1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-responsive element and glucocorticoid repression in the osteocalcin gene

The active hormonal form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH), which regulates cellular replication and function in many tissues and has a role in bone and calcium homeostasis, acts through a hormone receptor homologous with other steroid and thyroid hormone receptors. A 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive element (VDRE), which is within the promoter for osteocalcin [a bone protein induced by 1,25(OH)2D3] is unresponsive to other steroid hormones, can function in a heterologous promoter, and contains a doubly palindromic DNA sequence (TTGGTGACTCACCGGGTGAAC; -513 to -493 bp), with nucleotide sequence homology to other hormone responsive elements. The potent glucocorticoid repression of 1,25(OH)2D3 induction and of basal activity of this promoter acts through a region between -196 and +34 bp, distinct from the VDRE.     

Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the effects of the calcemic hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. We show that VDR also functions as a receptor for the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA), which is hepatotoxic and a potential enteric carcinogen. VDR is an order of magnitude more sensitive to LCA and its metabolites than are other nuclear receptors. Activation of VDR by LCA or vitamin D induced expression in vivo of CYP3A, a cytochrome P450 enzyme that detoxifies LCA in the liver and intestine. These studies offer a mechanism that may explain the proposed protective effects of vitamin D and its receptor against colon cancer.     

Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the avian receptor for vitamin D

Vitamin D3 receptors are intracellular proteins that mediate the nuclear action of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Two receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to recover the complementary DNA (cDNA) of this regulatory protein from a chicken intestinal lambda gt11 cDNA expression library. The amino acid sequences that were deduced from this cDNA revealed a highly conserved cysteine-rich region that displayed homology with a domain characteristic of other steroid receptors and with the gag-erbA oncogene product of avian erythroblastosis virus. RNA selected via hybridization with this DNA sequence directed the cell-free synthesis of immunoprecipitable vitamin D3 receptor. Northern blot analysis of polyadenylated RNA with these cDNA probes revealed two vitamin D receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of 2.6 and 3.2 kilobases in receptor-containing chicken tissues and a major cross-hybridizing receptor mRNA species of 4.2 kilobases in mouse 3T6 fibroblasts. The 4.2-kilobase species was substantially increased by prior exposure of 3T6 cells to 1,25(OH)2D3. This cDNA represents perhaps the rarest mRNA cloned to date in eukaryotes, as well as the first receptor sequence described for an authentic vitamin.     

维生素D对动物免疫细胞的调节作用

维生素D3能调节和控制免疫细胞的增殖和分化,产生免疫调节作用。1,25-二羟维生素D3是维生素D3的活性形式,其功能研究的进展和免疫调节机制的新认识,提示它们在畜禽免疫营养上增强动物抵抗力具有广泛的应用潜力。1,25-二羟维生素D3除了直接作用于T细胞外,还通过各种机制调节单核细胞、巨噬细胞等免疫细胞的表型和功能。该文综述了维生素D3及其活性形式1,25-二羟维生素D3的细胞免疫调节功能的新认识。     

低磷条件下VD_3对大鼠小肠NaPi-Ⅱb mRNA表达及磷吸收的调控

【目的】本试验旨在研究低磷条件下VD3对磷吸收的调节作用。【方法】选择40只断奶后大白鼠(雄),随机分为0.2%(低磷组)和0.6%(正常磷组)两磷(总磷)水平组,每组5个重复,每重复4只大白鼠,试验期7d。试验前6d,每组每只大白鼠肌注VD3代谢抗干忧药物EHDP(二磷酸盐);宰前的12h,每组2只老鼠以600ng/kg.wt剂量注射VD3,为试验组;另2只不注射,为对照组。第7天早晨屠宰、取样。测定血清和骨组织中钙磷及小肠NaPi-Ⅱb载体蛋白mRNA表达量和磷的吸收等指标。【结果】(1)低磷水平对照组骨钙、骨磷分别比正常磷水平低3.33倍(P0.01)和3.03倍(P0.01)。两磷水平试验组VD3含量比对照组高3.08倍和2.32倍,差异极显著;(2)0.2%磷水平小肠各段和肾脏Na+/PiⅡb mRNA表达量试验组皆极显著高于对照组;(3)两磷水平试验组4个部位磷的吸收皆显著或极显著高于对照组,0.2%磷水平试验组较对照组磷吸收4个部位分别提高:51.76%、62.68%、57.79%、47.37%。0.6%磷水平组分别提高18.19%、39.22%、54.72%、39.83%。【结论】(1)低磷情况下,VD3是调节磷吸收的一个重要因素,补充VD3可提高NaPi-Ⅱb转运蛋白mRNA的表达和磷的吸收;(2)VD3对磷吸收的提高作用随着磷水平的增加而减弱。     

