长春市典型城市森林景观秋季美学特征分析与评价

通过美景度评价法(SBE)对长春市典型城市森林景观秋季美学质量进行了科学与系统的分析与评价,将长春市城市森林景观要素与美景度间建立了关系,对影响长春市城市森林群落秋季景观美学特征的因素进行了筛选和提取,在以上分析结果基础上将长春市城市森林景观进行了分类,结果表明:平均冠幅、灌木高度等级、灌木盖度等级、林分密度等级与林分郁闭度等级为影响长春市秋季城市森林景观综合美景度的主导因素。群落乔木树种多样性、乔木生长状况、灌木分布、植物景观密度与群落结构确定为影响长春市秋季城市森林景观的主要因子。并将长春市秋季城市森林景观分为3类,分别为:(1)以郁闭度较低,有阔叶树种,乔木较多,且灌木较少的公园绿地为主的城市森林景观;(2)以针阔混交类型绿地为主,且灌木高度与盖度较大的城市森林景观;(3)多为乔灌草复层结构,并以落叶阔叶林分或针阔混交林分为主,且灌木较多的城市森林景观。由此可见,植物种的合理搭配、密度控制与树种选择,能够改善林分质量、林分层次与景观色彩,是提高城市森林景观质量的重要措施。     

静态模式下的GPS RTK在贵州山地林区信号接收情况分析

以GPS RTK灵锐S82-2008作为试验仪器,选择树种结构类型为阔叶纯林、针叶纯林两种类型林分的高郁闭度(≥0.70)、中郁闭度(0.40～0.69)和低郁闭度(0.20～0.39)共6个试验点进行静态模式下连续定位,并应用相关后处理软件进行数据处理。结果认为,静态模式下GPS RTK在不同树种类型的林冠下信号接收能力均较空旷地带弱;在同一树种结构类型条件下,信号强弱依次为低郁闭度、中郁闭度、高郁闭度;在同一郁闭度等级不同树种结构类型条件下的信号接收强度,阔叶纯林下要比针叶纯林下强。     

天然阔叶混交林林分结构调整技术研究

采用不同更新密度、不同更新树种在不同郁闭度的天然阔叶混交林下进行更新,连续2年对固定标准地进行调查,经过分析得出结论:红松的最佳更新密度为2 000株/hm2,而云彩的最佳更新密度为3 300株/hm2;郁闭度在0.3 ～0.5之间的林分最佳更新树种为红松,郁闭度＜0.3的林分更新树种以云杉好些,郁闭度＞0.5的林分可更新任何树种,其生长量都不占优势,应先进行间伐或抚育伐后再进行人为更新;班克松生长较快,但由于不是耐荫树种,保存率较低,不适宜在天然阔叶混交林下更新.     

黄山地区马尾松更新及抚育(摘要)

马尾松在不同地形和土壤条件下生长情况很不同,在山脊生长最差,16龄林分每公顷立木蓄积100立方米左右,山(山乌)生长最好,同龄林分可达195立方米,且阴坡又比在阳坡生长为好。马尾松为极喜光树种,其幼树高生长在郁闭度为0.3以下时同全光照下生长为比较接近,但在郁闭度为0.5以上时则显著下降。直径比树高对光照的反应更为敏感。当更新在总复盖度达70%左右的栎类萌生林分中,就有70%的幼树严     

