间伐林分的断面积生长模型研究

利用Richards和Schumacher模型对人工落叶松和杉木林分进行断面积模型的拟合,结果表明:两种模型在同时选择单位面积株数或同时选择林分密度指数作为自变量时,Schumacher式都比Richards式拟合和预估效果好。Richards式用林分密度指数比用单位面积株数的拟合和预估效果明显要好,Schumacher式用林分密度指数比用单位面积株数拟合效果略好。在生产实践中,由于单位面积株数容易测定,而Schumacher形式比较简单,建议用来预估林分的断面积,并可作为间伐和未间伐林分的兼容模型。     

林分断面积生长模型研究评述

林分断面积生长模型是林分生长和收获预估模型的体系的主要组成部分。在对常用的新面积生长模型Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ型和Ｓｃｈｕｍａｃｈｅｒ型分析的基础上，总结出断面积生长模型研究中应注意的４个问题；（１）选择的自变量应为３个，即立地质量指标、年龄和林分密度指标；（２）间伐林分模型应与未间伐林分模型同时考虑，进而详细介绍了用于间伐林分断面积预估的被压指数法；（３）间伐指标的构造需要伐前和后伐后的林分因子；（４     

大兴安岭天然林林分生长模型研究

利用林分密度指数(SDI)作为天然林的林分密度测度,来反映天然林区天然林分中林木之间的竞争水平,利用地位级指数(SCI)代替地位指数来反映天然林区林分立地质量。结合这2个因子以Schumacher生长曲线为基本模型形式建立了天然林全林分生长和收获模型,模型包括断面积生长预估模型、林分蓄积量预估模型、郁闭度预估模型和蓄积枯损率模型。从模型的拟合和检验结果来看,模型的效果良好。     

长白落叶松人工林生长模型的研究

根据黑龙江省孟家岗林场、江山娇林场的固定标准地及吉林省松江河地工的团状枝解析样地调查数据,基于Ｋｏｒｆ生长方程,导出了落叶松人工林分自然稀疏模型和断面积生长 此为核心构造了满足相窝必蝗树高曲线预估模型、林分收获预估模型落地松人工林生长模型系统,用由这４个模型构成的模型系统可模型不同林分的平均胸径、每公顷株数、林分断面积及林分蓄积的生长过程,并与实际林分很接近     

蒙古栎间伐林分和未间伐林分生长模型研究

以Richards和Schumacher模型为原型,利用地位级指数代替地位指数来反映林分的立地质量,通过选取不同的密度指标,分别拟合蒙古栎间伐、未间伐林分的断面积、蓄积量生长模型。结果表明:选用不同的密度指标直接影响着模型的预估效果,林分断面积生长模型选用林分密度指数作为密度指标时预估效果更好,且Schumacher模型要优于Richards模型;林分蓄积量生长模型选用林分断面积作为密度指标时预估效果更好,当认为模型中的渐近值参数只与立地质量相关、而与密度无关时,选用林分断面积作为密度指标的Richards模型要优于Schumacher模型,而在Schumacher模型渐近值参数中引入密度指标后,对林分蓄积量的预估精度又要略优于Richards模型。建议在研究蒙古栎断面积、蓄积量生长模型时,分别选用林分密度指数和林分断面积作为密度指标较好。     

基于森林资源连续清查数据的西南地区云南松林分生长模型研究

为掌握西南地区云南松林分生长规律,以森林资源连续清查568块固定样地的云南松林分调查数据为基础,系统研究了云南松林分平均树高、林分断面积、林分立地指数、林分蓄积量因子与林分平均年龄、林分优势木平均高、林分公顷株数等的关系,建立了云南松林分断面积生长和林分收获预估模型。模型拟合结果表明,模型具有较高的精确度和稳定性,可应用于西南地区云南松林的经营管理和收获预估。     

华北落叶松人工林CCF特性的探讨

使用河北省塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松人工林临时标准地资料，探讨了华北落叶松人工林ＣＣＦ（树冠竞争因子ＣｒｏｗｎＣｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎＦａｃｔｏｒ的简称）有关特性。该研究有助于全面认识ＣＣＦ特性以及应用ＣＣＦ进行林分密度、林分生长收获预估等研究。     

林分结构对辽东山区蒙古栎林天然更新的影响

目的 探讨林分结构与林下更新幼苗之间的关系,为人工促进天然更新提供理论依据。 方法 以辽东山区蒙古栎林为研究对象,采用拟合模型和Pearson相关分析法,研究了林分空间结构对蒙古栎天然更新的影响。 结果 （1）林分断面积对更新幼苗密度影响显著,随林分断面积的增加,幼苗密度呈增加趋势,当断面积达到31 m2·hm−2,幼苗密度增加逐渐放缓;（2）林分断面积与幼苗基径和苗高呈显著负相关关系（P < 0.05）;（3）林分竞争指数和密集度均与幼苗密度之间存在典型的抛物线关系,与密集度相比,竞争指数对幼苗密度的影响更显著;（4）林分空间结构对更新幼苗的物种多样性影响显著,林分的混交度越大,垂直结构越复杂,更新幼苗的种类和Shannon-Wiener多样性越高。（5）多元逐步回归分析结果显示：林分断面积、竞争指数和密集度是影响蒙古栎林更新幼苗密度的主要因子。 结论 人工促进蒙古栎林天然更新,改善林下物种多样性,可通过调控林分断面积、竞争指数和密集度的经营方式来实现。     

落叶松人工林林分密度标准表及生长过程表编制的研究

以落叶松人工林标地为材料求解Ｇ＝ａＳＤＩ￣ｂ（Ｈ－１．３）°为密度指数、树高与断面积数学模型；Ｙ＝ａＳＤＩ￣ｂＸ￣ｃ为密度指数、断面积、株数、直径数学模型。林分疏密度１．０，一定树高时，各地位指数株数、直径、断面积、蓄积一致。换句话说，密度或直径一定时，亦有一定的断面积、树高、蓄积。这是编制林分密度标准表、直径标准表的理论基础依据。编制密度、直径标准表及生长过程表，先编这些标准表（内容包括每公顷株数、直径、树高、形数、断面积、蓄积等），在标准表基础上解出各地位指数、树高之相应林龄，得林分生长过程内容。     

全林整体模型在林分间伐模拟中的效果评定

使用江西大岗山实验局杉木资料,验证了以断面积生长模型为基础的全林分模型系统,得到以下结论：断面积生长模型不仅适用于自然生长状态的林分,也适用于间伐林分;可以用全林分模型系统对林分进行模拟预测,特别是间伐预测,从而为指导林业生产实践提供有益的参考;ＣＣＦ反映了林分的竞争状况,以此可以判断林分的生长状态。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.