Strontium induced rickets: metabolic basis

Dietary strontium inhibits both the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin D(3)-repleted chicks. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol restores calcium absorption to normal, while 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is without effect in the strontium-fed chick. It is suggested that strontium induces rickets by blocking the biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the metabolically active form of vitamin D in the intestine.     

Vitamin D deficiency inhibits pancreatic secretion of insulin

The effects of a vitamin D deficiency on insulin and glucagon release was determined in the isolated perfused rat pancreas by radioimmunoassay of the secreted proteins. During a 30-minute period of perfusion with glucose and arginine, pancreases from vitamin D-deficient rats exhibited a 48 percent reduction in insulin secretion compared to that for pancreases from vitamin D-deficient rats that had been replenished with vitamin D. Vitamin D status had no effect on pancreatic glucagon secretion. This result, along with the previously demonstrated presence in the pancreas of a vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein and cytosol receptor for the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, indicates an important role for vitamin D in the endocrine functioning of the pancreas.     

Stimulation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Vitamin D-deficient rats produce [(3)H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) from [(3)H]25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) regardless of dietary content of calcium or phosphate. A daily dose of 130 picomoles of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) for a period of 5 days reduces production of [(3)H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to essentially zero and stimulates production of [(3)H]24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). A daily dose of 325 picomoles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) has a similar but less dramatic effect. On the other hand, 650 picomoles daily of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) given to vitamin D-deficient rats had no effect. Thus it appears that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is an important factor in the regulation of kidney metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3).     

Embryonic chick intestine in organ culture: response to vitamin D 3 and its metabolites

Embryonic chick intestine maintained in organ culture responded to vitamin D(3) and its metabolites 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by synthesis of calcium-binding protein and enchanced calcium-45 uptake. The dihydroxy metabolite was by far the most potent inducer of the protein and also acted more rapidly than vitamin D(3) to stimulate isotope uptake. Despite its lower potency, vitamin D(3) itself was effective.     

Radioreceptor assay for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

A competitive protein binding assay with a sensitivity of 80 picograms has been developed for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), the hormonal form of vitamin D(3). lalpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) displaced tritiated hormone from a cytosol-chromatin receptor preparation isolated from chick small intestine, providing a simple assay for the hormone. The concentration of lalpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in human plasma, as determined by this assay, is approximately 6 nanograms per 100 milliliters; in patients with renal disease the concentration of this kidney-produced hormone is significantly lower.     

不同水平维生素D3对扬州鹅仔鹅钙磷代谢和免疫机能的影响

【目的】研究在基础日粮中添加不同水平维生素D3（VD3）对仔鹅钙磷代谢和免疫机能的影响。【方法】将300只健康、体重均匀的28日龄扬州鹅公鹅随机分成5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加500、1 000、2 000和4 000 IU•kg-1维生素D3的试验饲粮,饲养至10周龄。【结果】基础日粮中添加1 000 IU•kg-1的维生素D3显著提高了10周龄扬州鹅血清钙含量、胫骨钙含量、胫骨强度和血清免疫球蛋白IgG含量（P＜0.05）;添加2 000 IU•kg-1维生素D3显著提高了血清钙含量（P＜0.01）、胸腺指数和血清白细胞介素-4水平（P＜0.05）;但日粮维生素D3水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性影响不显著（P＞0.05）。【结论】日粮中添加适宜水平的维生素D3（1 000—2 000 IU•kg-1）有利于提高扬州鹅仔鹅的钙代谢和免疫机能。     

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes

A 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor macromolecule was detected in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes from normal humans. This macromolecule was found to be present in monocytes but absent from normal resting peripheral B and T lymphocytes. However, it was present in established lines of malignant B, T, and non-B, non-T human lymphocytes, as well as in T and B lymphocytes obtained from normal humans and activated in vitro.     

