锌和维生素C对热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能和免疫反应的影响

文章旨在研究日粮单独或联合使用锌和维生素C对高温条件下肉鸡生长性能和免疫反应的影响。试验选择320只1d肉仔鸡,根据体重随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮(锌含量为40mg/kg),处理1组在基础日粮中添加60mg/kg锌,处理2组在基础日粮中添加200mg维生素C,处理3组在基础日粮中添加60mg/kg锌+300mg/kg维生素C,试验共开展35d。在试验第21~35天对鸡只进行热应激诱导,即25℃12h,25~34℃3h,34℃6h,34~25℃3h。结果显示:处理组较对照组均显著提高了肉鸡的采食量、体增重(P<0.05),显著降低了料比(P<0.05)。日粮同时添加锌和维生素C组肉鸡采食量和体增重最高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加60mg/kg锌、200mg/kg维生素C或锌和维生素C联合使用的肉鸡脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊重量显著提高(P<0.05)。60mg/kg锌+200mg/kg维生素C和200mg/kg维生素C组较对照组显著提高了新城疫、传染性法氏囊炎和传染性支气管炎的抗体滴度(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,60mg/kg锌+200mg/kg维生素C、200mg/kg维生素C组和60mg/kg锌组显著提高了血液白细胞总数、淋巴细胞和单核细胞占比(P<0.05)。结论:在本试验条件下,日粮单独或联合添加锌和维生素C均可显著改善热应激条件下肉鸡的生长性能和免疫状态。     

饲料中添加抗菌肽和免疫球蛋白对肉鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响

以健康猪血为原料从其中分离纯化抗菌肽和免疫球蛋白,将抗菌肽与免疫球蛋白联合应用于罗斯308肉鸡进行应用研究。720羽健康肉鸡随机分为4组,每组设3个重复,每个重复60羽,设正常对照组、抗菌肽、免疫球蛋白、两者混合物组,已拌料方式饲喂,检测各组鸡体重;各组分别随机抽取10羽鸡,取每只鸡的胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊,称重并计算脾脏指数、法氏囊指数、胸腺指数;取鸡腹腔巨噬细胞检测吞噬指数和吞噬率;静脉采血后检测鸡血清中Ig G、Ig M及补体C3、C4水平。结果表明:抗菌肽与免疫球蛋白联合使用组的肉鸡与对照组、单独添加抗菌肽组和单独添加免疫球蛋白组相比:平均日增重显著增高(P0.05),料重比显著降低(P0.05),肉鸡脾脏指数、巨噬细胞吞噬率和血清中Ig G、Ig M、补体C3含量显著提高(P0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加抗菌肽和免疫球蛋白可以提高肉鸡生产性能并改善免疫功能。     

甜菜碱对热应激肉鸡生长性能、十二指肠消化酶活性及盲肠微生物区系的影响

本试验通过在饲粮中添加不同剂量的甜菜碱研究其对热应激肉鸡生长性能、十二指肠消化酶活性及盲肠微生物区系的影响。选取270只14日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡随机分成6组:常温组、热应激组,常温+0.1%甜菜碱组、热应激+0.1%甜菜碱组、热应激+0.2%甜菜碱、热应激+0.4%甜菜碱组。热应激肉鸡饲养在(32±1)℃的高温环境中。每组3个重复,每个重复15只。预试期7 d,正试期21 d。结果表明:1)饲粮添加甜菜碱可极显著增加28~42日龄热应激肉鸡的体重(P<0.01),极显著降低22~35日龄肉鸡料重比(P<0.01);2)除添加0.1%和0.2%甜菜碱饲粮对28日龄热应激肉鸡胰蛋白酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)和添加0.1%甜菜碱对35日龄热应激肉鸡淀粉酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)外,不同浓度的甜菜碱均能显著或极显著增加28、35、42日龄热应激肉鸡十二指肠胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和胰脂肪酶活性(P<0.05或P<0.01);3)饲粮添加甜菜碱极显著提高了28、35、42日龄热应激肉鸡盲肠内乳酸杆菌的数量(P<0.01),极显著降低了产气荚膜梭菌的数量(P<0.01)。由此可见,热应激状态下,在基础饲粮中添加甜菜碱可改善AA肉鸡生长性能,提高十二指肠消化酶的活性,维持盲肠内微生物区系平衡,从而减轻热应激对肉鸡的危害。     

褪黑素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

采用对比试验,将120只1日龄AA肉鸡分为2组(对照组和试验组),每组3个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组不添加褪黑素,试验组添加褪黑素10mg/kg,研究褪黑素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫机能的影响。试验结果表明:试验期间,鸡的平均日增重(ADG)、饲料转化率(FCR)差异显著(P<0.05);平均日采食量(ADFI)差异不显著(P>0.05);胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊指数试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

