高含沙水滴灌灌水器堵塞机制及防堵技术研究进展

为解决黄河水中粒径小于0.10 mm细小泥沙颗粒引发的滴灌灌水器堵塞问题。通过文献调研,回顾了高含沙水滴灌条件下灌水器物理堵塞机制相关研究进展,并提出了进一步研究方向。细小泥沙颗粒含量较高的浑水滴灌时,滴头堵塞主要是含沙量、泥沙粒径与颗粒级配耦合作用的结果。滴灌系统工作条件如工作压力的动态变化有助于移除流道内黏、粉等细颗粒堵塞物质,促进较大泥沙颗粒排出流道;灌溉水温越高,滴头抗物理堵塞性能越强;对浑水加气和磁化处理可改变毛管内水流水力特性及悬浮泥沙运动规律,增强水流拖拽力,减小管道内泥沙淤积量。此外,施肥增强了水体中泥沙颗粒间的絮凝作用,对浑水水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞具有明显加速作用。浑水含沙量、粒径和颗粒级配是引发滴头物理堵塞的重要因素,确定易引发滴头堵塞的敏感含沙量、颗粒粒径段,选用适宜肥料种类和施肥浓度阈值,优化滴灌系统工作条件参数是改变毛管内泥沙颗粒运移和沉积规律、延缓滴头堵塞进程、提高水肥一体化滴灌水肥利用效率的有力措施;采用统一的灌水试验方法,充分利用现代测试手段,结合生产实际有针对性地改进工程技术处理措施是解决滴头堵塞问题的必要途径。     

浑水泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道堵塞的影响

为客观评价浑水中泥沙特性对滴头流道堵塞的影响以及合理选择滴灌水质处理方法,采用L9（34）的正交试验设计方法,进行了浑水间歇灌水测试,并提出了以滴头平均相对流量和灌水均匀度系数作为基本参数的滴头堵塞程度综合评价方法,比较分析了压力、含沙量以及泥沙粒径等变化对滴头堵塞比例和堵塞程度的影响规律.研究结果表明：对于粒径小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒,工作压力对流道堵塞的影响非常显著,其次为泥沙粒径;滴头堵塞程度的大小是由粒径、含沙量、工作压力三者相互耦合作用引起的,且相互之间不存在单调相关关系.在实际灌水过程中,当灌溉水中含有较多小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒时,应尽量滤除粒径小于0.048 mm的颗粒,并可加入分散剂,阻止细小黏粒的团聚絮凝作用,以提高滴头抗堵塞能力.     

不同加气和粒径条件下浑水滴灌滴头堵塞特性研究

为探明浑水滴灌过程中水中加气对滴头堵塞的影响,以齿形迷宫流道滴头为研究对象,采用周期性间歇灌水测试方法,用最大粒径小于0.1mm的泥沙配置了5种不同的浑水,运用激光粒度分析仪和场发射扫描电镜等方法研究了滴头堵塞状况。结果表明：加气和泥沙颗粒级配对滴头堵塞具有极显著影响（P<0.01);加气提升了毛管内泥沙输移能力、促进大泥沙颗粒排出,减小淤积泥沙中值粒径,且泥沙最大粒径越小,加气对泥沙运移的影响越小,毛管淤积物质量、淤积泥沙中值粒径较未加气处理减少8.75%～31.92%、8.59%～35.64%;泥沙粒径为0.075～0.100mm时,滴头流量下降最快,泥沙为粒径0～0100mm时,滴头流量下降最慢;加气增大了水流紊动程度,促进浑水中大颗粒泥沙在流道内的输移;加气加剧了浑水中小颗粒泥沙在流道入口处黏附,加速了流道入口堵塞,滴头Dra和Cu比未加气处理低9.0～18.7个百分点和16.2～36.4个百分点,这是造成加气加速滴头堵塞的主要原因。建议进行毛管冲洗,降低流道入口堵塞风险,以提高加气滴灌滴头的抗堵塞性。     

泥沙粒径对大流道迷宫灌水器堵塞影响研究

为探明大流道迷宫灌水器发生物理堵塞的成因及堵塞过程,采用连续加沙灌溉和间歇灌溉相结合方法,研究了粒径小于0.15mm的8种泥沙颗粒对灌水器堵塞和灌水系统均匀性的影响。结果表明,浑水含沙量在低于2g/L范围内变动对灌水器堵塞没有明显影响;当含沙量为2.0g/L时,泥沙粒径是造成大流道迷宫灌水器堵塞的主要原因,引发堵塞敏感粒径范围为0.10~0.15mm,且堵塞形式主要表现为突然完全堵塞,粒径为0.058~0.075mm的泥沙颗粒最不易引发堵塞;极易堵粒径相互组合会加剧灌水器的堵塞,易堵粒径组混合在一起有减轻堵塞效果的作用。相较于常规滴灌灌水器的易堵粒径,0.1mm以上粒径的泥沙颗粒更易滤除,在浑水灌溉时可优先选用大流道灌水器。     

