市售进口Camembert干酪的游离脂肪酸和挥发性风味物质对比研究

分别采用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)法和顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME)-GC-MS法对6种不同品牌的市售Camembert干酪的游离脂肪酸和挥发性风味化合物进行比较分析。结果表明:6种市售进口Camembert干酪中的游离脂肪酸种类是一致的,肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸是水解生成量较多的游离脂肪酸,且6种样品的总游离脂肪酸含量差异不显著;6种样品所含的挥发性风味化合物含量存在显著性差异,其中样品FRA1和FRA2的羧酸类化合物含量最高,而其他4种样品的酮类化合物含量较高,这可能与干酪的成熟度有关;感官评价结果表明,样品FRA1和FRA2的单项感官指标评分和总体评分均较低,其他4种干酪得分无显著性差异。     

聚合乳清蛋白对低脂切达干酪理化性质的影响

以聚合乳清蛋白（polymerized whey protein,PWP）为脂肪替代物,瑞士乳杆菌为附属发酵剂,制作低脂切达干酪,研究PWP对低脂切达干酪理化性质及感官特性的影响。结果表明：PWP协同瑞士乳杆菌发酵能够提高低脂切达干酪水分、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、挥发性风味物质含量及乳酸菌总数,并显著提高低脂切达干酪的感官特性及可接受性;PWP的添加缩短了脂肪成熟期,低脂切达干酪成熟期pH 4.6-可溶性氮（soluble nitrogen,SN）含量增加9.45%,12 g/100 mL三氯乙酸-SN含量增加11.74%;添加PWP和附属发酵剂对低脂切达干酪成品率无显著影响。PWP可作为一种脂肪替代物用于生产质构、口感特性良好的低脂切达干酪。     

不同杀青方法制备桑叶茶的品质测试分析

杀青是桑叶茶形状和品质形成的关键工序。将采摘的新鲜桑叶采用微波加热、蒸气加热和滚筒加热的方法进行杀青处理,测试不同杀青方法加工后成品桑叶茶的感官品质及营养保健品质。结果表明,微波杀青加工桑叶茶的外形色泽、汤色、叶底等感官品质较好,总浸出率、总黄酮含量和游离氨基酸含量等各项指标均高于其它2种杀青方法加工的桑叶茶,且对水浸出率、可溶性糖含量以及总多酚含量3项指标的影响达到显著水平,但香气和滋味欠佳。综合各项测试结果认为,微波杀青能较好保持桑叶茶的营养保健品质和感官品质,可考虑优化微波杀青工艺参数改善桑叶茶的香气和滋味。     

红曲霉对干酪成熟过程中理化性质、微观结构及风味物质的影响

以牛乳为原料，红曲霉为辅助发酵剂，制备霉菌成熟干酪，并对红曲霉干酪的理化性质、游离氨基酸、微观结构及挥发性风味物质进行研究。结果表明：使用红曲霉作为辅助发酵剂加工的干酪得率16.55%、蛋白质含量18.03%、脂肪含量33.40%、钙含量376.67 mg/100 g、水分含量44.47%、盐含量863.67 mg/100 g；在成熟过程中，pH值呈先下降后上升再逐渐稳定的趋势；由微观结构可知，红曲霉对成熟干酪内部结构影响显著；通过高效液相色谱法及气相色谱-质谱联用法，共鉴定出23 种游离氨基酸及32 种挥发性化合物，与对照组相比，在成熟期结束时，实验组干酪中的游离氨基酸含量显著提高，平均增加58.8 倍，挥发性化合物的种类与含量也存在显著变化。     

氯化钙的添加量对半硬质干酪品质影响研究

研究氯化钙的添加量对半硬质干酪品质的影响,以确定其最佳添加量。采用单因素试验设计,氯化钙的添加量分别为0、5、10、15、20g/100kg牛奶。在其它工艺条件相同的情况下,分别加工一批干酪,然后测定成熟干酪的性能指标。结果表明,随着氯化钙添加量的增加,干酪的感官评定值逐渐降低;干酪的硬度、pH4.6可溶性氮含量、游离氨基酸总量和水分含量逐渐增加,而pH值变化不大。以感官评定值为主指标,结合其它性能指标,确定氯化钙的最佳添加量为0-5g/100kg。     

