地下水的分布对沉降计算的影响

阐述了存在多层地下水的场地 ,其沉降计算不同于传统静止水压力计算 ,各层地下水之间渗流 ,造成的孔隙水压力分布场 ,对沉降计算的影响不可忽视     

日本北海道东部高位泥沼远东红皮云杉、库页冷杉和日本桤木树干茎流化学及其对沼泽孔隙水化学的影响(英文)

在日本北海道高位泥沼池,调查了远东红皮云杉(Piceaglehnii)、库页冷杉(Abies sachalinensis)和日本桤木(Alnusjaponica)树干茎流液的化学性质和泥炭孔隙水的化学性质,包括了横切和纵切面孔隙水化学性质。沼泽森林树干基部茎流对泥炭孔隙水化学性质有明显的作用,而且树基部的泥炭孔隙水化学性质具有物种特异性。远东红皮云杉茎流液和泥炭孔隙水中盐分含量最高,日本桤木则最低;盐分从茎基部向树冠形成浓度梯度。树冠下泥炭孔隙水化学受化学过程控制,孔隙水充沛条件下,控制作用减弱,因地势平缓(1°)茎流移动缓慢。事实上,泥炭孔隙水充足会使茎流化学物质浓度降低。微生物活动、优势树冠的营养再生介导的表面水和茎流对森林沼泽地微生境化学环境的空间异质性有贡献。图2表2参44。     

油料冷态压榨过程中油脂迁移速率影响因素分析

针对油料压榨制油过程中的流体流速模型,分析了宏观轴向应力对油脂流动速率的影响。结果表明:油料压榨过程中,油脂逐渐流出油料散体,导致油料孔隙中油脂越来越少,使得孔隙流体的压力逐渐降低并趋于水平,总体上表现为孔隙流体压力随着时间的增长而逐渐减小。因此,合理控制保压时间和压力是提高压榨效率的重要手段。     

含盐冻土物理力学特性研究现状与展望

我国西北内陆和东南沿海含盐土地区的大规模基础设施建设,促进了含盐冻土物理力学研究的发展。从含盐冻土的强度特征、冻融变形特性、水盐迁移规律以及细微观结构研究等4个方面,简要概述了国内外研究现状,总结了含盐冻土物理力学特性的研究进展。提出人工含盐冻土强度和变形特性研究中需增大试验负温范围,以获得氯化钠二次相变对冻土强度和冻融变形的影响规律;从冻融过程中未冻水含量、土水势、孔隙水压力和盐晶体相变等关键机制入手,研究含盐冻土的变形机理;指出现有测定水分、盐分、基质势和孔隙水压力等传感器不能满足室内试验对尺寸和精度的要求,采用微型化、精确化的传感器进行冻融过程中的水盐迁移参数监测,是建立合理的水-热-力-盐耦合模型的前提;提出可将未冻水含量作为微观尺度的孔径分布与宏观强度特性和水盐迁移模型联系的纽带,为建立微观与宏观的联系提供一种新思路。     

红树林土壤盐分测定的几种方法比较

采集海南和福建共13个红树林的土壤,测定土壤孔隙水盐度、未校准的土壤盐度、经含水率校准的土壤盐度和土壤水溶性盐含量.结果 显示,盐度计测定的土壤盐度经土壤含水率校准后与土壤孔隙水盐度接近,且相关性最好.未校准的土壤盐度平均只有孔隙水盐度的38％.土壤水溶性盐含量与孔隙水盐度不相关.结果 表明,用盐度计测定土壤盐度再经土...     