泥沙粒径及压力对滴头抗堵塞性能的影响

根据滴灌实际运行情况,采用分段粒径浑水持续灌溉的试验方法,分析了泥沙颗粒粒径及进口压力对迷宫式流道滴头的流量、均匀度及堵塞的影响。结果表明:在粒径小于0.125mm的泥沙颗粒中,较小颗粒的制紊效应要大于较大颗粒的制紊效应,泥沙颗粒粒径及进口压力均是影响灌溉均匀度的因素;含沙量较低时(0.5g/L),粒径是影响滴头堵塞的主要因素,在0.030 8~0.125mm粒径范围内,粒径较小时更容易引起堵塞,进口压力不同时容易引起堵塞的敏感粒径范围不同,压力为0.15及0.105MPa时,敏感粒径为0.045~0.075mm,进口压力降至0.075MPa后,敏感粒径为0.0308~0.045mm;连续灌溉条件下压力不是影响滴头堵塞的主要因素。     

细小泥沙对半透膜微润管堵塞的影响

为探明半透膜微润管对细小泥沙抗堵塞性能的影响,采用有压连续灌水方式对微润管3种粒径组成小于0.100 mm的泥沙颗粒进行了不同质量分数浑水灌溉堵塞试验.分析了泥沙粒径、含沙量以及压力水头对灌水器堵塞的影响,同时探讨了灌水器发生堵塞时的敏感粒径范围和含沙量质量分数值.试验结果表明:随着浑水含沙量的增大堵塞越严重,呈正相关关系;粒径在0.061 0 mm~0.100 0 mm对微润管的堵塞影响最大;相同水质条件下,随着压力水头的增大微润管堵塞程度会降低.研究结果为进一步利用半透膜微润灌溉技术提供了相关的理论基础.     

泥沙浓度与进口压力对迷宫流道滴头堵塞的影响

为探明泥沙浓度与进口压力对内镶片式迷宫流道滴头堵塞的原因及规律,采用全组合试验方法。分选出粒径小于0.10 mm的泥沙,配制成3种泥沙浓度的浑水,分别在0.025和0.075 MPa压力下,采用周期性间歇灌水试验观测流量变化,通过激光粒度仪分析堵塞泥沙粒径,结合克里斯琴森均匀系数和滴头相对流量分析滴头堵塞规律。试验结果表明:0.025 MPa,堵塞部位分布较集中,且堵塞部位较靠管末;0.075 MPa,堵塞部位分布较分散,且均匀地分布在滴灌管上。相同泥沙浓度下,0.075 MPa压力较0.025 MPa易引起滴头堵塞;滴头堵塞程度并不完全随泥沙浓度增大而加快,部分浓度较小的浑水堵塞发展较快于浓度较大的浑水,在一定的压力下,存在易造成滴头堵塞的敏感浓度范围。     

温度对施肥滴灌系统滴头堵塞的影响

为探究不同灌水温度下水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞成因与过程,采用固定周期间歇滴灌的多因素完全随机试验设计方法,分别在冬、夏两个季节研究了3种不同泥沙级配浑水与3个不同施肥质量浓度组合对滴头堵塞的影响和堵塞变化过程。结果表明,灌水温度是影响滴头堵塞的重要因素,与水质交互耦合效应显著,夏季施肥和未施肥2种情况下灌溉滴头的抗堵塞性能均高于冬季,夏季有效灌水次数是冬季的1.26~1.43倍;施肥加速滴头堵塞的作用受泥沙级配和灌水温度的影响,冬季灌溉水中0.034~0.1 mm粒径粗颗粒含量越多,施肥质量浓度对堵塞的影响越敏感,夏季灌溉水中0~0.034 mm细颗粒越多,施肥质量浓度对堵塞的影响越敏感。建议灌水温度较低时,水肥一体化滴灌应控制在较低的施肥质量浓度下灌溉,适当增大次灌水时间,减少灌溉次数。     

组合滴灌管抗堵塞性能研究

【目的】研究Φ16滴灌管在含沙量与系统工作压力下滴头堵塞规律并探究组合滴灌管解决滴头堵塞的方法。【方法】采用试验因素完全组合的方法,分选出粒径小于0.10 mm的泥沙,配制成含沙量为1.00、1.25、1.50 g/L的浑水,分别在0.025 MPa和0.075 MPa压力下,针对Φ16滴灌管,采用周期性间歇灌水试验观测滴头流量,结合克里斯琴森均匀系数和滴头相对流量分析Φ16滴灌管的堵塞规律。重新铺设Φ16滴灌管,将原滴头堵塞部位及前后各750 mm滴灌管用Φ20滴灌管替换,组成组合滴灌管,在相同含沙量与系统工作压力下探究组合滴灌管的抗堵塞性能。【结果】0.025 MPa压力下,组合滴灌管能使堵塞部位分布更集中,含沙量为1.25 g/L时,组合滴灌管的抗堵塞性能较明显;0.075 MPa,组合滴灌管抗堵塞性能随泥沙浓度增大而更明显。【结论】组合滴灌管在一定条件下能够改变滴头的堵塞规律,同时能改变滴头堵塞类型。     

射流三通对灌水器抗堵塞特性的影响

为探明射流三通应用射流附壁与切换技术形成的脉冲水流对滴灌灌水器抗堵塞能力的影响和原因,采用筛分法,分选出6种小于0. 1 mm的泥沙粒径段,配置成3种泥沙级配组合和0. 5、1. 0、1. 5 g/L含沙量浑水,总进口压力为0. 1 MPa,分析射流三通和普通三通条件下滴灌测试系统的抗堵塞特性。结果表明:射流三通产生脉冲振幅为27 k Pa和振荡频率为236次/min左右的脉冲水流,对粒径为0. 03～0. 05 mm和0～0. 03 mm的泥沙抗堵塞能力较为显著,对粒径为0. 05～0. 10 mm的泥沙颗粒随着含沙量的增大抗堵塞能力呈减弱趋势;射流三通测试系统发生堵塞的灌水次数平均比普通三通测试系统多3～8次;不同含沙量下射流三通测试系统相对平均流量和灌水均匀性都高于普通三通,射流三通产生的高频脉冲水流是灌水器抗堵塞能力强于普通三通的主要因素。     

Influence of fine particle size and concentration on the clogging of labyrinth emitters

The evolution of drip emitter clogging with labyrinth channel was investigated experimentally to study the fine particle size and concentration effects in the irrigation water. Short-term clogging tests were performed using muddy water containing particles with 8 different sizes (all less than 0.1 mm). The particles used in this study were composed of fine sands, slit and clay. Afterwards, verification tests were conducted to prove the results obtained from short-term clogging tests. The impacts of particle size and particle concentration in muddy water on emitter clogging were analyzed by means of calculating the mean discharge and the Christiansen uniformity coefficient. The results showed that for particles that were smaller than 0.1 mm in diameter, sediment concentration significantly affected clogging. The clogging level of emitters increased with raising the concentration. Especially when the sediment concentration was higher than 1.25 g/L, the impacts became remarkable. On the other hand, the sensitive sediment particle range that could get emitters clogged easily was found. In this study, the sensitive particle range were D6 (0.038–0.034 mm) and D7 (0.034–0.031 mm) The results aim to help in improving drip irrigation methods using water with high sediment concentration and providing experimental data for optimization design of emitter channel.     

Eight emitters clogging characteristics and its suitability under on-site reclaimed water drip irrigation

Drip irrigation is the most effective and reliable method for reclaimed water irrigation. The water usually contains a lot of suspended particles, metal salt ions, organisms and microbial communities, which will enhance the possibility of emitter clogging or more complex clogging mechanism. Emitter clogging has become one of  the key problems to the application and popularization of the drip irrigation technology. In this paper, we selected four kinds of pressure-compensating emitters and four kinds of non-pressure-compensating emitters, and executed the experiment of drip irrigation with on-site reclaimed water treated with cyclic activated sludge system (CASS). The emitter discharge ratio variation (Dra), coefficient of uniformity (CU) and clogging rate distribution were analyzed to evaluate the emitter clogging characteristics after eliminating the effect of temperature and pressure on the emitter outflow by data correction. The results showed that Dra and CU varied in three periods as system operation. The beginning of experiment was the fluctuated balance period, Dra and CU recurrent fluctuated in 5 %, and the emitters clogged at some spots after the system run 36–48 h. Then the two parameters varied linearly in 60–108 h, tuning into the initiate linear period, as the non-pressure-compensating emitters got an obvious linear change than the pressure-compensating ones with the gradient changed from ?0.094 to 0.042 and ?0.073 to 0.047, respectively. Some of the emitters have a significant difference on these two parameters at this stage. After the restarting in the second year, Dra and CU decreased sharply. The maximum decrement was, respectively, 9.6 and 10.7 %. Then they varied in line with a greater slope degree as all emitters reached the significant level, the gradient ranges were ?0.176 to 0.115 and ?0.216 to 0.117, respectively. This stage was called the accelerated linear period. Seriously clogged and completely clogged emitters appeared, and both Dra and CU dropped down to 38.7 and 41.5 %. Various degrees of clogged emitters often emerged in the end part of lateral at first then propelled to the head gradually, the completely clogged emitters in the end accounted for more than 73.0 % when the system run 540 h. Comprehensively considered, the pressure-compensating emitters and cusp-shaped saw-tooth non-pressure-compensating emitters with short flow path are recommended in reclaimed water drip irrigation. These researches are aimed to provide references explaining the emitter clogging mechanism of reclaimed water drip irrigation as well as its technological application and popularization.     

Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in microirrigation with effluents

Flushing is an important maintenance task that removes accumulated particles in microirrigation laterals that can help to reduce clogging problems. The effect of three dripline flushing frequency treatments (no flushing, one flushing at the end of each irrigation period, and a monthly flushing during the irrigation period) was studied in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems that operated using a wastewater treatment plant effluent for three irrigation periods of 540 h each. The irrigation systems had two different emitters, one pressure compensating and the other not, both molded and welded onto the interior dripline wall, placed in laterals 87 m long. Dripline flow of the pressure compensating emitter increased 8% over time, while in the nonpressure compensating emitter, dripline flow increased 25% in the surface driplines and decreased 3% in the subsurface driplines by the emitter clogging. Emitter clogging was affected primarily by the interactions between emitter location, emitter type, and flushing frequency treatment. The number of completely clogged emitters was affected by the interaction between irrigation system and emitter type. There was an average of 3.7% less totally clogged emitters in flushed surface driplines with the pressure compensating emitter as compared to flushed subsurface laterals with the nonpressure compensating emitter.     

含沙水磁化处理减缓滴头堵塞机理研究

为探究含沙水磁化处理对悬浮泥沙在滴灌管网中沉降的影响,揭示含沙水磁化处理对滴头堵塞的减缓机理,以内镶贴片式迷宫流道滴头为研究对象,设置4种磁化强度(0、0.2、0.4、0.6 T)和4种粒径级配(0～0.100 mm、0.075～0.100 mm、0.038～0.075 mm、0～0.038 mm)的泥沙,泥沙质量浓度...     

温室水肥滴灌系统迷宫式灌水器堵塞试验

为探明温室滴灌灌水器堵塞的影响因素及机理,研究了灌水量和施肥量对灌水器堵塞的影响,并利用场发射扫描电镜分析了灌水器内的堵塞物质。结果表明,灌水器平均流量随着灌水量和施肥量的增加呈下降趋势,下降幅度在1.51%~14.16%之间。方差分析表明施肥量对灌水器平均流量的影响达到极显著水平(P0.01)。解剖灌水器后发现堵塞物质多沉积在流道前部。堵塞物质主要由生料带残渣、微小沙粒和白色粉末状化学沉淀物组成,其中白色粉末主要由钙、镁、碳、氧、磷元素等组成。说明本试验中灌水器堵塞主要是由物理堵塞和化学堵塞共同作用引起的。     

不同冲洗措施下迷宫流道灌水器泥沙运行分布机理研究

评估了3种冲洗流速（0.25、0.50、0.75m/s）和5种冲洗频率（2d冲洗1次、4d冲洗1次、7d冲洗1次、10d冲洗1次和无冲洗对照组）对内嵌式齿形迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞性能的影响,利用激光粒度仪对水源泥沙、滴头排出泥沙、滴头内滞留泥沙进行级配对比和粒径分析,并对不同冲洗处理下灌水器的相对流量和灌水均匀度进行拟合。结果表明：冲洗处理对齿形迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞性能有显著影响,12种冲洗处理提高了内嵌式齿形迷宫流道灌水器的输沙能力,使滴头使用年限平均提高了39.58%;在冲洗作用下,泥沙凝聚沉降的机会降低,流道内小颗粒泥沙及时排出,没有形成体积较大的团聚体,滴头堵塞形成缓慢,灌水均匀度和流量系数下降缓慢;冲洗处理能有效减少毛管内泥沙堆积,降低大颗粒泥沙进入迷宫流道的机率,从而提高了齿形迷宫流道灌水器的抗堵塞性能。     

Control of emitter clogging in drip irrigation with reclaimed wastewater

Summary Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of various types of drip irrigation emitters, widely used in Israel, using waste water from a storage reservoir. Fine particulate matter agglomerated by microbial by-products and in-line developed biomass were the principal clogging agents. Clogging fluctuated, increased as water quality deteriorated and decreased when it improved. There were definable differences between emitters of various types as to their clogging susceptibility which were not directly correlated with differences in emitter flow-rate, although, for any particular type, the emitter with smaller discharge was always more sensitive to clogging. The clogging process generally started with emitters located at the far end of the lateral and partial emitter clogging was more common than complete plugging. Overflow was also found in most emitter types and was more common in regulated emitters. Reliable long term operation of most emitter types was achieved with filtration at 80 mesh (180 m opening) combined with daily chlorination and bimonthly lateral flushing. Regular lateral discharge monitoring was found to be a convenient way to detect the initiation of the clogging process. Chlorination was most efficient when applied before the emitters became massively clogged.