沙棘叶黄酮对肉鸡生长性能及胴体品质的影响

为了探讨饲粮中添加不同水平沙棘叶黄酮对肉鸡生长性能及胴体品质的影响,试验选用健康的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡公雏360只,采用单因素完全随机分组试验设计,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只,分别为对照组(基础饲粮)、试验Ⅰ组(基础饲粮+0.025%沙棘叶黄酮)、试验Ⅱ组(基础饲粮+0.050%沙棘叶黄酮)、试验Ⅲ组(基础饲粮+0.100%沙棘叶黄酮),进行7周的饲养试验。于试验第29、50天早晨以重复为单位记录每组肉鸡的体重、采食量,计算整个试验期的平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比;于试验第50天屠宰采样,测定肉鸡的屠宰性能,并采用高效液相色谱仪检测肌肉中肌苷酸含量,采用索氏提取法测定肌内脂肪含量。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肉鸡的平均日采食量分别降低了3.92%、4.06%和4.27%(P<0.05),但平均日增重和料重比无显著变化(P>0.05);试验组肉鸡宰前体重、全净膛率、半净膛率和腹脂率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),但试验Ⅲ组肉鸡屠宰率比对照组提高了1.88%(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组肉鸡腿肌肌内脂肪含量与对照组相比提高了46.70%(P<0.05),其胸肌肌苷酸含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),但与对照组和试验Ⅱ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可知,肉鸡生长全期饲粮中添加0.100%沙棘叶黄酮后,在不影响其生长性能的情况下降低了平均日采食量,在不影响其腹脂率的情况下增加了腿肌肌内脂肪的含量,并提高了屠宰率,从而改善了胴体品质及风味。     

维生素C和氯化钾对夏季高温条件下肉鸡生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

本试验评估了饮水中添加氯化钾,日粮中添加不同水平维生素C对夏季高温肉鸡生长性能和生理参数的影响。试验选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡936只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复39只鸡。共设计4种日粮,对照组饲不做任何处理,处理1~3组日粮在基础日粮中分别添加200、400和800 mg/kg维生素C,饮水中添加0.1%氯化钾。试验由1日龄开始到49日龄结束(试验前21 d各组室内温度维持一致)。试验结果:各组对21和28 d肉鸡活体重的影响均无显著差异(P>0.05),但对42和49 d肉鸡活体重的影响均存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中处理2组体重最高(P<0.05)。处理2组较处理1组和对照组显著提高了35 d肉鸡日增重(P<0.05),较其他3组显著提高了49 d肉鸡日增重(P<0.05)。对照组较其他3组显著提高了21、28、35、42和49 d肉鸡日采食量(P<0.05),处理2组较处理1组显著提高了35 d肉鸡日采食量(P<0.05),处理1组较处理3组显著提了42 d肉鸡日采食量(P<0.05)。对照组较处理2和3组显著提高了35、42和49 d肉鸡料重比(P<0.05)。处理1组较处理2组显著提高了42和49 d肉鸡料重比(P<0.05)。处理1组较处理3组显著降低了肉鸡屠宰率(P<0.05),而对照组较其他各组显著降低了肉鸡的死亡率(P<0.05)。对照组较其他各组显著降低了血红蛋白含量和红细胞比积(P<0.05),而处理2组血红蛋白含量最高(P<0.05),处理3组红细胞比积最高(P<0.05)。对照组较其他组显著提高了血液pH和葡萄糖含量(P<0.05),其中处理3组血液pH和葡萄糖含量最低(P<0.05)。结论:饮水中添加氯化钾,日粮添加维生素C可以显著缓解热应激对21 d肉鸡生长性能的负面影响,其中肉鸡环境温度在25~35℃时,饮水添加0.1%氯化钾,日粮添加400 mg维生素C可以改善肉鸡的生长性能。     

重组鸭β-防御素-2制剂对樱桃谷肉鸭免疫性能及肠道绒毛的影响

试验旨在研究重组鸭β-防御素-2制剂对肉鸭免疫性能与肠道绒毛的影响。将1 000只11日龄肉鸭随机分成5个处理组,每处理组4个重复,每重复50只肉鸭。A组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;B组在基础饲粮中添加500 g/t杆菌肽锌;C、D和E组分别在基础饲粮中添加300、450和600 g/t的重组鸭β-防御素-2制剂。试验结果表明:胸腺指数,E组显著高于A、B和C组(P<0.05);A和D组均显著高于B和C组(P<0.05);其余各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。脾指数各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。法氏囊指数,除E组显著高于A组外(P<0.05),其余各组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。随重组鸭β-防御素-2制剂添加量的增加,胸腺指数、脾指数及法氏囊指数均有增加的趋势。禽流感疫苗抗体效价E组显著高于A和B组(P<0.05),其余各组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。随重组鸭β-防御素-2制剂添加量的增加,禽流感抗体效价也有增加的趋势。十二指肠绒毛高度,C和D组均显著高于A和B组(P<0.05)。空肠绒毛高度,A组显著高于B、C、D和E组(P<0.05)。十二指肠与空肠隐窝深度均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验结果表明:重组鸭β-防御素-2制剂能提高肉鸭的免疫性能与肠道绒毛的高度。     

