974 at a sown grassland of the National Grassland Research Institute, located in Nishinasuno, the central area of Japan. The data sets of biomass for each mouth(from April to November)of the 21-year period were analyzed in this paper. The botanical composition of aboveground biomass varied greatly with both season and year. The biomass ratio of improved herbage species to invaded native plants gradually decreased each year. This may have been owing to meteorological factors, such as low air-temperature in winter, dry and hot summers, grassland management(including grazing intensity and fertilizer application), and inter-specific competition between native and introduced herbage plants.     

绵羊肌肉生长激素受体基因表达的发育性变化研究(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the expression of muscular growth hormone receptor gene (GHR) in sheep at the early stage of growth and development. [Method] The GHR mRNA expression levels in longissimus dorsal muscles of male Kazak sheep and Xinjiang fine wool sheep with different ages were quantitatively analyzed by real time PCR. [Result] Sheep GHR mRNA expression level in longissimus dorsal muscle increased firstly followed by decline, and then kept steady until the end of the experiment, with the expression peak appearing on postnatal day 30. The GHR mRNA expression level of Kazak sheep was extremely lower than that of Xingjiang fine wool sheep from 2 to 90 days old (P<0.01). [Conclusion] Both age and breed had great effects on the expression of muscular GHR gene in sheep.     

我国部分区域链格孢属rDNA ITS区序列分析(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to identify Alternaria Nees. from some areas of China at molecular level by analyzing the rDNA ITS sequence.[Method] The DNA sequences coding for the 5.8S rDNA and the flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) were amplified by PCR with universal primers ITS4 and ITS5 and subsequently sequenced for 34 Alternaria isolates from different areas of China.[Result] Sequences analysis showed that 5.8S rDNA was 159 bp and no variation in tested 34 isolates. There had variables sites in ITS. The isolates that had same sequences as A.tenuissima or A.alternata all put up eurytopicity to area and host. The variables sites of the isolates showed the diversity of Alternaria in the hosts of Oleaceae, Rosaceae and Solanaceae. At the same time that ITS could not clearly separated the isolates was indicated. The results indicated that the phylogenetic relationship were not closely related to the geographical origin and hosts of these isolates.[Conclusion] The sequence analysis of ITS region could provide theory basis for the identification of Alternaria Nees..     

The Estimation of Soil Trace Elements Distribution and Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Relation to Trace Elements Status of Sheep in Huangcheng Area of Qilian Mountain Grassland,China

The purpose of the present study was to survey contents of trace elements of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in the surface layer （0-20 cm） in the soil, pasture and serum of sheep in Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. Also the soil-plantanimal continuum was analyzed. Soil （n=300）, pasture （n=60）, and blood serum samples from sheep （n=480） were collected from Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. The contents of trace element in the samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after digestion. The soil trace elements density distribution shows a ladder-like pattern distribution. Equations developed in the present study for prediction of Fe （R2=0.943） and Zn （R2=0.882） had significant R2 values.     

The Levels of Genetic Differentiation of Small-Tailed Han Sheep and Tan Sheep Populations Using Structural Loci

Using the method of ＂random sampling in typical colonies of the central area of the habitat＂ and several electrophoresis techniques, the variations of 17 structural loci encoding blood proteins in 60 Small-Tailed Han sheep and 73 Tan sheep were examined and compared with those of 14 other sheep populations in China and other countries to investigate their levels of genetic differentiation. The average heterozygosities of Small-Tailed Han sheep and Tan sheep were 0.2360 and 0.2587, respectively. The average polymorphic information content values were 0.1974 and 0.2102, respectively. The average effective numbers of alleles were 1.5723 and 1.5751, respectively. The coefficients of gene differentiation in the four groups （including 4, 6, 13, and 16 sheep populations, respectively） were 0.049323, 0.059987, 0.1728, and 0.201256, respectively, indicating that the degree of gene differentiation at the structural loci was the least in Hu sheep, Tong sheep, Small-Tailed Hart sheep, and Tan sheep; followed by the above-mentioned four sheep populations and two Mongolian sheep populations; and was the highest in sheep populations belonging to the Mongolian sheep group, South Asian sheep, and European sheep. The earlier researchers＇ conclusions that both Small-Tailed Han sheep and Tan sheep evolved from Mongolian sheep were further verified by the results of this study. Hu sheep, Tong sheep, Small-Tailed Han sheep, and Tan sheep were decreasingly affected by the bloodline of Mongolian sheep to different degrees. The relationships among sheep populations were not closely related to the geographical distances among sheep populations.     

