北京密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其时空变化

为了研究南水北调中线调水工程运行对密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其生物多样性的影响,2014-2016年在密云水库设置了7个采样点每月采样1次(冰封期除外),进行底栖动物调查,分析了底栖动物群落结构、密度、生物量、优势种及其生物指数变化。结果显示,调查期间共检出底栖动物17种,其中摇蚊幼虫12种,环节动物5种。底栖动物平均密度为455.0个/m~2,平均生物量为2.70g/m~2,其中优势种为红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)和克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedianus)。底栖动物群落呈现出明显的时空变化,11月密度和生物量达最大值,分别为808.9个/m~2、6.94g/m~2;8月出现最小值,分别为180.4个/m~2、0.72g/m~2。水平分布上,水库中心底栖动物密度和生物量达最大值,分别为916.7个/m~2、6.08g/m~2;白河坝为最小值,分别为307.1个/m~2、0.70g/m~2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数均在4月达最大值,分别为1.43、1.13、1.14;9月出现最小值,分别为0.38、0.27、0.31;3项指数在潮河口达最大值,分别为1.08、0.64、1.01,在潮河坝、白河坝指数相对较低。同时分析了随着密云水库水深增加,底栖动物群落的结构变化。研究表明,受调水的影响,目前密云水库底栖动物群落结构不稳定,处于重构期。     

拉萨河中下游底栖动物群落结构特征分析

2013年10月,在拉萨河热震藏布-河口中下游河段及支流共设置16个采样断面(拉萨河干流10个、支流4个,雅鲁藏布江汇口2个),对底栖动物进行了调查。样品分析结果表明:拉萨河评价河段干、支流底栖动物共31种,其中环节动物5种,占16.13%;软体动物3种,占9.68%;节肢动物23种,占74.19%。优势种有正颤蚓(Lumbricus tubifex)、四节蜉(Baetidae sp)、多足摇蚊(Polypedilum sp)、隐摇蚊(Cryptochironomus sp)、网石蝇(Perlodidae sp)、钩虾(Gammaridae sp)等。直孔电站影响河段底栖动物现存量较高,密度、生物量平均分别为31 911个/m2、117.65 g/m2。剔除直孔电站影响河段,拉萨河干流底栖动物密度、生物量分别为32个/m2、0.92 g/m2,支流密度、生物量分别为63个/m2、0.78 g/m2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener指数为0~2.02。直孔电站运行对拉萨河中、下游河段底栖动物整体影响较小;对库区河段底栖动物群落结构影响较大,群落结构由流水型向耐氧、静水型的环节动物、摇蚊转化。     

石臼湖江苏段底栖动物群落结构及与水环境因子的关系

2017年1月-12月逐月调查分析了石臼湖江苏境内湖区12个采样点中底栖动物群落结构组成以及影响因子.结果 表明:在石臼湖江苏境内湖区共检出20种底栖动物,主要为寡毛类、摇蚊幼虫、软体动物以及其他四大类;优势度指数分析表明石臼湖底栖动物优势种为苏氏尾鳃蚓Branchiura sowerbyi、颤蚓属一种Tubifex ...     

昆承湖底栖动物群落结构的研究

调查了昆有水体富营养化后底栖动物的种类和数量。1998－2000年共采集到底栖动物32种，隶属于16科27属；底栖动物年平均密度为2767个／m^2;优势种群为日本沙蚕、中华颤蚓、河蚬、摇蚊幼虫等。     

镜泊湖大型底栖动物群落调查

2006年春、夏、秋3个季节对镜泊湖大型底栖动物群落特征和生物多样性进行了调查研究.结果表明,镜泊湖大型底栖动物主要隶属于3门、9科、26种.其中水栖寡毛类2科、8属、11种,为绝对优势类群,其密度呈现季节性差异,在春季最高(951.45个/m2),夏季最低(706.40个/m2);其次,优势类群为水生昆虫,夏季密度最高(840.26个/m2),秋季最低(319.47个/m2).霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和前突摇蚊(Proeladius sp.)幼虫等耐污种为底栖动物的优势种,同时也是镜泊湖水体污染的指示生物.底栖动物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(J)都表现为春季最大,夏季次之,秋季最小;Margalef物种丰富度指数(d)在各季节差异不大;Simpson优势度指数(D)和BI指数都表现为秋季最大,夏季次之,春季最小.采用Shannon-Wiener指数和BI指数对该水体污染状况进行了评价,该湖区水质污染程度为轻度一中度污染状态.     