L-精氨酸对免疫应激扬州鹅生长发育的影响

选取24只28日龄健康扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为3组,每组4个重复。A、B组饲喂基础日粮并分别注射生理盐水、新城疫1(以下简称ND-1)系疫苗,C组饲喂添加0.5%精氨酸的基础日粮并注射ND-1系疫苗。试验期间于29和43日龄注射疫苗或生理盐水,旨在研究日粮添加精氨酸对免疫应激扬州鹅生长性能和内脏器官发育的影响。结果表明:C组鹅各个阶段的平均体增重均高于其他两组,而饲料增重比低于其他2组(P>0.05);C组鹅十二指肠长度显著大于B组(P<0.05);ND-1系疫苗刺激导致鹅肝脏显著增大(P<0.05)。ND-1系疫苗刺激导致鹅的脾脏重量增加(P>0.05),而胸腺和法氏囊重量减小(P>0.05),饲料中添加0.5%的精氨酸对鹅血清新城疫抗体效价无显著影响。本试验表明,精氨酸在一定程度上缓解了免疫应激对鹅产生的不利影响。     

益生菌与酶制剂及其协同效应对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能和免疫器官指数的影响

为研究益生菌与酶制剂对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能及免疫器官指数的影响,试验选用5日龄体重相近的健康雌性黄羽肉鸡675羽,随机分成5个处理,每处理5个重复,每重复27羽,处理Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组分别在基础日粮中添加25 g/t益生菌制剂、150 g/t复合酶制剂、25 g/t益生菌制剂+150 g/t复合酶制剂、300 g/t抗敌素。结果显示,益生菌与酶制剂联用的Ⅳ组获得了最佳的屠宰率,分别比Ⅰ组和Ⅴ组提高0.75%(P>0.05)和0.79%(P>0.05),而Ⅳ组的全净膛率较Ⅰ组提高5.80%(P<0.01),且与添加抗生素的Ⅴ组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);同时各处理组胸腺指数、脾脏指数、法氏囊指数均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,各添加剂对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能及免疫器官指数的作用效果存在差异,但益生菌与酶制剂协同效应表现出了较好的优势,在一定程度上优于抗生素添加组。     

黄芪、枸杞、金银花等中草药复方制剂对肉鸡免疫器官发育及免疫功能的影响

为了研究由黄芪、枸杞、金银花等药材组成的复方中草药制剂对肉鸡免疫器官发育及免疫功能的影响,将1日龄健康AA肉鸡1 000羽随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,每组5个重复,每个重复50羽,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复方中草药制剂,试验期42d。结果显示,在21日龄时,试验Ⅱ组肉鸡法氏囊指数、血清IgG和IgM含量以及NDV抗体和IL-4水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅲ组脾质量和器官指数以及血清IL-2和IFN-γ水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅰ组肉鸡血清IgG含量和NDV抗体水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05);在42日龄时,试验Ⅱ组肉鸡胸腺和法氏囊质量与器官指数、血清IgG和IgM含量以及NDV抗体和IL-4水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅲ组肉鸡脾质量与器官指数、血清IgG和IgM含量以及IL-2、IL-4和IFN-γ水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅰ组肉鸡血清IgG和IgM含量以及NDV抗体水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。显微观察可见,在21日龄时,试验Ⅱ组肉鸡法氏囊组织结构清晰,法氏囊小结面积显著大于对照组(P0.05),小结内淋巴细胞数量较多,排列紧密。在42日龄时,试验Ⅱ组肉鸡胸腺皮质厚度显著大于对照组(P0.05),法氏囊小结面积显著大于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅲ组肉鸡胸腺皮质厚度显著大于对照组(P0.05),脾小结和脾动脉周围淋巴鞘小结面积显著大于对照组(P0.05),脾小结数量也明显较多;试验Ⅰ组肉鸡脾小结面积也明显大于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明,日粮中添加不同剂量黄芪、枸杞、金银花等复方中草药制剂对肉鸡免疫器官发育和免疫功能可产生不同程度的促进作用,其中以添加1.0%复方中草药制剂效果最好。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.