Characterizing historical(1992–2010) transitions between grassland and cropland in mainland France through mining land-cover survey data

Grassland, as one of the largest ecosystems on the earth, supports various goods and services to humanity.Historically, humans have increased agricultural output primarily by cropland expansion and agricultural intensification.The cropland area was primarily gained at the expense of grassland and forests.Apart from grassland conversion, increasing consumption of calorie- and meat-intensive diets drives the intensification of livestock systems, which is shifting steadily from grazing to feeding with crops.To cope with the environmental degradation due to agriculture, various forms of ‘green payment' were implemented to promote the adoption of sustainable farming practices over the last two decades in the European Union.The aim of this study is to monitor the recent transitions(1992–2010) between grassland and cropland during two Common Agricultural Policy(CAP) reforms at the French mainland scale.We proposed an innovative approach to link grassland conversion to agricultural commodities and farming systems practices.We first assessed the grassland-to-cropland conversion and further investigated the crop sequence patterns that were observed to be dominant after the conversion through mining land-cover survey data Teruti and Teruti-Lucas.We found the trends of the transitions between grassland and cropland over the two time intervals: The loss of grassland(1992–2003) and restoration or re-expansion of grassland(2006–2010) in mainland France.Our finding on the crop sequence patterns after the grassland conversion reveals two notable evolutions of agricultural production systems.These evolutions were related to the increase in the proportion of cropland in the total agricultural land use.One evolution was most likely influenced by the demand for fodder: The conversion from grazing livestock to feeding livestock.Another evolution was the conversion from livestock production to field crop production.Our results indicate that the intensification of livestock farming systems continued over the last two decades in France.We conclude that, the approach developed in this study can be considered as a generic method for monitoring the transitions between grassland and cropland and further identifying the crop sequence patterns after the grassland conversion from time-series land cover data.     

绵羊肌肉IGF-Ⅰ基因表达的发育性变化研究

[Objective] To detect the mRNA of muscle insulin-like growth factorⅠ (IGF-Ⅰ) in the early development of Kazak sheep and Xinjiang fine-wool sheep, so as to provide information for the research about the early growth and development of sheep. [Method] With real-time quantitative PCR, the muscle IGF-Ⅰ mRNA level was separately detected in two varieties of sheep at 2, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days old. Then the data was analyzed with SPSS software. [Result] The IGF-Ⅰ mRNA in sheep muscle first increased and then decreased with ages, peaking at 30 days old in Kazak sheep and at 60 days old in Xinjiang fine-wool sheep. The IGF-Ⅰ expression level of Kazak sheep had no significant difference with Xinjiang fine-wool sheep at 2 or 90 days old (P>0.05), but was lower than that of the latter with extremely significant difference (P<0.01) from 30 to 60 days old. [Conclusion] The male Kazak sheep and Xinjiang fine-wool sheep have similar model of developmental changes of muscular IGF-Ⅰ mRNA, but the expression level is different between these two species.     

南天竹栽培性状研究(英文)

[Objective] This study was to systematically investigate the cultivated characters of Nandina domestica and to lay a foundation for breeding, cultivating, as well as its application in landscape. [Method] Using N.domestica populations from 13 different areas of Hunan Province as tested samples, the cultivated characters of N.domestica in both the cultivated type and wild type were systematically studied through field experiment and comparative analysis. [Resul] The phenological features of N.domestica from different areas and germplasm resources were basically identical; the growth patterns of cultivated type and wild type were also basically identical, but the cultivated type grew faster than the wild type; both the two types grew quickly at young stage, and either the annual growth of new shoots or the growth pattern of leaves confirmed the fitting curve of the Logistic equation. [Conclusion] This research provided basis for the exploitation and utilization the germplasm resources of N.domestica.     