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: metabolite of vitamin D3 active on bone in anephric rats

Nephrectomy prevents completely the bone calcium mobilization response to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. In contrast it does not prevent this response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Because it is known that the kidney is the site of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol formation, these results provide evidence that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or a further metabolite thereof and not 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is the metabolically active form of vitamin D(3) responsible for bone calcium mobilization.     

EGF receptor and erbB-2 tyrosine kinase domains confer cell specificity for mitogenic signaling

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) can efficiently couple with mitogenic signaling pathways when it is transfected into interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent 32D hematopoietic cells. When expression vectors for erbB-2, which is structurally related to EGFR, or its truncated counterpart, delta NerbB-2, were introduced into 32D cells, neither was capable of inducing proliferation. This was despite overexpression and constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of their products at levels associated with potent transformation of fibroblast target cells. Thus, EGFR and erbB-2 couple with distinct mitogenic signaling pathways. The region responsible for the specificity of intracellular signal transduction was localized to a 270-amino acid stretch encompassing their respective tyrosine kinase domains. Thus, tissue- or cell-specific regulation of growth factor receptor signaling can occur at a point after the initial interaction of growth factor with receptor. Such specificity in signal transduction may account for the selection of certain oncogenes in some malignancies.     

Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary, and parathyroid

After mature rats that had been fed on a vitamin D3-deficient diet were injected with tritium-labeled 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, radioactivity became concentrated in nuclei of luminal and cryptal epithelium of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon; in nuclei of the epithelium of kidney distal tubules including the macula densa, and in podocytes of glomeruli; in nuclei of the epidermis including outer hairshafts and sebaceous glands; and in nuclei of certain cells of the stomach, anterior and posterior pituitary, and parathyroid. These results reveal cell types that contain receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or metabolites of this compound both in known or hypothesized target tissues and in tissues that were previously unknown to participate in vitamin D3 metabolism.     

Localization of the gene encoding the human interleukin-2 receptor on chromosome 10

The human interleukin-2 receptor is an inducible growth factor receptor present on the surface of activated T lymphocytes. The receptor is required for a normal T-cell immune response. High-resolution fluorescence-activated chromosome sorting and DNA spot-blot analysis with complementary DNA's for the interleukin-2 receptor indicated that the receptor gene was located on chromosome 9, 10, 11, or 12. In situ hybridization studies showed that the interleukin-2 receptor gene is on the short arm of chromosome 10, p14----15.     

Regulation of expression of the interleukin-2 receptor on hematopoietic cells by interleukin-3

Remarkable similarities in the intracellular and genetic events occur when lymphoid and hematopoietic cells are exposed to their specific growth factors. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, whose cell-surface expression is an absolute requirement for the growth and differentiation of lymphoid cells, was detected on various nonlymphoid hematopoietic cell types in this study. Cell lines consisting either of granulocyte-macrophage precursors or mast cells, which are dependent on interleukin-3 (IL-3) for their growth, expressed high levels of the IL-2 receptor on their surface. Analysis of the binding characteristics of these receptors with 125I-labeled recombinant IL-2 revealed that only receptors with low affinity for IL-2 were present on these cells. Addition of purified recombinant IL-3 to these cell lines led to an increase in IL-2 receptor gene expression within 1 hour in isolated nuclei. This IL-3--induced increase in the number of IL-2 receptors on the cell surface is maximal within 24 hours. Addition of 10,000 units of IL-2 to these cells had no apparent effect on their growth or differentiation. The presence of the receptor with only low affinity for IL-2 on hematopoietic cells and the regulation by IL-3 suggest that this receptor is involved in some important metabolic event in hematopoiesis.     

Intestinal calcium transport: stimulation by low phosphorus diets

Rats maintained on a low phosphorus diet supplemented with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) show high intestinal calcium transport activity as compared to rats similarly treated but fed a diet containing adequate phosphorus. This increased transport activity is correlated with an increased biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), the probable metabolically active form of the vitamin in the intestine.