亚热带4种森林生物量估算转换参数的研究

对我国亚热带森林资源调查中典型的4种森林类型(杉木林、马尾松林、落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林)的林分生物量数据进行整合分析,计算4种森林类型从林分蓄积量估算林分生物量的主要转换参数平均值,并分析影响转换参数的林分因子。结果表明:(1)杉木林、马尾松林、落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林4种森林类型中优势树种的木材基本密度平均值分别为0.313 3、0.412 5、0.502 1和0.527 4,木材基本密度因树种种源、种系、立地条件、林龄、林分密度等因子的不同而不同。(2)杉木林、马尾松林、落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林生物量扩展因子的平均值分别为1.308 9、1.265 4、1.423 3和1.391 3,根冠比的平均值分别为0.169 4、0.177 2、0.239 1和0.263 5。(3)4种森林类型的生物量扩展因子和根冠比随林龄、平均胸径和平均树高的增加而减少,随林分密度的增加而增加。4种森林类型的生物量估算转换参数间存在明显的差异,因此,在估算森林生物量时应按具体的森林类型进行估算,同时还应考虑林龄、林分密度、平均胸径和平均树高等林分因子的影响。     

流溪河国家森林公园天然次生阔叶混交林林分结构与植物多样性

探讨流溪河国家森林公园林分结构和植物多样性，旨在为其天然次生阔叶混交林森林经营和植物多样性保护提供理论依据。研究结果表明，1)流溪河国家森林公园植物多样性高，天然更新能力强。乔木树种和林下植物的单种科组成都在50%及以上，幼苗种类和数量较多，林分天然更新能力较强，幼树相对较少。2)林分郁闭度、株数密度、胸径差异大，林木空间布局有待调整。标准地郁闭度为0.64～0.90,株数密度为675～1 975株/hm²,胸径在5.0～44.5cm之间，林分空间分布多为团状分布，林木竞争处于中庸状态。3)乔木层植物多样性丰富，灌木层植物多样性受林分因子的影响。不同林层中，乔木层的4个指数相对较大；灌木层植物受郁闭度、平均胸径等林分因子的影响，草本层基本不受影响，幼树幼苗层受郁闭度的影响。因此，可进行森林抚育间伐，适度调整林分密度和空间分布，提高幼树幼苗的数量和质量，丰富林下灌木种类，提高流溪河国家森林公园植物群落的多样性和稳定性，确保森林持续稳定发展。     

滨海前沿木麻黄林下更新试验

在滨海前沿木麻黄基干林带下的树种更新试验结果表明,不同树种的适应性差异显著,湿地松较木麻黄稍耐荫些,乌墨的长势最差,客土量大小对林下树种生长无显著影响;林带郁闭度对林分高、径生长有显著或极显著影响,随着郁闭度增大,林分生长量逐渐下降,林内树木生长显著低于皆伐更新林分;林下木麻黄、湿地松树高生长与林带郁闭度之间呈线性相关。     

主要乔木树种碳储量与碳密度分布特征——以昆明市海口林场为例

以昆明市海口林场2016年森林资源二类调查数据为基础,利用生物量扩展因子法,结合各树种的计算参数,研究了海口林场不同年龄组和林分起源主要乔木树种碳储量及碳密度分布特征。结果表明：海口林场主要乔木树种的总碳储量为171 695.53 t,平均碳密度为34.88 t·hm^-2。就不同树种而言,碳储量大小依次为华山松(65 974.30 t)>柏木(26 433.18 t)>桉类(24 810.27 t)>桤木(21 488.32 t)>栎类(11 590.24 t)>云南松(9 827.61 t)>银荆(6 318.67 t)>油杉(3 028.75 t)>杨树(1 980.52 t)>其他阔叶树(243.68 t);就不同林龄而言,碳储量主要集中在中龄林和近熟林上,而碳密度则是随着林龄增大呈先增后减的变化趋势;就不同林分类型而言,人工林的碳储量和碳密度大于天然林,针叶林的大于阔叶林,纯林的大于混交林。因此,碳储量大小取决于树种类型、林分起源、林龄等因素,森林碳循环管理应重视分类管理,合理配置并优化林分结构,以此提...     