黑麦草-白三叶人工草地退化趋势研究

1材料与方法 1．1野外调查方法 采用随机取样法选择利用方式和地形不同的草地（A．羊舍附近;B．坡顶;C．山坡下平地;D．山坡）进行调查。用1m×1m的样方取样,在每种样地取样10个,共计40个。调查内容有盖度、种名、高度、频度、密度和地上现存量,调查方法如下：①高度。每种植物随机选取5个个体,测定其营养枝自然直立高度,记录算术平均值和最高值;有生殖枝的,还需测定生殖枝自然直立高度。     

黑麦草-白三叶人工草地退化趋势研究

[目的]研究人工草地的退化规律及趋势。[方法]以贵州省麦坪基地黑麦草-白三叶人工草地为研究对象,以40个样方调查数据为基础,采用优势度、丰富度指数对不同区域的草地植被情况进行对比。[结果]人工草地不同区域出现不同程度的退化。在羊舍周围因草地被采食较少,退化不严重;在坡顶和山坡上,草地类型向画眉草、毛花雀稗和白茅草地退化;在山坡下平地处,草地类型向茼蒿和双穗雀稗草地退化。[结论]该研究为草地改良和南方放牧型人工草地的高效持续利用提供了依据。     

干扰我国人工草地生态系统的主要影响因素研究

[目的]明确影响人工草地生态系统的关键因素。[方法]在参阅大量前人研究工作基础上,从播种方式、放牧强度、种植时限和施肥4个方面进行总结分析它们对人工草地生态系统的影响。[结果]混播方式比单播方式更有利于资源利用率和生态系统健康,而单播或隔行混播对增加土壤有机碳要比同行混播更为有利,同时隔行混播的草地产生的牧草产量要大于同行混播的草地,牧草产量最低的为单播草地;轻度和中度放牧有利于维持牧草的高产和高质以及草地的可持续发展,重度放牧则导致草地的退化;种植时限对植被群落结构和土壤理化性质的影响则具明显区域差异;长期施肥可有效提高土壤的有机碳含量以及牧草的产量和质量,但确定特定区域特定牧草的施肥量、施肥类型和比例是施肥效应发挥作用的关键。[结论]在进行人工草地种植时,要合理利用各因素的正面效应,有效控制人为干扰的深度和广度,避免或减弱负面作用的影响,为人工草地的高产、稳产打下良好的基础。     

草间小黑蛛人工饲料研制方法的新突破

[目的]研究草间小黑蛛人工饲料的配方,实现其室内快速人工繁殖。[方法]以赵敬钊配制的全营养饲料溶液配方为基础,采用正交分解法,加入不同种类、不同比例的鲜活虫源,研制并筛选出草间小黑蛛能正常、快速生长发育的最佳新型饲料。[结果]最适合草间小黑蛛生长发育的饲料配方为:鸡蛋10 ml,蜂蜜2 g,蔗糖2 g,复合维生素B1适量,维生素C1适量,水10 ml,大青叶蝉5 g,玉米粉适量。[结论]新型饲料的研制将为草间小黑蛛室内大规模扩繁提供物质前提。     

草间小黑蛛人工饲料研制方法的新突破(英文)

[目的]研究草间小黑蛛人工饲料的配方,实现其室内快速人工繁殖。[方法]以赵敬钊配制的全营养饲料溶液配方为基础,采用正交分解法,加入不同种类、不同比例的鲜活虫源,研制并筛选出草间小黑蛛能正常、快速生长发育的最佳新型饲料。[结果]最适合草间小黑蛛生长发育的饲料配方为:鸡蛋10ml,蜂蜜2g,蔗糖2g,复合维生素B1适量,维生素C1适量,水10ml,大青叶蝉5g,玉米粉适量。[结论]新型饲料的研制将为草间小黑蛛室内大规模扩繁提供物质前提。     

苇状羊茅草地蜘蛛混合种群空间分布及动态

[目的]了解苇状羊茅草地蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布及动态。[方法]采用陷阱法系统调查,运用5种聚集度指标、Taylor的幂法则以及Iwao的M*-x的回归关系综合分析。[结果]蜘蛛混合种群空间分布在苇状羊茅草地上以聚集分布为主,但在时序上存在交替现象。[结论]该研究为进一步在草地害虫的综合治理中充分发挥蜘蛛的自然控制力提供了理论依据;但仅就草地蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布动态作了初步调查,苇状羊茅草地上害虫的种类与分布对草地蜘蛛混合种群空间分布的影响有待进一步研究。     

土地利用方式对高寒草甸土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

[目的]探讨土壤碳库的变化规律。[方法]以原生高寒草甸、人工草地和农田(油菜地)作为研究对象,利用土壤有机碳密度分组法,研究3种土地利用方式对高寒草甸土壤有机碳(SOC)及轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量变化的影响。[结果]3种土壤0～40 cm土体内,SOC含量依次为人工草地>高寒草甸>油菜地,分别为113.13、111.61和93.54 t/hm2;LFOC含量依次为人工草地>高寒草甸>油菜地,分别为10.36、8.93和5.83 t/hm2。人工草地与高寒草甸相比,0～40 cm土壤SOC含量间差异不明显,但LFOC高16.01%;耕作20年的农田中,SOC和LFOC分别较高寒草甸低16.19%、34.71%。[结论]人工草地土壤中总SOC和LFOC则略高于高寒草甸,明显高于农田,人工草地和高寒草甸的植物-土壤系统的总固碳量明显高于农田。     

紫花苜蓿与鸭茅混播效应初探

[目的]探讨紫花苜蓿与鸭茅混播效应以及最佳混播比例。[方法]设5个处理组,每个处理组紫花苜蓿与鸭茅的混播比例不同。测定混播后各个处理组混播草地的产量,相总生物量以及紫花苜蓿与鸭茅在混播草地的竞争率。[结果]处理A3组的总产量最高,为4 827.67 kg/hm2,与其他处理组差异显著（P〈0.05）,且与处理A1组差异极显著（P〈0.01）。3个混播处理组的RYT值均大于1,2种草能够互补共存。在混播草地中,紫花苜蓿的竞争力强于鸭茅,在竞争中占有优势。[结论]为进一步研究紫花苜蓿与鸭茅混播草地以及建立高产优质的人工混播草地提供了依据。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦比什凯克市不同生境中小型土壤动物群落多样性

[目的]研究城市生态系统不同土地利用类型下中小型土壤动物群落多样性特征,为开展城市土壤环境质量的生物学评价提供科学依据。[方法]采用改良的Tullgren分离法对吉尔吉斯斯坦比什凯克市市区人工林、灌木林、草地3种生境下中小型土壤动物群落多样性特征及其与环境要素的关系进行比较。[结果]获得中小型土壤动物个体共5 775只,隶属4门11纲29种类群,其中甲螨亚目(44.73%)和中气门亚目(20.42%)为优势类群,占总个体数量的65.14%。垫刃目(7.79%)、弹尾目(7.06%)、前气门亚目(7.06%)、蛭态目(2.55%)、膜翅目(1.25%)、原尾目(1.04%)、无气门亚目(1.14%)7类为常见类群,占总个体数量的27.89%,优势类群和常见类群共占总个体数的93.03%,并组成该市区中小型土壤动物的主体。另外,双翅目幼虫、鞘翅目幼虫、鳞翅目幼虫、蜘蛛目、等翅目等20类为稀有类群,占总个体数的6.97%。不同生境下中小型土壤动物群落多样性指标间存在显著差异(P0.05),而个体数间差异极显著(P0.01),其中个体数水平分布表现为人工林草地灌木林,类群数依次为灌木林人工林草地。在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性特征,即0~5 cm5~10 cm10~15 cm15~20 cm。[结论]不同生境的中小型土壤动物群落的组成和多样性指标之间存在差异,这与植被类型、人为干扰程度、土壤环境因素等有关。     

岩原鲤早期行为习性的初步观察

[目的]探究岩原鲤[Procypris rabaudi(Tchang)]的早期行为习性。[方法]水温21～25℃时,对出膜岩原鲤0～90d仔幼鱼的摄食、游泳方式、趋避光性、洞穴隐蔽性、停留的水层、外界刺激的敏感性、黑白底质的选择性及聚群性进行观察。[结果]:出膜5～6d仔鱼开始摄食;仔鱼游泳方式的改变为在早期多静卧极少运动,到游速较缓做直线向前运动,转为巡游,最后到快速的疾游;仔鱼的趋避光性则由早期对光亮度不敏感,到趋光以及晚期的避光性;主要停留于水体底层;喜好洞穴隐蔽;对外界刺激的反应逐渐由弱至强;对黑白底质的选择性则经历了不明显到明显的过程;聚群性由开始分散活动到偶尔少数个体成群运动转为群体活动。[结论]该研究为岩原鲤自然种群的保护和开展人工养殖提供了基础资料。但摄食量很少,如何解决其适口的人工饲料是尚需解决的的重要问题,有待进一步研究。