容器成型过程对育苗基质物理性质的影响

选用泥炭(PE)和菇渣(MR)作为主要基质材料,配以珍珠岩和蛭石制成育苗基质,研究了无纺布容器育苗成型机的成型过程对基质物理性质的影响。结果表明:育苗成型机的成型过程显著增加了育苗基质的容重,但其对PE育苗基质容重的影响显著大于MR;且基质中珍珠岩的含量越高,成型过程对容重的影响越大。同PE相比,成型过程对MR基质总孔隙的影响相对较小。育苗基质中蛭石的添加比例增加,经育苗成型机的成型过程后,育苗基质的通气孔隙降低幅度提高;而珍珠岩比例增加,基质的总孔隙度、通气孔隙和持水孔隙的降低幅度增加。不同组分的育苗基质经成型过程后,田间持水量显著降低,持水能力明显下降。     

南明河沉积物孔隙水中溶解有机质的光谱特性

运用紫外一可见吸收光谱法和分子荧光光谱法对南明河中的天然溶解有机质（DOM）进行了研究。研究结果表明：南明河沉积物孔隙水DOM的荧光指数处于1．401～1．676之间，从总体而言f450／f500值更接近于1．5；南明河孔隙水DOM的E3／E4值范围在2～7之间，绝大多数在3～5之间，其中位于水流上游的上水村和三江口两地的E3／E4值最大；通过对沉积物孔隙水DOM在254nm和280nm处吸光度值的分布特征进行研究，推断出溶解有机碳（TOC）浓度从大到小依次是：水口寺〉湘雅桥〉东风镇〉上水村〉小河平桥〉三江口〉市西河〉花溪桥〉小黄河〉小车河；研究还发现小河平桥沉积物孔隙水中DOM的3D—EEM均出现4个明显的荧光峰，峰A和C为可见类富里酸和紫外类富里酸荧光，峰B和D为类蛋白荧光。此外，通过对南明河沉积物孔隙水中DOM发射图谱叠加图的研究，发现叠加图谱表现出较强的相似性，说明整个南明河流域DOM的组成成分大体上相似且浓度也相近，但是在C部分一紫外类富里酸的浓度差异较大，其结果与应用紫外～可见吸收光谱所推断出溶解有机碳浓度大致相符。结果表明南明河沉积物孔隙水DOM中的腐殖质主要来源于陆源性的点源污染。     

岷江杂谷脑河9种典型植被群落的水源涵养能力与价值评估

凋落物和土壤非毛管孔隙持水能力是计算植被群落水源涵养功能的重要组分。本文以理县杂谷脑河流域熊耳村的岷江柏人工林、刺槐人工林、油松人工林、黄栌次生林、杨柳阔叶林、云冷杉林、高山栎林、蔷薇灌草丛和沙棘灌丛为研究对象,分析了上述9种植被群落枯落物和土壤0~40 cm的非毛管孔隙持水量。结果表明,单位面积的枯落物现存量最大的是云冷杉林(34.53 t·hm~(-2)),最小的是岷江柏人工幼龄林(1.37 t·hm~(-2)),9种植被群落枯落物总持水量约27 099 t;单位面积的土壤非毛管孔隙持水总量最大的是高山栎林(905.3 t·hm~(-2)),而持水量最小的是蔷薇灌草丛(227.9 t·hm~(-2)),9种植被群落土壤非毛管孔隙持水总量约为331 751 t;熊耳村686.8 hm~2植被群落枯落物和土壤非毛管持水总量约358 850 t,水源涵养价值约219.3万元。     

强夯法加固回填土地基的应力检测及效果分析

通过对桂林国际展览中心回填土地基强夯加固效果的论述,探讨了强夯法施工在南方多雨地区的适用性。阐明了强夯法施工时,应对孔隙水压力及土体压力进行现场监测;同时也应注意加强排水。     

基质紧实度和颗粒度对桉树扦插苗的影响

以泥炭、椰糠、碳化稻壳、木糠、甘蔗渣等为主要基质原料,探讨了基质的理化性质与桉树扦插成活率以及苗高、地径等指标之间的关系。结果表明:不同的基质粒径之间存在着差别,在成活率和苗高上,<0.6mm粒径的椰糠均显著的高于其余粒径的椰糠;基质理化性质之间变化大的依次是容重、空气孔隙、持水孔隙以及气水比,其次是pH值和持水量。不同装填紧实度的基质苗木之间存在显著的差异,紧实度最大处理的成活率显著高于其余几个处理;不同的装填紧实度之间,基质理化性质变化由大至小是容重、空气孔隙、气水比,其次是持水孔隙度。     

