二核苷酸微卫星PCR扩增的影子带及其来源

2个绵羊二核苷酸微卫星BM143和BMS2508的PCR扩增产物在非变性（中性）聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（nPAGE）中形成滞后于主带的影子带。影子带比主带小2bp。实际上主带由两部分组成：表明微卫星正确大小的PCR特异扩增的高浓度条带（特异扩增带）和比特异扩增带小2bp的PCR非特异扩增的低浓度条带（非特异扩增带）。本试验初步证明影子带是微卫星的一条特异扩增带和一条非特异扩增带错配形成的异源双链。本研究结果表明，影子带的出现并不改变特异扩增带在nPAGE中的正常迁移率。     

6×His-猪生长激素融合基因在家蚕生物反应器中的表达

将通过PCR技术改建并去除了信号肽的猪生长激素cDNA基因克隆入转移载体pBacPAK His1,构建了重组转移载体pPGH0 30 ,进而将pPGH0 30与线性化病毒Bm BacPAK6共转染BmN细胞 ,成功获得了猪生长激素重组杆状病毒Bm BacPAK6 pgh。感染重组病毒的细胞可溶性蛋白SDS PAGE和Western blot分析结果显示 ,感染细胞蛋白电泳带的 2 5kD处有 1条猪生长激素特异带。Bm BacPAK6 pgh的BmN细胞培养液接种家蚕 5龄幼虫和蛹 ,感病幼虫与蛹血淋巴的SDS PAGE和Western blot分析结果表明 ,6×His 猪生长激素融合基因在家蚕体内得到了表达 ,特异性条带大小约为 2 5kD。     

PAGE凝胶电泳银染方法的改进

为改良DNA聚丙烯凝胶电泳（PAGE）银染方法,采用PCR方法扩增鸡基因组微卫星DNA序列后,经PAGE分离扩增产物和pBR322 DNA/BsuRI标准分子质量,利用2种银染法对微卫星位点进行检测,分析其灵敏度和可行性。结果表明,2种方法都能染出Marker的所有条带,灵敏度均为25 ng,但在染色所需时间和可操作性方面,改进的染色方法优于Sanguinetti等所建立的方法。改进的银染方法染色过程较快,仅需25 min左右,且染色液和显影液可回收利用。该方法能显著提高检测分辨率,在实际应用中提高了染色效率。     

草原红牛微卫星DNA多态性的研究

为了更好地培育和改良肉用草原红牛，利用草原红牛、夏洛莱牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛、蒙古牛基因组DNA，用8对微卫星引物进行PCR扩增，并将扩增产物置于1．5％琼脂糖电泳进行观察，如有所需的带则转入8％聚丙烯酰胺变性凝胶(PAGE)中电泳分离，绘制指纹图谱。结果表明微卫星标记方法是一种理想的研究方法。     

家蚕激光辐照后丝蛋白的遗传学分析

对家蚕激光辐照后第8代及辐照前原种以含8M尿素的5％聚丙酰胺(pH2.9)盘状电泳进行了研究。发现激光辐照前后的电泳谱带基本相同,并与GAMO,T(1973)所得谱带一致;唯激光辐照后的第二条带较亲代密度高,它的第四条带则较亲代宽且泳动速度慢。说明激光辐照后代,主要地是丝蛋白调控系统活性的增高,其次在DNA序列上也可能发生变异。     

