北京地区温室地源热泵供暖能耗及经济性分析

为研究地热在温室中应用的可行性,该文在北京地区一栋日光温室中采用地下水式地源热泵系统进行了供暖试验研究。试验结果表明,整个供暖期（2007年10月15日－2008年3月10日）地源热泵系统的供暖性能系数约为3.83,与燃煤热水采暖系统相比,地源热泵系统供暖可节约42%的能源消耗量,具有显著的节能减排效果。温室内单位面积的每日供暖耗电量约为0.15 kW·h/(m2·d),供暖费用约为0.12元/(m2·d)。地源热泵供暖、天然气供暖、燃煤热水供暖以及燃油热风供暖几种温室采暖方式的相对运行费用分别约为1.20、1.31、1.00与3.36,地源热泵供暖的运行费用略高于燃煤热水供暖,但低于天然气供暖和燃油热风供暖。     

太阳能―天然气分户式供暖系统的运行及节能效果

太阳能-天然气分户式供暖将家用太阳能热水系统的储热水箱串联于壁挂炉供暖回路中,利用储热水加热供暖回水。为了分析上述联合供暖系统的运行规律和能量转换过程,利用太阳辐射标准监测仪和太阳能热水系统热性能测试仪对呼和浩特市某用户进行了试验研究。实际测量了太阳能热水系统能量贡献、壁挂炉天然气消耗、供暖回水温度等性能参数,结果表明太阳能热水系统参与壁挂炉供暖互补性强、运行稳定,太阳能热水系统对供暖的有效能量贡献为3493.4MJ,节约天然气101 m3,同时联合供暖系统存在供暖回水加热储热水现象,造成一定的能量损失。该文可为分户式太阳能-天然气联合供暖的组合和运行提供参考。     

不同节能改造方式猪舍的供暖能耗和经济性比较

为降低猪舍冬季供暖能耗,以12头母猪的分娩猪舍常见围护结构为基础,理论与试验相结合分析了不同节能改造方式的供暖能耗和经济指标。结果表明:未保温猪舍、外墙保温猪舍、外墙天棚保温门窗进风猪舍和外墙天棚保温天棚进风猪舍1个供暖季总能耗分别为118.2、45.2、35.3和0.2 kW·h/m~2。4种猪舍不需要供暖的时长占供暖期总时长的比例分别为10%、28%、33%和96%。外墙保温猪舍与未保温猪舍相比、外墙天棚保温门窗进风猪舍与外墙保温猪舍相比、外墙天棚保温天棚进风猪舍与外墙天棚保温门窗进风猪舍相比、外墙天棚保温天棚进风猪舍与外墙保温猪舍相比,节约的单位能耗的改造成本分别为1.2、40.4、0.2和9.0 Yuan/(kW·h)。以节约单位能耗所需投资最小目标选择猪舍节能改造方式,以墙体保温节能改造最好;以猪舍总能耗最低为目标,则猪舍墙体和天棚均需节能改造并进行天棚预热新风通风。     

基于热平衡模型的温室地表水源热泵系统供暖设计与试验

为降低长江三角洲温室冬季供暖能耗,提出一种采用温室运行热负荷预测技术进行开放式温室地表水源热泵供暖系统（surface water-source heat hump system,SWSHPS）的供暖设计方法。结合温室的工程运行实际和各种环境因素,建立了温室热平衡预测模型。并采用MATLAB/SIMULINK模块进行了8种温室环境条件下的能量数值模拟,计算了温室不同覆盖材料和保温幕状态的能耗,当室外空气温度为0℃时,纳米掺锑二氧化锡涂膜玻璃温室比普通浮法玻璃温室可减少能耗23%,夜间开启保温幕比收拢可减少能耗22%。最后进行了温室冬季供暖试验,试验结果表明：室内空气温度垂直分布较均匀,能够满足设计要求,1月份系统平均制热性能系数（coefficient of performance,COP）值为2.3。基于热平衡预测模型设计的温室地表水水源热泵供暖系统是可行的。     

地源热泵技术对规模化猪场节能减排的影响

为寻求规模化猪场环境控制中的节能减排措施,根据地源热泵技术在规模化猪场应用的实例,计算分析其投资的经济可行性和节能减排效果。结果表明,地源热泵系统较燃煤锅炉系统增加了环境控制设备投资,在现行煤电价格体制下,额外静态投资回收期6.4 a。地源热泵系统比传统的燃煤锅炉节能,热泵机组的理论COP大于4.0,一次能源利用效率大于1.28。地源热泵系统的CO2减排量为燃煤锅炉供暖方式排放量的60%。另外,在猪舍夏季降温方面,地源热泵系统较传统的蒸发降温方式节水。地源热泵系统是一种节能减排的规模化猪场环境控制方式。     