长江口九段沙潮间带大型底栖动物季节分布特征的初步研究

2005年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2006年1月(冬季).对长江口九段沙潮间带大型底栖动物进行了定性和定量调查.共采集到大型底栖动物73种,平均丰度442.94 ind·m-2,生物量40.78 g·m-2.与历史资料比对,大型底栖动物的种数显著增加,新记录31种,曾经有过报道但未采集到标本的有3种;大型底栖动物的丰度变化不大,生物量有明显增加,多样性指数增大.大型底栖动物的丰度、生物量、多样性指数和相对重要性指数随季节的不同而有所变化,其中丰度和生物量以秋季最高,夏季次之,春季和冬季较低;多样性指数冬季最高,夏季次之,春季和秋季较低.优势种为谭氏泥蟹、梨形环棱螺、绯拟沼螺、琵琶拟沼螺、河蚬、焦河篮蛤、中国绿螂和丝异蚓虫;相对重要性指数值较高的有无齿相手蟹、天津厚蟹、谭氏泥蟹、中华拟蟹守螺、堇拟沼螺、绯拟沼螺、琵琶拟沼螺、梨形环棱螺、中国绿螂、焦河篮蛤、河蚬和丝异蚓虫.大型底栖动物的分布主要受水温、水文和工程的影响,此外,工程建设和互花米草扩散对其也造成了一定的影响.     

澄湖底栖动物群落结构的调查

调查了澄湖水体富营养化后底栖动物的种类及数量。1998－2000年在澄湖中共采集到底栖动物31种，隶属于17科26属，底栖动物平均密度332个／m^2，优势种群为河蚬，湖球蚬，日本沙蚕，栉水虱，中华颤蚓，摇蚊幼虫等。     

摇蚊幼虫在水产上的应用

摇蚊幼虫（形态见图１）又称血虫，也有称“红虫”，是隶属节肢动物门昆虫纲双翅目（Diptera）摇蚊科（Tendipedidae）摇蚊的幼体，在各类水域中都有广泛的分布。通常湖泊、水库的沿岸带，摇蚊幼虫的种类和数量多，深水区较少，其生物量占水域底栖动物总量的５０％～９０％，是水域底栖动物的主要组成之一。幼虫的生物量在春季达到高峰，入夏以后减少到最低点，秋季由于新一代成长其生物量又渐增多。摇蚊幼虫营养丰富，测定资料显示其干物质中，蛋白质含量为６３．３％，碳水化合物１９．５％，脂肪８％，富含各种鱼类生长所必需的氨基酸和…     

黑龙江中游底栖动物群落结构与水质生物评价

2010—2011年对黑龙江中游底栖动物群落结构进行调查研究,共采集到底栖动物16目49科117种,其中水生昆虫种类最多,为79种,分属7目34科,占总数67.52%。黑龙江中游底栖动物平均密度为58.37 ind/m2,生物量为34.62 g/m2。2010年平均密度以春季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低,平均生物量以秋季最高,夏季次之,春季最低。2011年秋季平均密度和平均生物量均高于夏季。黑龙江短沟蜷(Semisulcospira amurensis)、东北田螺(Viviparuschui)、圆顶珠蚌(Unio douglasiae)、截口土蜗(Galba truncatula)和生米蜉(Ephemera shengmi)是现阶段黑龙江中游底栖动物的优势种。聚类分析将7个调查断面分为3组,多维标度分析结果支持了聚类分析结果。多样性分析结果表明,Shannon-Weiner指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson指数均以2010年春季最高,2010年秋季最低。功能摄食类群以刮食者占优,共计为41种。采用BI生物指数和FBI生物指数对黑龙江中游水质的评价结果基本一致,黑龙江中游水质处于清洁轻度污染等级。     

碧流河水库底栖动物及其鱼产力的研究

先后对碧流河水库的5个断面、10个采样点的底栖动物进行调察,采到寡毛类3种,水生昆虫2种。底栖动物的平均密度为335.6个/m2,平均生物量为2.013 g/m2。寡毛类的数量最多,软体动物贫乏。克拉泊水丝蚓和羽摇蚊幼虫是该库的2个优势种。底栖动物种群结构简单、种类单一。还对底栖动物的鱼产潜力进行了估算,其值为8.1 kg/hm2。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.