Physical analysis of the process of cavitation in xylem sap

Recent studies have confirmed that cavitation in xylem is caused by air bubbles. We analyzed expansion of a preexistent bubble adhering to a crack in a conduit wall and a bubble formed by the passage of air through a pore of a pit membrane, a process known as air seeding. We consider that there are two equilibrium states for a very small air bubble in the xylem: one is temporarily stable with a bubble radius r1 at point s1 on the curve P(r) relating pressure within the bubble (P) with bubble radius (r); the other is unstable with a bubble radius r2 at point s2 on Pr (where r1 < r2). In each equilibrium state, the bubble collapse pressure (2sigma/r, where sigma is surface tension of water) is balanced by the pressure difference across its surface. In the case of a bubble from a crack in a conduit wall, which is initially at point s1, expansion will occur steadily as water potential decreases. The bubble will burst only if the xylem pressure drops below a threshold value. A formula giving the threshold pressure for bubble bursting is proposed. In the case of an air seed entering a xylem conduit through a pore in a pit membrane, its initial radius may be r2 (i.e., the radius of the pore by which the air seed entered the vessel) at point s2 on Pr. Because the bubble is in an unstable equilibrium when entering the conduit, it can either expand or contract to point s1. As water vaporizes into the air bubble at s2, P rises until it exceeds the gas pressure that keeps the bubble in equilibrium, at which point the bubble will burst and induce a cavitation event in accordance with the air-seeding hypothesis. However, other possible perturbations could make the air-seeded bubble contract to s1, in which case the bubble will burst at a threshold pressure proposed for a bubble expanding from a crack in a conduit wall. For this reason some cavitation events may take place at a xylem threshold pressure (Pl'*) other than that determined by the formula, Plp'* = -2sigma/rp, proposed by Sperry and Tyree (1988), which is applicable only to air-seeded bubbles at s2. The more general formula we propose for calculating the threshold pressure for bubble breaking is consistent with the results of published experiments.     

Characterisation of pore size distributions in variously dried Pinus radiata: analysis by thermoporosimetry

The pore size distribution and networks within the wood cell wall tend to decrease on drying wood from its green state having implications for water ingress and further processing such as in preservative treatment. Thermoporosity measurements using differential scanning calorimetry have been applied to determine the pore size distribution of green Pinus radiata wood and how well this pore network is retained on supercritical fluid (SCF) dewatering compared with kiln drying. Generally, in green sapwood, the majority of bound water was distributed in pore sizes less than 50 nm diameter with only a small proportion present in pore sizes between 50 and 200 nm. On SCF dewatering, most bound water was found to reside in pore sizes <20 nm, consistent with dewatered wood being at fibre saturation point (FSP). Generally, on rewetting dewatered, kiln- or oven-dried wood, proportionately less bound water was present compared with green wood, consistent with reduced pore sizes and network accessibility for water ingress. Furthermore, on rewetting, there were distinctions between earlywood and latewood (LW) sections with the LW sections having a statistically greater proportion of water occupying smaller-sized pores (<20 nm). There was also greater variability of pore size distributions on sample rewetting, inferring drying does not uniformly reduce pore size volumes. Analysis suggests the extent of variability was generally less in the rewetted dewatered wood sample compared to kiln- or oven-dried samples, which may be a consequence of SCF drying only to FSP.     