植物工厂水蓄能型地下水源热泵供热系统节能运行特性研究

植物工厂供热系统中,采用传统能源存在一次能源利用率低且污染严重的问题。地下水源热泵节能环保,如果结合蓄能技术可进一步降低运行能耗。该文以上海崇明自然光植物工厂为例,对水蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统进行节能运行特性研究。结果表明:水蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统在冬季运行时,采用基于分时电价政策的间歇运行模式,即在电价低谷时,热泵机组边供热边蓄热;在电价高峰期,充分利用蓄热水箱供热。典型周内供能系统按照间歇模式运行可以维持室内温度17~26℃之间,系统稳定运行时,热泵机组制热功率与耗电功率的比值(coefficient of performance,COP)稳定在4.2左右。其中计算典型日水蓄能型地下水源热泵系统比不蓄能系统节省30.34%的费用,供能系统COP为3.17,进一步说明系统较为高效平稳。系统冬季运行一次能源利用系数0.99,相对于冷水机组与燃煤锅炉配套系统,节能率达到81.05%。计算不同能源冬季加热成本,燃煤、燃气和燃油方式分别是该系统运行成本的1.25、2.93和5.08倍。实践表明,水蓄能型地下水源热泵式供热系统不仅能够移峰填谷,降低运行费用,而且充分合理地利用地热能,节能减排,具有良好的经济和环保效益。     

北京市猪舍节能改造的节能及保温效果

为了寻找北京市猪场节能的途径,对北京市既有供暖猪舍建筑围护结构保温性能进行了调查,并对370 mm厚墙、黏土瓦屋顶猪舍进行了墙体外贴保温板、黏土瓦屋顶上增加彩钢夹芯板保温层等节能改造,对节能潜力进行了估算,然后通过温度实测试验比较了节能改造舍与对照舍冬季的热环境状况。结果表明,北京市猪舍墙体、屋顶、窗户均不够节能;在假设供暖猪舍舍内冬季温度为20℃,供暖期为125 d的情况下,370 mm厚墙、黏土瓦屋顶猪舍1个采暖季的耗煤量为72 kg/m2,经过节能改造后,可节能69%。节能改造的投资回收期约为7.4 a。在舍外日平均温度为2.6~9.3℃情况下,试验节能改造舍舍内日平均温度较对照舍高1~3℃。舍外逐时温度越低,节能改造舍与对照舍内逐时温度差越大。试验期间,舍外逐时温度最低值为-2.3℃时,节能改造舍较对照舍逐时温度提高3.6℃。该文可为北京市既有供暖猪舍改造方案提供参考。     

冬季采暖保育猪舍送排风管道组合换气系统设计与评价

为实现保育猪舍内局部环境通风调控,该研究设计一种垂直送排风管道组合换气系统。采用CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）技术对垂直管道通风模式下舍内的空气流场进行模拟,并以相对湿度和CO2浓度作为输入变量建立通风模糊控制系统。模拟结果显示保育猪所在水泥地板区域风速保持在0.1～0.2 m/s。参照模拟结果,以猪栏为通风单元对保育猪舍通风系统进行改造,舍内气流不均匀性系数在0.1以下,表明采用该换气系统的保育猪舍通风均匀性较好;猪舍温度在21～25 ℃,相对湿度小于70%,NH3浓度小于5 mg/m3,CO2浓度小于1 200 mg/m3,舍内各项环境参数适宜保育猪健康生长。系统运行功耗为270～1 150 W。现场测试与分析结果表明,该垂直送排风管道组合换气系统,可以精确控制猪舍环境,兼顾冬季猪舍通风与保温问题。     

地源热泵—地板散热系统在温室冬季供暖中的应用

针对浅层地能低品位的特点,在中国农业科学院Venlo型试验温室内设计建造了一套地源热泵与地板散热方式相结合的供暖系统,并对加热效果进行了试验,结果表明:温室内垂直方向的气温随着高度的增加而下降,水平方向气温分布均匀,温度分布有利于植物的生长。整套地源热泵系统的实际制热系数COP值达到3.14,与燃煤锅炉相比节能36.3%,节能效果明显。     

日光温室地源热泵供暖碳足迹的生命周期分析

为分析日光温室地源热泵供暖的碳足迹,该文以日光温室地源热泵供暖系统中浅层地热能的存储、提取、制冷压缩提升和温室末端供暖整个过程为研究对象,对系统的温室气体排放和单位温室供暖面积的排放水平进行分析,构建基于生命周期分析LCA(life cycle assessment)的日光温室地源热泵供暖碳足迹分析方法。同时以北京地区日光温室地源热泵系统冬季供暖采集的试验数据为依据,分析和计算出北京地区日光温室在采用燃煤和燃气2种不同发电方式下地源热泵系统的供暖碳足迹和基于20 a和100 a温室地源热泵供暖碳足迹的全球变化潜能(global warming potential,GWP,单位为二氧化碳当量排放-CO2-eq.)的变化。研究表明,在北京地区采用燃煤和燃气驱动地源热泵系统的碳足迹GWP分别为257和72 g/(m2·d)。基于100 a的GWP总量比20 a的计算值分别减少了1.6%和5.4%。对比荷兰Venlo型温室天然气供暖,该研究中采用燃煤发电驱动日光温室地源热泵供暖的碳足迹是其1.39倍,而燃气发电驱动日光温室地源热泵供暖的碳足迹仅为Venlo型温室供暖的41%。采用燃气发电驱动的地源热泵供暖系统具有更低的碳足迹。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.