Irrigation water management for crop diversification: Application of the WACCROD model

The actual water management practices, in terms of the volumes and intervals of delivery, are examined in a rice-based irrigation subsystem where crop diversification is practised. A simulation model (WACCROD) is used to generate the hypothetical water requirements of the changing crop mixture at quartenary and tertiary levels.Crops other than rice were planted in the dry season to reduce the need for water. Then, as the available water supplies diminished, the volume and timing of water deliveries changed based on the time, hydraulic location and relative importance of the crop.     

Irrigation water management using high resolution airborne remote sensing

This paper offers a historical retrospective on the remote sensing of crop coefficients for obtaining actual crop evapotranspiration. We present the canopy reflectance-based approach of crop coefficients and show the usefulness of high-resolution airborne imagery as a tool for monitoring the actual crop growth changes and characterizing in-field variability in an objective manner.     

河套灌区经济作物番茄节水型优化灌溉制度研究

以2009年内蒙古河套灌区经济作物番茄的田间实测资料为基础,分别应用水量平衡原理与作物系数法得到经济作物生育各生育阶段实际腾发量;然后以作物-水模型为基本原理,采用多元线性回归方法对作物不同生育阶段水分敏感指标进行求解,其变化规律为：开花着果-结果盛期＞苗期-开花着果＞结果盛期-结果末期,最后应用基于实数编码的遗传算法对作物灌溉制度进行优化,结果表明,作物生育期内适宜的灌水量为60mm。     

节水高产控制灌溉技术

控制灌溉具有明显的节水、高产效果。水稻控制灌溉可节水50％，增产10％；大面积推广运用可节水3000m3／hm2，增产750ks／hm2。小麦控制灌溉可节水65％，增产20％；大面积运用可节水2500m3／hm2，增产1000kg／hm2。水稻控制灌溉灌溉水的生产效率为2．85kg／m3；小麦为7kg／m3。该技术投资少，方法简单，易操作。分析了水稻、冬小麦控制灌溉的作物需水量的试验数据，提出了其技术规范。     

基于遗传算法的小麦套玉米节水型优化灌溉制度研究

以2009年内蒙古河套灌区春小麦套种玉米田间实测资料为基础,分别应用水量平衡原理与作物系数法得到套种作物生育各生育阶段实际腾发量;然后以作物-水模型为基本原理,采用多元线性回归方法对套种作物不同生育阶段水分敏感指标进行求解,其变化规律为：拔节-抽穗＞分蘖-拔节＞喇叭口-灌浆(玉米)＞抽穗-灌浆(小麦)＞苗期-分蘖,最后应用基于实数编码的遗传算法对小麦套玉米作物灌溉制度进行优化,结果表明,作物生育期内适宜的灌水量为450mm。     

小麦套葵花节水型优化灌溉制度研究

以2009年内蒙古河套灌区春小麦套种向日葵田间实测资料为基础,分别应用水量平衡原理与作物系数法得到套种作物生育各生育阶段实际腾发量;然后以作物-水模型为基本原理,采用多元线性回归方法对作物不同生育阶段水分敏感指标进行求解,其变化规律为:分蘖-拔节＞拔节-抽穗＞抽穗-灌浆＞苗期-分蘖,最后应用基于实数编码的遗传算法对作物灌溉制度进行优化,结果表明,作物生育期内适宜的灌水量为250mm.     

基于气温预报和HS公式的参考作物腾发量预报

为探索精确预报未来短期参考作物腾发量ET0的方法,提出基于气温预报和HargreavesSamani(HS)公式进行ET0预报.收集了南京站2001—2011年逐日气象观测数据和2011年预见期为4 d的逐日天气预报数据,采用FAO-56Penman-Monteith公式计算逐日ET0,用2001—2010年计算的ET0率定HS公式参数;用率定后的公式和2011年的天气预报气温数据进行未来4 d的ET0预报;比较2011年ET0的计算值与预报值、气温观测值与预报值以评价ET0预报精度及误差原因.结果表明:最低气温预报准确率达81.9%,最高气温预报准确率为80.1%;经过参数校正后,HS公式精度较高.ET0预报准确率为85.7%,平均绝对误差为1.01 mm/d,均方根误差为1.42 mm/d,相关系数为0.74;各项预报误差随着预见期的增大而增大.产生误差的主要原因为气温预报误差和HS公式未考虑平均风速和相对湿度的影响.总体而言,基于气温预报和HS公式的ET0预报方法精度较高,可为灌溉预报及决策提供较为准确的ET0预报数据.     