时域核磁共振技术在木材科学研究领域的应用

时域核磁共振技术（TD-NMR）作为一种先进的表征手段,能快速、精准测量木材中自由水和吸着水的动态变化,也可以基于水分信息表征木材孔隙分布,因此已被广泛应用于木材科学研究领域。文中归纳了时域核磁共振技术用于测量木材含水率、水分性质、水分分布及木材孔隙分布的方法,并对主要研究结果进行综述,以期为相关领域的研究和应用提供理论参考。     

Analysis of the pore-size distribution and fiber saturation point of native and thermally modified wood using differential scanning calorimetry

The aim of this paper was to investigate pore-size distributions in the nano-diameter range of wood and their alteration due to thermal modification of wood using thermoporosimetry, and to find out what consequences can be derived regarding the biological durability. Thermoporosimetry is a technique that is based on the measurement using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The method is based on the fact that frozen water contained within small pores is at elevated pressure and therefore has a depressed melting temperature as a function of the appropriate pore diameter. In addition, the fiber saturation points (FSP) were determined by DSC. The former were performed in an isothermal-step method and the latter using the continuous heating-up method. Native and thermally modified twin samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) were analyzed. The results clearly show that the pore shares of wood for the measurable diameter range between 4 and 400 nm decrease considerably in all studied wood species due to thermal modification of the wood. Furthermore, thermal modification of wood leads to a decreased FSP for all studied wood species. For evaluation as well as reproducibility of the results of pore-size distribution and FSP, the consideration of sensible heat and specific heat of fusion plays an important role. If this is not done, it can lead to misinterpretations.     

Urediniospore chains in Melampsoridium betulinum

The urediniospores of Melampsoridium betulinum are joined to each other, forming long chains, during passage through the peridial pore. The joining seems to be associated with mutual pressure of spores aided by the architecture of the pore. Peridia often have more than one pore.     

A note on a possible source of error in maximum effective pore radius determination in conifer wood

Summary With coniferous timbers, if the fluid system selected for use in maximum effective pore radius determinations has too high an interfacial surface tension, the pressure differential required for the determination can be large enough to cause partial or total pit membrane displacement. Under these circumstances, the results of the method must be interpreted with care.The authors wish to acknowledge the encouragement of Professors Roche and Matthews     

Variations of maximum tracheid and pit pore dimensions from pith to bark for ponderosa pine and redwood before and after drying determined by liquid displacement

Summary Measurements of the gas pressure just required to displace saturating liquids and allow a slow continuous stream of gas to pass through ponderosa pine and redwood cross sections over a broad range of thicknesses at varying distances from pith to bark, together with the surface tensions of the liquids, have been used to calculate: (1) maximum lumen radii and maximum fiber lengths from the data for the thinner specimens, and (2) maximum pit pore radii for the specimens thicker than the maximum fiber lengths. Maximum lumen radii and maximum fiber lengths both increase from pith to bark and with increasing height in the tree. Maximum effective pit pore radii increase from the pith to the sapwood transition point, then increase abruptly followed by a variable zone in the sapwood. Displacement of water or a wetting agent solution gave comparable results for never-dried wood. Drying from water and resoaking reduced the maximum effective pit pore size. Drying from a wetting agent soaked condition followed by resoaking reduced the loss in permeability but not to the degree anticipated. ponderosa pine sapwood, that had been exposed to bacterial action, showed a large increase in the maximum effective communicating opening sizes.     

Field determination of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of forest soils

This study introduces a field method to determine unsaturated hydraulic conductivity which is applicable to sloping terrain with a limited water supply. A single steel ring infiltrometer and an artificial rainfall simulator are used in this method to reduce the amount of water required to attain a steady-state flux condition. Six tensiometers and a time domain reflectometry (TDR) are employed as the soil capillary pressure head and the volumetric soil water content measurement devices, respectively. Water contents measured by the TDR are corrected using a simple calibration method suggested by Hook and Livingston (1996). Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities are computed based on the instantaneous profile method using capillary pressure head and water content changes measured during a drainage process. The proposed method was applied to a forest soil profile in Rokko Mountain range. Results showed that the relationships between the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and capillary pressure head developed by the proposed method coincide well with those measured by the conventional steady-state laboratory experiment. The proposedin-situ method is the effective simple means to determine unsaturated hydraulic conductivities of forest soils, since this method is enough accurate and consuming less amount of water and time. This research was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 08760149) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan.