两种裂腹鱼病害防治研究

<正>云南裂腹鱼(Schizothorax yunnanensis Norman),小裂腹鱼(Schizothorax parvus Tsao)均隶属鲤形目、鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属、弓鱼亚属。前者主要分布于澜沧江中游洱海上游的弥苴河、剑湖等水域,为云南四大名鱼之一,2011年被列为云南土著鱼类繁育推广鱼类品种,是大理洱海增殖鱼类;后者主要分布于金沙江支流的漾弓江流域水体,为云南特有裂腹鱼,     

野生齐口裂腹鱼驯化注意事项

齐口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax (S.)prenanti(Tchang)](图见彩中插2),属鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属鱼类,别名雅鱼、细鳞鱼、鲤鱼。随着市场对齐口裂腹鱼需求量的增加,其天然资源量供不应求,为满足市场对齐口裂腹鱼的需要,四川、重庆一些地区已开展流水池塘和网箱养殖。齐口裂腹鱼的养殖近几年发展比较快,     

金沙江下游支流大汶溪鱼类资源现状与保护对策

2011年7月至2013年3月对金沙江下游支流大汶溪进行了6次鱼类资源调查,共设3个采样点,每次调查时间为10~15 d。结果表明,大汶溪共采集到鱼类3目、8科、28属、41种,其中长江上游特有鱼类8种;大汶溪上游以齐口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)prenanti]、短体副鳅(Paracobitis potanini)和短须裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)wangchiachii]为优势种,中游以齐口裂腹鱼、短体副鳅为优势种,下游以鲫(Carassius auratus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)为优势种,不同江段的渔获物组成存在差异;主要捕捞对象齐口裂腹鱼平均体重低于80 g、起捕规格小于10 g,存在过度捕捞现象。大汶溪鱼类多样性指数较高,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)、Wilhm改进指数(H')、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)分别为1.683~2.785、1.116~2.789、0.6597~0.9016、0.2831~0.4762,但整体上低于金沙江绥江段,该江段此4项指数分别为3.230、2.893、0.9421和0.4681。向家坝水电站淹没成库以及过度捕捞对大汶溪鱼类资源形成威胁,需要加强鱼类生态保护措施。     

一例齐口裂腹鱼春季常见病的诊治

正齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti),俗称雅鱼、洋鱼、齐口细鳞鱼,为鲤形目、鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属,主要分布于我国长江上游的金沙、岷江、大渡河、青衣江及乌江下游等水域,喜欢栖息于较低水温(7~10℃)的急缓流交界处,齐口裂腹鱼肉肥质嫩、富含脂肪、味道鲜美,是重庆、四川等地重要经济鱼类。但随着人工养殖迅速发展,其养殖规模的增大,尤其是在季节交替时,由于受到温度、水质、天气以及投饲食物等影响,容易暴发寄生虫病、细菌性疾病,而导致其大批死亡,使养殖户遭受了较大的经济损失。     

齐口裂腹鱼生长激素基因全长cDNA克隆与序列分析

鱼类生长激素是一种单一肽链蛋白激素,主要作用是促进机体的生长.采用RT-PCR方法,首次从齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)脑垂体总RNA中克隆出生长激素(gFowth hormone,GH)cDNA的开放阅读框ORF(open reading frame)序列,全长633bp.经DNA Star软件分析,该基因编码210个氨基酸,分子量为23.55 kD,等电点为5.46,含有1个疏水区和1个N-糖基化位点.空间结构含有4个α螺旋和4个β折叠,形成2个二硫键.序列比较发现,齐口裂腹鱼GH与草鱼、鲤的GH同源性分别为99.8%、99.4%;与黄鳝、花鲈和大黄鱼的GH同源性分别为57.4%、63.5%和64.2%.     

齐口裂腹鱼杯体虫病的治疗初探

正齐口裂腹鱼属于鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属,其肉质细嫩、营养丰富、味道鲜美,广受群众赞誉。随着人们生活水平的不断提高,对齐口裂腹鱼等名优水产品的需求在不断增加,但是由于电站修建、生态破坏、过度捕捞、环境污染等因素的影响,齐口裂腹鱼等种群数量在不断下降,分布区域日趋缩小。因此,人工养殖是解决齐口裂腹鱼产量的最佳措施。目前在四川雅安和攀枝花地区已在开展流水池塘和网箱养殖。随着集约化养殖方式的开展,齐口裂腹鱼的     

短须裂腹鱼的育苗及疾病防治技术

<正>我国西南地区河流众多,且分布有大量长江上游珍稀特有鱼类,近年来,以短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)为代表的冷水鱼养殖在云南和四川悄然兴起,增殖放流带动下的人工养殖给当地带来了较高的经济效益和生态效益。本文着重介绍增殖放流站通用的工厂化育苗、室外育苗及疾病防治等技术,以期为短须裂腹鱼的推广养殖提供参考。一、基础生物学特性体被细鳞,臀鳍两侧有一列特化大型臀鳞,在腹中线上形成一条裂缝,下颌具有发达的角质,须     

齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝细胞系的建立、鉴定及免疫研究

齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)是长江上游水域的珍稀鱼类, 近年来由于环境变化和疾病爆发野外齐口裂腹鱼数量急剧减少, 现已被列入长江上游二级急切保护的特有鱼类, 因此, 对齐口裂腹鱼的保护刻不容缓。建立齐口裂腹鱼细胞系是保护其种质资源的有效手段, 也可以在不伤害现有鱼群的条件下进行多种齐口裂腹鱼相关生物学研究。本研究建立了首个来源于齐口裂腹鱼的细胞系, SPG 细胞系。原代细胞分离自齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝组织, 呈均一的上皮状, 使用含 15%血清的 L-15 培养, 在 15 个月时间里成功传至 55 代。线粒体 COI 基因鉴定, 证明该细胞来源于齐口裂腹鱼, 核型检测细胞染色体数目为 2n=96。在液氮中保存 12 个月的细胞, 复苏后能保持 75%以上活力。EGFP-N3 质粒转染 SPG 细胞后观察到明显的绿色荧光蛋白表达。病毒类似物 poly(I:C)和大肠杆菌脂多糖 LPS 可引起细胞 IL-1β、IL-8、TNFa 和 TLR22 等免疫相关基因表达量升高。表明本研究建立的齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝细胞系可用于免疫学研究。此外, 此细胞系还将在种质保存, 外源蛋白表达和齐口裂腹鱼体外生物学研究中发挥重要作用。     

齐口裂腹鱼人工养殖技术

齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）,俗称雅鱼、齐口、细甲鱼、齐口细鳞鱼,为四川省级保护动物,是我国特有的重要名优经济鱼类。由于其品质优良,肉嫩鲜美,营养丰富,颇受广大消费者喜爱。目前,齐口裂腹鱼作为一种新的名优养殖鱼类,其引种驯化、规模化养殖与人工繁殖越来越受到广大水产科技人员及养殖者的重视。本文就齐口裂腹鱼人工养殖技术进行阐述,以期为齐口裂腹鱼的驯养提供依据,促进该鱼产业化养殖的发展。     

不同浓度MS-222对短须裂腹鱼苗种的麻醉效果研究

<正>短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)主要分布于金沙江、雅砻江、乌江等水系,其喜急流、阴暗和安静的环境,游动迅捷,有顶水跳跃的习性。近年来,短须裂腹鱼已作为地方政府和多个水电站增殖放流的品种,合理使用鱼用麻醉剂可缓解人工放流前捕捞、过数、运输等环节对苗种的应激反应,减少因此而造成的损伤或死     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.