鄂北地区不同灌溉模式水稻需水及生长特性研究

针对湖北省鄂北地区干旱现状,采用长渠灌溉试验站2009—2013年的水稻灌溉试验资料,研究了不同节水灌溉模式下水稻需水变化规律和生长特性。结果表明,灌溉模式对水稻蒸发蒸腾量、耗水量、灌水量、产量及水分生产率等指标有显著影响。与浅灌模式和中蓄模式相比,湿润模式水稻耗水量和灌水量明显降低,同时提高了水稻产量和水分生产率。因此,从节水和增产角度,湿润模式是较为适宜的节水灌溉模式。     

甘肃北部棉花灌溉保证率分析

甘肃地区水资源短缺,合理利用农业水资源对地区发展非常重要。根据甘肃瓜州1983-2012年30年的气象资料,计算出瓜州地区棉花作物的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量以及作物的实际蒸发蒸腾量,进而计算甘肃瓜州棉花作物多年灌溉需水量。通过调节灌水次数来调节灌溉供水量,以得出不同供水条件下的灌溉设计保证率,根据不同灌水次数对作物经济效益的影响,得到最大效益时的灌水量和灌溉设计保证率。分析结果表明,灌溉设计保证率在53%时经济效益最高,从而确定甘肃瓜州地区的最优灌水量为440mm,达到既保证效益又能做到节水灌溉的目的。     

Single and dual crop coefficients and water requirements for onion (Allium cepa L.) under semiarid conditions

The objectives of this study were to determine onion water requirements with a sprinkler irrigation system, the most usual irrigation method in Spain. A weighing lysimeter was used to measure single (Kc) and dual (Kcb + Ke) crop coefficient curves and obtain the relationship between Kc-ground cover (GC) and Kcb-GC. Experimental work was carried out in 2005 at “Las Tiesas” farm, located in Albacete (Central Spain). To determine actual onion evapotranspiration (ETc), we used a weighing lysimeter with continuous electronic data recording. Daily measured ETc values obtained by the lysimeter were compared to calculated ETc values obtained through the standard FAO methodology [Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrig. and Drain. Paper 56. Rome, Italy]. Seasonal evapotranspiration measured in the lysimeter (893.34 mm) was higher than the seasonal ETc calculated by FAO-56 method (832.90 mm). The percentage of GC was found through the supervised classification technique of digital photographic images with the maximum probability algorithm [Calera, A., Martínez, C., Melia, J., 2001. A procedure for obtaining green plant cover: relation to NDVI in a case study for barley. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 22, 3357-3362]. The values derived from lysimetric measurements are Kc ini: 0.65, Kc mid: 1.20 and Kc end: 0.75, similar to values given in FAO-56. Lysimetric measurements showed that the evaporative component was high during the growing season, due to the high frequency of irrigation and the fact that the onion crop does not completely cover the ground; maximum GC was 72%. Therefore, the dual crop coefficient was calculated, which allowed differentiation between crop transpiration (basal crop coefficient, Kcb) and evaporation from the soil (evaporation coefficient, Ke). With the aim of facilitating extrapolation of the results to other areas, Kc and Kcb were linearly correlated to fractional GC.     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

Future directions for advanced evapotranspiration modeling: Assimilation of remote sensing data into crop simulation models and SVAT models

Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Models (SVAT) and Crop Simulation Models describe physical and physiological processes occurring in crop canopies. Remote sensing data may be used through assimilation procedures for constraining or driving SVAT and crop models. These models provide continuous simulation of processes such as evapotranspiration and, thus, direct means for interpolating evapotranspiration between remote sensing data acquisitions (which is not the case for classical evapotranspiration mapping methods). They also give access to variables other than evapotranspiration, such as soil moisture and crop production. We developed the coupling between crop, SVAT and radiative transfer models in order to implement assimilation procedures in various wavelength domains (solar, thermal and microwave). Such coupling makes it possible to transfer information from one model to another and then to use remote sensing information for retrieving model parameters which are not directly related to remote sensing data (such as soil initial water content, plant growth parameters, physical properties of soil and so on). Simple assimilation tests are presented to illustrate the main techniques that may be used for monitoring crop processes and evapotranspiration. An application to a small agricultural area is also performed showing the potential of such techniques for retrieving evapotranspiration and information on irrigation practices over wheat fields.     

Crop coefficients for winter wheat in a sub-humid climate regime

Estimations of evapotranspiration (ET) from natural surfaces are used in a large number of applications such as agricultural water management and water resources planning. Lack of reliable, cheap and easy-to-use instruments, associated with the chaotic and varying nature of the meteorological and plant physiological factors influencing ET cause these estimations to be based on calculated values rather than the measured ones. The two-step approach where ET from a reference crop is calculated and multiplied by empirical crop coefficients to obtain ET from a crop has gained wide acceptance. Daily coefficients for a winter wheat crop growing under standard conditions, i.e. not short of water and growing under optimal agronomic conditions, were estimated for a cold sub-humid climate regime. One of the two methods used to estimate ET from a reference crop required net radiation (R_n) as input. Two sets of coefficients were used for calculating R_n. Weather data from a meteorological station was used to estimate R_n and ET from the reference crop. The winter wheat ET was measured using an eddy covariance system during the main parts of the growing seasons 2004 and 2005. The meteorological data and field measurements were quality controlled and discarded from the analysis if flagged for errors. Daily values of ET from the reference crop and winter wheat calculated from hourly values were used to calculate the crop coefficients. Average daily crop coefficients were in the 1.1–1.15 range during mid-season with standard deviations ranging from 0.13 to 0.23 for both years. These values exceed values used in some sub-humid climate regime studies, but agree well with values from the international literature.     

非充分灌溉农田土壤水分动态模拟模型

系统阐述了非充分灌溉条件下农田土壤水分动态变化的二种模拟模型 ,即大田水量平衡模拟模型和土壤水运动模拟模型 ,提出了农田计划湿润层土壤含水量非线性变化的计算方法 ,结合实例对二种模型进行分析比较 ,为非充分灌溉决策提供了新的理论依据。     

生育期模型的不确定性对未来四川水稻灌溉需水量影响

生育期的准确模拟是预估未来气候变化对作物耗水影响的关键,但不同生育期模型间差异较大,其不确定性还未充分研究。采用3种经充分率定和验证的水稻生育期模型(ORYZA2000、CERES-RICE和RCM)结合降尺度后的CMIP5大气环流模式,模拟两种情景下(RCP4.5、RCP8.5)未来3个时期(2020s、2050s、2080s)四川省水稻生育期的变化趋势,再结合水量平衡模型和水稻常规灌溉制度,预估灌溉需水量的变化,同时评估模拟结果的不确定性。结果表明,未来气温的显著升高导致四川省水稻生育期长度显著缩短,而降水量的显著增加导致了灌溉需水量的明显减少。不同生育期模型在模拟水稻生育期以及灌溉需水量时存在着一定的差异,3种生育期模型模拟未来水稻生育期长度的偏差分别为天-2.8 d、-2.3 d、+4.2 d,模拟的灌溉需水量偏差分别为-1.4%、-2.4%、+3.8%,表明3个模型的模拟结果偏差在可以接受的范围内。     

基于NARX模型的参考作物蒸散发预测

为了实现气象资料缺失情况下参考作物蒸散量(ET0)精确计算和预测,以攀枝花站点为例,构建非线性自回归滤波器(NARX)模型预测ET0.以Penman-Monteith模型计算的ET0作为预测标准,将日最高温、日最低温、日照时数、风速和相对湿度作为模型的输入参数,建立11种不同气象因子组合的NARX模型,并与Hargre...     

漳河灌区水稻节水灌溉对农业投入产出的影响分析

为了分析水稻节水灌溉对农业投入和产出的影响，在明确研究目的和研究内容的基础上，在湖北省漳河灌区选择了两块灌溉试验区，一个采用间歇灌溉的节水灌溉方式，另一个依然采用渠水淹灌的传统浇灌方式，得出了灌溉总人力、财力投入和产量试验结果，并对结果进行了分析。     

昆明地区玉米需水量及灌溉用水量研究

基于CROPWAT模型,利用昆明地区气象数据、玉米生育期数据和土壤数据,模拟研究1980-2012年玉米生育期需水量和灌溉用水量年际变化特征及气象要素对其的影响。结果表明:1980-1999年玉米需水量和灌溉用水量呈现微弱下降的趋势(p=0.22,p=0.06);1999-2012年玉米需水量和灌溉用水量呈上升趋势为(p0.01),多年平均玉米需水量和灌溉用水量分别为354.5和64.0mm。玉米需水量与温度、风速和日照时数呈正相关而与降水量和相对湿度呈负相关;灌溉用水量与温度、风速和日照时数呈正相关而与降水量呈负相关。逐步回归分析表明气温、风速和日照时数的组合可以预测年尺度上玉米需水量的变化趋势;气温、风速和降水的组合可以预测年尺度上灌溉用水量的变化趋势。     

水稻"淹灌-露田"灌溉模式试验研究

在总结水稻传统淹水灌溉方式及现行节水灌溉方式的基础上，研究提出了水稻“淹灌－露田”灌溉模式，该模式具有减少灌水次数，减轻灌溉管理的劳动强度，减少斗农渠的输水时间从而提高输水效率，并可提高降雨利用率等优点，介绍了该灌溉模式的基本依据、技术要点及在湖北省宜昌市东风渠管理处灌溉试验站的试验情况，并根据2000－2001年的试验资料，对该灌溉模式的灌溉效果进行了分析。     

南方低山丘陵区滴灌葡萄蒸发蒸腾量实时预报

以浙江低山丘陵区永康灌溉试验站为背景,运用Penman-Monteith公式计算分析了永康长系列参考作物腾发量ET0及其变化规律,建立了ET0实时预报模型,并分析了参数A0取值方法对预报精度的影响。采用双作物系数法确定了滴灌葡萄逐日作物系数,建立了滴灌葡萄蒸发蒸腾量实时预报模型。运用实测的土壤含水率资料,根据水量平衡原理分析计算葡萄实际蒸发蒸腾量,与模型的预报值比较表明所建立的模型及其参数合理。