黄浦江水源涵养林林分结构分析及其经营管理

涵养水源是森林生态系统的重要功能之一,由于树种不同、林分结构不同,森林涵养水源的能力也各有差异。文章基于上海市2020年度森林资源监测成果,从群落结构、树种结构、郁闭度结构、优势树种(组)组成等主要方面,对黄浦江水源涵养林乔木林林分结构现状进行了统计和分析;从垂直层面、地坪层面2个角度对黄浦江水源涵养林林分结构在水源涵养功能发挥方面的影响进行了分析和讨论。讨论结果认为,不合理的林分结构影响了黄浦江水源涵养林水源涵养功能的正常发挥。从经营规划方案编制及种植密度调整、树种结构调整、抚育管理方式调整等方面对黄浦江水源涵养林今后的经营管理提出了针对性建议,以促进其水源涵养功能的充分发挥。     

几种混交林对黄斑星天牛的抗虫性研究

在青海西宁的黄斑星天牛危害核心区,以青杨、旱柳、新疆杨、毛白杨、三倍体毛白杨、杜梨、沙枣、海棠、山楂为造林树种营造了7种混交试验林,以观测研究不同混交林(纯林)对黄斑星天牛的抗性.结果表明:多树种混交林比纯林对该虫害的抗性强;青杨与其他杨树的混交林对其抗虫性有明显的差异,该树种在林分中起到了诱虫作用.     

Retention of aspen (Populus tremulae) at final cuttings - The effect of dead wood characteristics on saproxylic beetles

To preserve biodiversity in managed forest landscapes dead and living trees are retained at final cuttings. In the present study we evaluated the effect of these practices for saproxylic (wood-dependent) beetles inhabiting dead aspen trees (Populus tremulae). For saproxylic beetles, tree retention at final cuttings can be expected to be especially valuable for species adapted to sun-exposed dead wood, a substrate that only rarely occurs in well managed forest stands. Therefore, the current evaluation was conducted as a comparison of species richness, species density (number of species per sample), assemblage composition and occurrence of individual species between clear-cuts, where aspen trees were retained, and closed forest stands with aspen trees. The study was conducted in central Sweden and the beetles were sampled by sieving of bark from CWD (coarse woody debris) of aspen. There was no significant difference in rarefied species richness between forest and clear-cut sites. Species composition differed significantly between the two stand types. Generalized linear mixed-effects models predicted the species density to be 34% lower in CWD objects in forest sites than on clear-cuts. This pattern could partly be explained by differences in CWD diameter, decay class and bark types between the two stand types (clear-cut/forest). Stand type was a significant predictor of occurrence in individual CWD objects for 30% of analysed individual beetle species. For all species except one, the variable stand type predicted higher occurrence on clear-cuts than in forest stands. To conclude, our results demonstrate that retention of aspen on clear-cuts contributes to population recruitment of a different assemblage of species than CWD within stands.     

油松—白桦混交林种间关系研究

在调查河北隆化县油松－白烨混交林的林木生物量（地上部生物量及根系生物量）、林下草灌木、林地枯落物的总量以及不同混交距离油松地上地下部分生长发育状态的基础上，研究了混交林的种间关系。结果表明，该混交林作为华北地区广泛分布的一种林型，林下草灌木繁茂，林地枯落物分解迅速，有利于土壤理化性质和林分营养状况的改善，种间关系处于基本协调状态。由于林龄及密度原因，混交林生物量略低于油松纯林，在混交林中白桦对油松的生长有一定的抑制作用，抑制作用因混交距离而变化。本文提出了合适的混交距离和混交方式。     

东南沿海木麻黄防护林主要配置模式的评价与应用

选取对沿海防护林体系建设有重要影响的生态防护价值、经济价值、社会价值三大类8个指标,从理论与买践相结合的角度,应用层次分析法对东南沿海基于林带后沿沙地防护林7种主要配置模式进行定性分析、定量评价．结果表明,在策略层各影响评价因子中,生态防护功能依然占首位,社会经济价值指标也占了很高的比重．各配置模式综合效益由大到小排序依次为：木麻黄与相思类混交（D1）〉林果复合经营（D6）〉木麻黄与多树种混交（D4）〉木麻黄与桉树类混交（D2）〉木麻黄与其他树种混交（D5）〉木麻黄与灌木（D7）混交〉麻黄与松树类混交（D3）．根据所得结果还对各种配置模式在海岸带的梯度配置进行了分析．     

Grapevine (Vitis spp.) dynamics in association with manual tending,physiography, and host tree associations in temperate deciduous forests

The role of lianas (woody vines) in the development and diversity of both tropical and temperate forests under differing management scenarios has not been thoroughly explored. We examined changes in grapevine (Vitis spp.) densities over time in clearcut stands as influenced by manual tending, physiography, and host tree associations. We used data from long-term studies on 66 clearcut stands dominated by temperate deciduous forest tree species on the Hoosier National Forest in south-central Indiana, USA. Fourteen of the stands had grapevines removed manually, approximately during the stem exclusion stage of development. Grapevine densities steadily increased from age 5 until age 15, which coincides with the period of stem exclusion of these stands. Subsequent grapevine mortality may have been related to light competition. Manually treated stands had similar grapevine densities as untreated stands after 20 years across sites, and it appeared that only on the most xeric area was the grapevine treatment effective in reducing grapevine densities. During early stand development, ranging from ages 5 to 17, grapevine density was strongly related to slope position, but as stands developed through the stem exclusion stage, aspect emerged as a stronger factor influencing grapevine density. Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), walnut (Juglans spp.), and elm (Ulmus spp.) were the most common grapevine host trees under both treated and untreated scenarios, which may be associated with the crown architecture of these species. Results suggest lianas play a critical role in the early development of disturbed forest sites in temperate deciduous forests. With concerns that lianas are increasing in abundance and distribution in these forest types, understanding their role in forest dynamics, such as host tree associations at different stages of development, competition dynamics on different sites and corresponding influences on tree growth, species composition, and diversity, will be critical to decision-making processes in achieving desired management goals in the future.     

Effects of bamboo stands on seed rain and seed limitation in a rainforest

Bamboos often negatively affect tree recruitment, survival, and growth, leading to arrested tree regeneration in forested habitats. Studies so far have focused on the effects of bamboos on the performance of seedlings and saplings, but the influence of bamboos on forest dynamics may start very early in the forest regeneration process by altering seed rain patterns. We tested the prediction that the density and composition of the seed rain are altered and seed limitation is higher in stands of Guadua tagoara (B or bamboo stands), a large-sized woody bamboo native from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, compared to forest patches without bamboos (NB or non-bamboo stands). Forty 1 m² seed traps were set in B and NB stands, and the seed rain was monitored monthly for 1 year. The seed rain was not greatly altered by the presence of bamboos: rarefied seed species richness was higher for B stands, patterns of dominance and density of seeds were similar between stands, and differences in overall composition were slight. Seed limitation, however, was greater at B stands, likely as a resulted of reduced tree density. Despite such reduced density, the presence of trees growing amidst and over the bamboos seems to play a key role in keeping the seeds falling in B stands because they serve as food sources for frugivores or simply as perches for them. The loss of such trees may lead to enhanced seed limitation, contributing ultimately to the self-perpetuating bamboo disturbance cycle.     

Influence of different forest conversion strategies on ground vegetation and tree regeneration in pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L.) stands: a case study in NE Germany

The conversion of anthropogenic into more natural, self-regenerating forests is one of the major objectives of forestry throughout Europe. In this study, we present investigations on permanent plots with different silvicultural treatment in NE German pine stands. Management of old-growth pine stands on acidic and nutrient-poor sandy sites differs in fencing, thinning, and planting of certain tree species. The investigations were carried out on the community, population, and individual level of the pine forest ecosystems. Thus, vegetation changes, size and height of tree populations, and height increment of tree individuals were observed over a time span of 6 years. Special attention was paid to short-lived tree species such as, e.g., Frangula alnus and Sorbus aucuparia, as well as to Fagus sylvatica as one of the most typical forest tree species of Central Europe. Vegetation changes are interpreted as a consequence of natural regeneration of formerly degraded forest sites, involving an increase in nutrient availability. High browsing pressure can be considered as a key factor for the inhibition of tree seedlings and growth of saplings. Some Sorbus aucuparia individuals, however, succeeded in growing out of the browsing height also in unfenced stands. Few found specimens of Fagus sylvatica proved that this species is able to establish spontaneously on these relatively dry, acidic sites under continental climate influence. Such natural regeneration processes, also including spontaneous rejuvenation of trees, can be integrated into silviculture as passive forest conversion management. An active management like thinning of stands, planting of trees, and fencing can accelerate forest conversion with regard to height growth and species number of trees.     

2006—2016年昆明市西山林场森林资源碳储量动态分析

基于2006年、2016年森林资源调查数据,运用生物量扩展因子法估算乔木林各优势树种(组)生物量,并根据生物量和含碳系数的大小,计算碳储量、碳密度,藉此对不同优势树种(组)、不同起源林分、不同林龄林分、不同类型林分碳储量、碳密度进行了比较分析。结果表明,10年间昆明市西山林场森林面积、蓄积增加151hm^2、58060m^3;碳储量增加了25230.64 t,达到111530.27 t,比2006年增加了23%。碳密度随林龄的增加而增加。     

秦皇岛市园林绿化树种的选择及配置

为了进一步搞好园林绿化，创建美好的城市形象，通过调查分析，对秦皇岛市林绿化树种的选择和配置进行了论述。认为树种选择的原则，在乡土树种为主，选择抗逆性强，既有观赏价值又有经济价值的树种，速生树与长寿树相结合；在树种配置上，应视具体情况，根据园林美学原则，进行孤植，对植，丛植，聚植，林植，充分发挥树木和个体美和群体美的艺术效果。     

Regeneration dynamics of planted seedling-origin aspen (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tremuloides</Emphasis> Michx.)

Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is a foundational tree species of the North American boreal forest. After disturbance, clonal aspen stands quickly achieve canopy closure by sending up numerous clonal shoots (root suckers) from their lateral root system. Controlled aboveground disturbance will commonly induce prolific root suckering and thereby increase stem density in clonal aspen stands, but it is unclear if increases in stem density will be observed in planted seedling-origin aspen stands. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) overall root suckering response of planted aspen to aboveground disturbance; (2) if different cut heights of the stem or infliction of root damage impact the number of root suckers produced. We found that planted aspen regenerated readily after disturbance, averaging five root suckers per cut tree. However, individual response was highly variable, ranging from zero to 29 root suckers per root system. Of the cut trees, 75% produced at least one root sucker and 60% produced at least one stump sprout. Cutting trees close to the soil surface produced more root suckers than leaving a 25 cm stump. While root system size (mass and length) was well correlated with aboveground measures of planted aspen, root suckering was not related to root system size. As a result of increased forest reclamation efforts in the boreal forest region the planting of aspen has become a more common practice, necessitating a better understanding of the regeneration dynamics and root suckering potential of these planted and seedling-origin aspen forests.     

苍梧县低效防护林综合改造技术研究

苍梧县是珠江防护林体系建设的重点县。由于人为干扰、树种选择不当、经营措施不合理等原因,林分退化严重,生态环境遭到破坏,形成较大面积的低效马尾松纯林、湿地松纯林和低效次生阔叶林。本研究通过对低效林分的土壤理化性质、凋落物、植物多样性、生物量等的调查,提出了对苍梧县低效林采取异龄混交、调整群落结构、调控林分密度、抚阔补珍、抚针植阔和封育补植等一系列综合改造技术,并对几种低效林分改造后形成的不同林分结构的土壤物理、化学性质及持续特性等效果进行了初步评价。