蚕微卫星DNA体外自我扩增条件初步研究

采用一种类似PCR的基因组自我引发PCR(GSP PRC)法 ,初步研究了家蚕、野桑蚕、天蚕、蓖麻蚕和柞蚕的微卫星DNA的体外基因组自我引发PCR扩增条件。质量浓度为 10 0mg/L的基因组DNA经 10 0℃变性 15min后 ,与等量相同浓度未变性的DNA混合作为模板 ,在 80 μL扩增体系 [含 0 2mmol/LdNTPs、5 0mmol/LKCl、10mmol/LTris HCl(pH 9 0 )、4mmol/LMgCl2 、1 2 5UTaqpolymerase]中加入 1μL此混合模板 ,在92℃、1min→ 5 5℃、2min→72℃、2min ,30～ 90次累积循环的扩增条件下 ,成功地得到了PCR产物。反应体系中 ,基因组DNA的适宜质量浓度为 1 2 5mg/L。GSP PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳后的部分片段回收后 ,在同样条件下 ,30～ 6 0个循环可得到同样大小范围的产物。GSP PCR产物经 6 %的变性测序胶电泳 ,得到典型的梯状带 ,表明为微卫星DNA。     

新城疫病毒F48E9感染CEF细胞特异性表达基因的筛选鉴定

分别以NDV F48E9和La Sota株感染鸡胚成纤维细胞,于感染后8 h提取NDV感染CEF细胞总RNA,通过mRNA差异显示技术筛选病毒感染诱导表达的特异性基因.主要方法是先以锚定引物经反转录后,然后以9～10 bp随机引物为上游引物,以锚定引物Oligod(T)18为下游引物,进行PCR扩增,PCR产物采用8%的尿素变性PAGE胶电泳进行分离鉴定.对于特征性差异带进行第二次PCR扩增,克隆后测定其核苷酸序列.结果我们发现数个差异条带,选取差异带在500 bp以内的条带,经测序后显示经NDV F48E9感染后,有一条差异条带特异性表达的基因所编码的蛋白与Receptor(TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2有47 %同源,是一个新基因,其蛋白功能不明确,有可能和细胞的凋亡有关.     

微卫星PCR产物PAGE与银染改良方法

对湘西黄牛的2个微卫星座位IDVGA44、IDVGA27 PCR,进行非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染。结果表明,在凝胶制备时,采用3%和8%两层凝胶结合的方法,能使电泳条带更加清晰,容易判读。按本文的方法配置试剂和染色,条带清晰,背景着色浅,染色效果理想。     

应用AFLP分子标记对6个家蚕品种的鉴定

利用AFLP分子标记技术对浙江省生产上应用的 6个家蚕品种 (包括正反交 )进行了DNA指纹分析 ,筛选出E AAC/M CTT、E ACA/M CAA、E ACC/M CTT、E AGG/M CAA及E AGG/M CTT 5对引物。这 5对引物在 6个家蚕品种中共扩增出 15 7条带 (平均每对引物扩增 31 4条带 ) ,其中有多态性带 5 4条 (平均每对引物扩增多态性带 10 8条 ) ,多态性比例为 34 4 %。通过这些多态性条带的不同组合 ,可明确将供试的 6个家蚕品种加以区分 ,并作为 6个家蚕品种鉴定的依据。     

家蚕BmAWD基因的表达和蛋白纯化

家蚕BmAWD与家蚕翅膀发育密切相关,控制其翅膀发育的完整性及可用性。在对本实验室构建的家蚕蛹期cDNA文库测序中,我们筛选到-条编码AWD蛋白的cDNA序列,将其命名为BmAWD基因。通过生物信息学分析,发现该基因序列全长为689bp,ORF框为465bD,编码154个氨基酸残基,含有-个NDPK保守结构域。通过PCR扩增获得该基因ORF框并克隆到表达载体pGEX-5X-1上,得到重组表达质粒pGEX-5X-1-AWD,将该重组子转化大肠杆菌BL21,经PCR、酶切鉴定证明重组正确,在37℃下以IPTG诱导表达后收集菌体并裂解,SDS-PAGE分析发现在43kD左右处有一特异性蛋白条带,与预期值相符,但目的蛋白主要以沉淀即包涵体形式存在,25℃下诱导表达,SDS—PAGE分析表明目的蛋白主要存在于上清中。采用亲和层析法纯化融合蛋白GST-AWD,目的蛋白通过与层析柱上的GST磁珠结合而被纯化分离。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -