白僵菌的致病性与应用

本文对白僵菌的致病性、侵染过程与致病机制和应用等方面进行了概述。     

Disease resistance induced by nonantagonistic endophytic Streptomyces spp. on tissue-cultured seedlings of rhododendron

Of 82 strains of endophytic actinomycetes isolated from rhododendron plants, 12 were not antagonistic against Pestalotiopsis sydowiana, which is the causal agent of Pestalotia disease. Of these 12, MBR-37 and MBR-38 (identified as Streptomyces spp.) grew on IMA-2 medium. Tissue-cultured seedlings of rhododendron treated with these nonantagonistic strains showed less wilting and/or smaller lesions to P. sydowiana, although the degree of resistance was a little lower than that conferred by antagonistic Streptomyces galbus strain R-5. These seedlings accumulated the anthocyanin(s), suggesting that resistance induced by these strains could depend on activated defense responses associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway rather than with antibiosis.     

Microbial control of plant diseases with Streptomyces spp.1

Light-coloured Sphagnum fuscum peat is the substrate most widely used in glasshouses in Finland. A number of Streptomyces strains which are strongly antagonistic against a number of soil and seed-borne fungal pathogens, both in vitro and in vivo, have been isolated from light-coloured peat. Seed dusting with Streptomyces prevented or reduced damping-off and foot-rot disease caused by Alternaria brassicicola and Rhizoctonia solani on crucifers. Seed treatment slightly increased yields of cereals in fields experiments. Spraying the substrate with a suspension of Streptomyces reduced root diseases on cucumbers caused by Pythium, and in many cases successfully prevented fusarium wilt of carnations. A dry powder preparation has been made from the Streptomyces isolates, and applied at a dose of 5-10 g kg^-1 in seed dusting, and 0.1-10 g 100 m^-2 when spraying the substrate. The microbe was most effective in peat soil, although good results have also been obtained in fine sand and clay soils.     

Possible Root Infection of Cercospora beticola in Sugar Beet

A potential primary infection site of the foliar pathogen Cercospora beticola in sugar beet is described. Sugar beet seedlings of the susceptible cv. Auris were grown in a standard soil for 14 days. A monoconidial culture of a C. beticola isolate was grown to produce conidia. In experiment 1, roots were immersed in a conidial suspension of isolate code IRS 00-4, or in tap water (control), for 2 days. After incubation seedlings were potted in a peat – fine river sand mixture and placed at low relative humidity (RH) (<80%) or high RH (100%). Twelve days after infection, seedlings at high RH showed more disease incidence (90%) than seedlings grown at low RH (disease incidence = 25%), whereas no disease symptoms developed in the control seedlings. Cercospora leaf spots (CLSs) developed on the cotyledons, leaves, petioles and stems of the seedlings. In experiment 2, roots were immersed in a conidial suspension of isolate code IRS 00-2 for 5 h. Thirty-four days after infection at high RH, 100% disease incidence was observed in the treated seedlings and one CLS in the control treatment. First indications of leaf spot development were observed as reddish purple discolouration of individual parenchymatic cells. Because splash dispersal and symptoms due to infested soil were excluded, we showed that it is possible to obtain CLS symptoms in sugar beet seedlings when their roots were immersed in conidial suspensions of C. beticola, thus demonstrating that roots can be a primary infection site.     

高抗根结线虫病海洋链霉菌的初步筛选

由根结线虫(Meloidogynespp.)引起的植物根结线虫病在全球范围内普遍发生,严重威胁蔬菜、烟草、花生等各种农作物的生长[1,2]。根结线虫在无寄主植物存在的条件下,仍可存活3年之久。当气温达到10℃以上时,孵化出的二龄幼虫伺机从根毛或根部皮层侵入植物根部,从而危害植物的生长,并能刺激寄主细胞加速分裂,使受害部位形成根瘤或根结[3]。至今已发现了90余个杀线虫菌物毒素,包括来自子囊菌、担子菌、半知菌、接合菌及其生物活性代谢产物[4]。海洋具有丰富的微生物资源,因此,从海洋中筛选高抗根结线虫病的海洋链霉菌,从其发酵液中提取大量具有…     

Infection and disease development of Quambalaria spp. on Corymbia and Eucalyptus species

Quambalaria spp. are eucalypt leaf and shoot pathogens of growing global importance, yet virtually nothing is known regarding the manner in which they infect and colonize their hosts. A study of the infection process of Q. pitereka and Q. eucalypti on Corymbia and Eucalyptus species was thus undertaken using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy after artificial inoculation. Conidial germination was triggered when relative humidity levels exceeded 90% and commenced within 2 h in the presence of free water. Light reduced germination but did not prevent germination from occurring. Conidial germination and hyphal growth occurred on the upper and lower leaf surfaces with penetration occurring via the stomata or wounds on the leaf surface or juvenile stems. There was no evidence of direct penetration of the host. Following penetration through the stomata, Q. pitereka and Q. eucalypti hyphae grew only intercellularly without the formation of haustoria or interaction apparatus, which is characteristic of the order Microstromatales. Instead, the presence of an interaction zone is demonstrated in this paper. Conidiophores arose through stomatal openings producing conidia 7 days after infection.     

Infection by Neopestalotiopsis spp. occurs on unwounded eucalyptus leaves and is favoured by long periods of leaf wetness

Brazil is the leader in the global ranking of forest productivity; however, one of the major challenges to eucalyptus production is the existence of fungal diseases. A severe epidemic caused by pestalotiopsis-like fungi was observed in a forest nursery in Brazil, causing a huge impact on the eucalyptus micropropagation stages. The aims of the present study were to identify the causal agents associated with pestalotiopsis leaf spot and dieback in eucalyptus, assess their pathogenicity to different commercial clones, and evaluate which conditions favour conidial germination and infection by the pathogens. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses using ITS, TEF and TUB identified the isolates as members of Neopestalotiopsis and segregated them into three species. Isolates from all Neopestalotiopsis spp. caused symptoms on unwounded eucalyptus leaves and disease development was strongly dependent on long leaf wetness periods (≥72 h). All four commercial clones tested were susceptible to the pathogen. These results clearly dispute the commonly held assumption that pestalotioid fungi are weak and opportunistic pathogens. This is the first report of different phylogenetic species of Neopestalotiopsis causing dieback, leaf and stem lesions in eucalyptus cuttings and provides a basis for developing novel disease management strategies in forest nurseries.     

Induced Systemic Resistance and Promotion of Plant Growth by Bacillus spp

ABSTRACT Elicitation of induced systemic resistance (ISR) by plant-associated bacteria was initially demonstrated using Pseudomonas spp. and other gram-negative bacteria. Several reviews have summarized various aspects of the large volume of literature on Pseudomonas spp. as elicitors of ISR. Fewer published accounts of ISR by Bacillus spp. are available, and we review this literature for the first time. Published results are summarized showing that specific strains of the species B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. pasteurii, B. cereus, B. pumilus, B. mycoides, and B. sphaericus elicit significant reductions in the incidence or severity of various diseases on a diversity of hosts. Elicitation of ISR by these strains has been demonstrated in greenhouse or field trials on tomato, bell pepper, muskmelon, watermelon, sugar beet, tobacco, Arabidopsis sp., cucumber, loblolly pine, and two tropical crops (long cayenne pepper and green kuang futsoi). Protection resulting from ISR elicited by Bacillus spp. has been reported against leaf-spotting fungal and bacterial pathogens, systemic viruses, a crown-rotting fungal pathogen, root-knot nematodes, and a stem-blight fungal pathogen as well as damping-off, blue mold, and late blight diseases. Reductions in populations of three insect vectors have also been noted in the field: striped and spotted cucumber beetles that transmit cucurbit wilt disease and the silver leaf whitefly that transmits Tomato mottle virus. In most cases, Bacillus spp. that elicit ISR also elicit plant growth promotion. Studies on mechanisms indicate that elicitation of ISR by Bacillus spp. is associated with ultrastructural changes in plants during pathogen attack and with cytochemical alterations. Investigations into the signal transduction pathways of elicited plants suggest that Bacillus spp. activate some of the same pathways as Pseudomonas spp. and some additional pathways. For example, ISR elicited by several strains of Bacillus spp. is independent of salicylic acid but dependent on jasmonic acid, ethylene, and the regulatory gene NPR1-results that are in agreement with the model for ISR elicited by Pseudomonas spp. However, in other cases, ISR elicited by Bacillus spp. is dependent on salicylic acid and independent of jasmonic acid and NPR1. In addition, while ISR by Pseudomonas spp. does not lead to accumulation of the defense gene PR1 in plants, in some cases, ISR by Bacillus spp. does. Based on the strains and results summarized in this review, two products for commercial agriculture have been developed, one aimed mainly at plant growth promotion for transplanted vegetables and one, which has received registration from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, for disease protection on soybean.     

甜菜夜蛾对昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂的敏感性测定

用浸叶法测定了7种昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂对山东甜菜夜蛾田间种群的敏感性。监测结果表明:不同甜菜夜蛾品系或种群对供试药剂的敏感性均存在明显差异。甜菜夜蛾敏感品系对供试药剂的敏感性倍数为甲氧酰肼∶氟啶脲∶虫酰肼∶氟铃脲∶氟虫脲∶抑食肼∶除虫脲为95.74∶0.13∶2.01∶3.49∶.23∶.11∶;泰安范镇、潍坊寿光及临沂罗庄田间种群对供试药剂的敏感性顺序与甜菜夜蛾敏感品系的敏感性顺序基本一致。与敏感品系相比,3个甜菜夜蛾田间种群对同一种供试药剂的敏感性均有不同程度的下降,其中对虫酰肼和氟啶脲的敏感性下降倍数达到3以上,表现出低水平抗药性。     

0702和GP7-13对植物细菌性青枯病的防治和增产作用

本实验室近年从我国植物细菌性青枯病流行地区植物根围分离到了800余株细菌菌株。经室内测试,其中有2株芽孢杆菌(Bacillusspp.)菌株,在温室盆栽试验中对番茄青枯病[Ralstoniasolanacearum(Smith)Yabuuchietal]表现出较好的防治效果,并对植株有较强的促进生长作用。在湖北、四川和北京郊区的田间试验中,表现出良好的青枯病防效和对马铃薯的增产作用。本文将报道这方面研究结果。1　材料与方法1.1　供试拮抗菌和青枯菌接种体的准备　无菌条件下从原菌种管矿油斜面上分别挑取芽孢杆菌菌株GP7 13、0702菌苔少许,在NA平板上划线,30℃条件下培…     

河北省红富士苹果青霉病病菌种类鉴定

青霉病在苹果储藏期引起苹果腐烂,造成较大的经济损失.对采自河北省保定、沧州、石家庄等地冷库红富士苹果病果进行分析,共分离到42个青霉菌菌株.根据病原菌的形态特征,将42个菌株划分为4个类型.依据柯赫氏法则对分离到的菌株进行研究,4个类型青霉均为致病菌,分别为扩展青霉、冰岛青霉、壳青霉和圆弧青霉.根据分离频率和致病性数据分析,扩展青霉为优势菌株.     

流动沙漠腹地柽柳叶片的生长规律

研究极端干旱区植物叶片生长特征对筛选防风固沙植物有重要意义。在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中植物园柽柳专类园区,选择8种不同柽柳,研究了生长季内叶片生长规律。结果显示:1)柽柳属不同种的单叶表面积增长模型较为类似,总体差异不大,但其增长的规律性极强,以y=ax2+bx-c二项式增长模型为主;2)方差分析发现,不同柽柳种间单叶面积差异极显著(F>F0.01);单叶鲜重和干重的差异亦明显;3)柽柳单叶表面积与其干重存在正相关关系,以y=axb的乘幂关系为主。说明塔中沙漠植物园不同柽柳叶面积增长特征有所不同,防护林和固沙树种选择过程中可优先考虑叶面积增长迅速,生物量积累快的柽柳-长穗柽柳和刚毛柽柳。     

假单胞菌产生的抗生素

假单胞菌属Pseudomonas群体庞大,广泛分布于土壤、水体和动植物中,并产生大量的次生代谢产物以适应环境的变化。抗生素为假单胞菌在自然生态条件下的生存提供了重要的竞争手段,同时也是生防假单胞菌防治植物病害的主要机制之一。本文介绍假单胞菌产生的抗生素种类、作用机制、不同浓度下抗生素的生物学功能,以及假单胞菌抗生素在医学和农业病害防治中的应用。