脂肪含量对再制片状干酪品质的影响

研究不同脂肪含量和脂肪替代物对再制片状干酪品质的影响。对5 种不同脂肪含量再制片状干酪的基本理化指标、色泽、质构和感官品质进行测定和评估。结果表明：5 种不同脂肪含量的再制片状干酪pH值、蛋白质和脂肪含量存在显著性差异,酶解浓缩黄油的添加对再制片状干酪亮度值、红度值和黄度值均有明显影响;用酶解浓缩黄油替代全部黄油的减脂50%干酪全质构特性与其他组样品有差异,酶解浓缩黄油部分替代黄油制备的4号减脂干酪全质构特性除凝聚性、回复性外,与1～3号干酪无显著差异;通过感官评定发现,酶解浓缩黄油替代全部黄油的减脂50%干酪（5号）感官评分最低,酶解浓缩黄油部分替代黄油的减脂50%干酪（4号）风味和滋味有所增强,总体得分与全脂干酪产品无显著差异。因此通过降低黄油含量,并添加酶解浓缩黄油可提升减脂再制片状干酪的品质。     

市售进口Camembert干酪的蛋白质水解程度和生物胺水平对比研究

比较分析6 种不同品牌的市售进口Camembert干酪的蛋白质水解程度和生物胺水平差异。分别测定不同干酪样品的水分含量、pH值和游离氨基酸含量等指标,采用凯式定氮仪和高效液相色谱仪测定干酪的蛋白质水解程度和生物胺含量。结果表明:不同品牌Camembert干酪的pH值、蛋白质水解指标和游离氨基酸含量存在显著性差异(P<0.05),且不同品牌Camembert干酪的成熟度不同,干酪的pH值与蛋白质水解指标呈正相关;不同品牌Camembert干酪的生物胺含量存在显著性差异(P<0.05),但生物胺总量均在推荐限量范围内;样品FRA1的蛋白质水解程度最高,成熟度最高。     

固始鸡山林放养条件下肌肉风味前体物含量的研究

摘要：为研究山林放养对固始鸡肉质的影响．以笼养为对照,测定分析了放养至18周龄的固始鸡胸肌和腿肌中的肌内脂肪分离成分以及游离脂肪酸和游离氨基酸含量。结果表明．固始鸡山林放养条件下胸肌和腿肌中的肌内脂肪、中性脂肪和游离脂肪酸均显著高于笼养组（P〈0．05）．而腿肌粗蛋白含量和磷脂含量则显著低于笼养组（P〈0．05）：山林放养条件下。胸肌游离脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸总量、C18：3、C18：2、C18：1和C20：5的含量以及游离氨基酸总量低于笼养．而胸肌饱和脂肪酸总量和腿肌游离氨基酸总量则高于笼养;山林放养组腿肌游离脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸总量以及C18：3、C20：4的含量高于笼养组。     

猪肉滋味主效物质分析及其用于滋味评价的探讨

本实验旨在感官品尝评定基础上,对不同品种猪肉进行主要滋味物质含量比较、呈味强度及其多元统计分析,筛选猪肉滋味特征形成相关的主效物质,并探讨验证这些主效物质对2种猪肉的区分评价作用。以培育中优质猪“绿嘉黑”（LJH）与瘦肉型商品猪杜×长×大（DLY）为对象,各采集19头阉公猪个体的背最长肌冷却肉样品,所有样品-80℃真空保存用于17种游离氨酸和3种核苷酸（肌苷酸、腺苷酸、鸟苷酸）含量测定,每种随机选择3头猪的新鲜肉品立即经100℃煮制45 min后进行感官品尝评价。结果显示：LJH猪肉感官品尝的滋味综合评分、鲜味感与回味感（P≤0.05）及甜味感与多汁性（P≤0.01）均优于DLY;LJH猪肉中芳香族（苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸）、苦味（亮氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸）、甜味（甘氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸）、鲜味（谷氨酸）及肉香味（组氨酸）氨基酸含量以及腺苷酸含量均高于DLY(P≤0.05);呈味强度（TAV）分析表明,在2种猪肉滋味物质中肌苷酸、鸟苷酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸、腺苷酸的TAV均大于0.1;赖氨酸、谷氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸在正交偏最小二乘法（OPLS-DA）分析中投影...     

韩国比较添加红参纳米粉末和普通粉末对阿齐亚戈干酪成熟过程中理化及感官性质的影响

<正>韩国研究者向阿齐亚戈干酪中分别添加红参纳米粉末(200 nm)和普通粉末(120μm),并使其在14℃成熟4个月,探讨2种红参粉末对干酪理化和感官性质的影响。结果表明,2种干酪成分相近,乳酸菌数无显著差异。但添加0.1%纳米粉末与添加普通粉末相比,可显著降低L*值。添加2种红参粉末均可显著提高干酪硬度。0.1%纳米粉末干酪总体感官接受度接近于对照。结论:0.1%纳米粉末组理化和感官性质颇接近于对照组。(已发表于2014年8月     

Palatability and physicochemical properties of sausages prepared via lactic acid fermentation and drying at low temperature

The present study aimed to assess the palatability of sausages undergoing low‐temperature fermentation and drying process. Lactobacillus sakei D‐1001 or Lactobacillus salivarius A001 were used as starter cultures for fermentation, and the following properties of the sausages were investigated: colony‐forming units of lactic acid bacteria; concentrations of lactic acid, protein, peptides, and free amino acids; distribution of protein; composition of free amino acids; and physical properties and taste. Alterations in the composition of proteins, peptides, and free amino acids as well as in various physical properties were caused by fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. A sensory test indicated that the palatability of the fermented sausages was greater than that of the non‐fermented sausages, particularly in terms of hardness and juiciness. This was considered to be due to protein degeneration and changes in the physical properties of the sausages as a result of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. However, the taste of the fermented sausages was sourer than that of the non‐fermented sausages, and therefore, inferior. Our study revealed that the palatability of the sausages in terms of hardness and juiciness were increased by low‐temperature fermentation by lactic acid bacteria and the drying process.     

Effects of bacterial strains on the development of the ripening flavor of cured pork loins

To determine the effect of bacteria on the development of the ripening flavor of cured meat, pork loins were cured with pickles containing 8 or 16% sodium chloride at 0 and 8°C. The bacterial flora, total free amino acid content and total free fatty acid content in the cured loins, sensory properties of cooked pork loins and the relationships between the proteolytic and lipolytic activities of isolates and curing conditions were investigated. Desirable bacteria, including salt‐tolerant bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, were predominant under the condition of 8% sodium chloride in the pickles and a curing temperature of 8°C. The total free amino acid content and total free fatty acid content at a curing temperature of 8°C were higher than those at 0°C. Cooked pork loins cured in pickles containing 8% sodium chloride at a temperature of 8°C for more than 7 days were preferred in terms of color, flavor and taste. Before the curing procedure, gram‐negative bacteria (Vibrio, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae) were predominant in the pork loins. During the curing period, the numbers of viable gram‐positive bacteria (Micrococcus, Staphylococcus and Pediococcus) increased and the numbers of viable gram‐negative bacteria decreased. Strains of Micrococcus and Staphylococcus with proteolytic and/or lipolytic activities in cured meat also increased during the curing period and were more predominant in the pork loins cured in pickles containing 8% sodium chloride and at a curing temperature of 8°C than in pork loins cured in pickles containing 16% sodium chloride and at a curing temperature of 0°C. The actions of these bacteria were thought to be important factors affecting the flavor of the cured pork. Micrococcus and Staphylococcus with proteolytic activity might contribute to the development of the ripening flavor of ham. The results of the present study together with the results of further investigations on the relationships of the enzyme activities of Micrococcus and Staphylococcus in cured meat with a preferable flavor would be useful for establishing a novel effective method for using bacteria to produce ham of a high quality.     

Effects of muscle type on beef taste‐traits assessed by an electric sensing system

To assess the role of muscle fiber type in beef taste‐traits, we analyzed cooked meats from bovine masseter, diaphragm, psoas major, longissimus thoracis, and semitendinosus muscles with an electric taste sensing system (INSENT SA402B). The system is composed of five taste sensors of polymer membranes fixing different lipids. The sensors, CT0, CA0, AAE, C00 and AE1 are designed to respond to the individual tastes of salty, sour, umami, bitter and astringent, respectively. The system found significant differences in the converted outputs of CA0 (cvCA0), C00 (cvC00) and AE1 (cvAE1) among the bovine muscles. The slow‐type muscles (masseter and diaphragm) showed lower cvCA0, higher cvC00, and higher cvAE1 than did the fast‐type muscles (psoas major, longissimus thoracis, and semitendinosus). Lactic acid content was different among muscle types and was highly related to the cvCA0 output and pH. carbonyl compounds and free fatty acids were higher in the slow‐type muscles. Free fatty acids were major components causing the difference in the C00 output among the muscle types. Iron content was also different among the muscle types and related to the cvC00 and cvAE1 outputs. These results suggested that the muscle fiber type affects the beef taste characteristics.     

糖蜜添加对西兰花茎叶稻秸苜蓿混合青贮发酵品质的影响

本试验目的是评价糖蜜添加对西兰花茎叶稻秸苜蓿混合青贮发酵品质的影响,试验设3个处理,即糖蜜添加为0(对照组),2.5%,5.0%,添加比例以鲜重为基础。在青贮后的第1,3,5,7,14和30天打开青贮罐,测定青贮饲料发酵品质。结果表明,对照组pH值在青贮发酵最初14 d缓慢下降,青贮第30天,对照组的pH值显著上升到4.96(P<0.05),糖蜜添加组pH值从第3天开始随青贮时间增加而显著降低(P<0.05),30 d后,pH值均低于4.0。在青贮的第14天,所有处理组乳酸含量均达到其最大值,分别为50.82,84.84,86.64 g/kg DM。所有处理组乙酸和挥发性脂肪酸含量均随着青贮时间的增加而逐渐增加。在青贮发酵过程中所有处理组丙酸和丁酸均未检出或少量检测到。与对照组相比,糖蜜添加显著(P<0.05)提高了乳酸/乙酸、乳酸含量,同时显著(P<0.05)降低了pH值、氨态氮/总氮和丁酸含量;但2.5%和5.0%糖蜜添加青贮在pH值、乳酸/乙酸、乳酸含量、氨态氮/总氮和丁酸含量上无显著差异。综上所述,添加2.5%糖蜜即可提高混合青贮发酵品质。     

Electrolytes and free fatty acids in milk during mammary involution in the cow

Measurements have been made of the concentrations of triglycerides, free fatty acids, sodium, chloride and potassium in milk samples obtained from cows during acute mammary involution and after parturition. Free fatty acid levels in milk increased more than 10-fold during involution. Their appearance did not immediately follow the cessation of milking but followed the increase in permeability of the mammary epithelium, evidenced by changes in the electrolyte content of the milk, that occurs after a delay of a few days. However, the concentration of free fatty acids did not remain high throughout the dry period but had declined to low levels before the change in permeability was reversed at the next parturition. It is concluded that the high level of free fatty acids in milk during mammary involution does not result from equilibration with an extra-mammary pool, but most likely arises from breakdown of triglycerides remaining in the gland which may be accelerated in some manner by the increase of permeability of the mammary epithelium.     

补喂支链氨基酸对速步马1km速步赛成绩及赛前、赛后血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在通过研究补喂支链氨基酸对速步马1 km速步赛成绩及赛前、赛后血浆抗氧化指标以及激素、肌酸、葡萄糖、乳酸、肌酐含量的影响,为支链氨基酸在速步马训练、比赛中的应用提供参考数据。试验选取年龄相近(4岁左右)、体重相近[(457±50)kg]并经过严格训练的伊犁马公马8匹(速步赛用马),随机分为2组,分别为对照组、试验组,每组4匹。每天每匹马分别饲喂3 kg颗粒精料,苜蓿干草自由采食,在此基础上试验组每天每匹马补喂72 g支链氨基酸(由35.0 g亮氨酸、16.6 g异亮氨基酸、20.4 g缬氨酸组成),进行为期38 d(预试期7 d,正试期31 d)的补饲试验及训练试验。结果表明:补喂支链氨基酸可提高速步马的比赛成绩,同时显著提高速步马赛后30 min血浆总抗氧化能力及赛后24 h血浆超氧化物歧化酶活力(P0.05),但对血浆中激素、肌酸、葡萄糖、乳酸、肌酐含量无显著影响(P0.05)。由此得出,补喂支链氨基酸可缩短速步马比赛用时,提高速步马机体的抗氧化能力,但对血浆中激素、葡萄糖、肌酸、乳酸、肌酐含量无显著影响。     

3种植物添加剂对惠阳胡须鸡肌肉氨基酸、脂肪酸组成与含量的影响

本试验旨在研究绿茶粉、桑叶粉和大蒜粉对鸡肌肉中氨基酸、脂肪酸含量和组成的影响，为植物添加剂在惠阳胡须鸡生产中的应用提供理论依据。选取120只120日龄体重相同、健康的惠阳胡须母鸡，随机分成4个处理，每个处理3个重复，每个重复10只。试验Ⅰ组，饲喂基础日粮+2%绿茶粉；试验Ⅱ组，饲喂基础日粮+4%桑叶粉；试验Ⅲ组，饲喂基础日粮+1.5%大蒜粉；对照组，饲喂基础日粮，预试验7 d，正式试验30 d。饲养试验结束后，每个处理随机选取10只鸡进行屠宰。每只屠宰鸡取同一部位胸肌100 g，通过氨基酸自动分析仪测定肌肉中氨基酸的组成和含量，通过气相色谱仪测定肌肉中脂肪酸的组成和含量。试验结果表明：①日粮中添加植物添加剂对肌肉中氨基酸的组成没有影响，但对肌肉中氨基酸的含量有影响，试验组必需氨基酸含量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）；②日粮中添加植物添加剂对肌肉中脂肪酸的组成没有影响，但对肌肉中脂肪酸的含量有影响，对照组总饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于3个试验组（P<0.05），而3个试验组总多不饱和脂肪酸含量/总饱和脂肪酸含量的比值显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。本试验结果表明，日粮中添加植物添加剂不影响肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成，但影响肌肉中两者的含量，显著降低鸡肌肉中饱和脂肪酸的含量，提高多不饱和脂肪酸的比例，增加必需氨基酸含量。因此，日粮中添加植物添加剂可改善惠阳胡须鸡肌肉品质。