中型梅山猪杂交组合优化及生产性能关键指标测定

梅山猪以繁殖能力强,耐初饲、肉质佳而出名,属于地方品种太湖猪的一个类群。本研究通过持续观测生长育肥性状、繁殖及哺育性能测定、胴体与肉质性状测定和经济效益分析等四大类15个指标,综合分析皮梅二元杂交组合为最佳组合,本研究结果为制定中梅山猪优质品系育种方案提供了参考依据。     

大×二杂种母猪父女级进杂交的繁殖性能研究

大×二杂种母猪父女级进杂交的繁殖性能研究张建生（执笔）孙士铨（江苏省国营常熟畜禽良种场，２１５５００）李宁（北京农业大学）二花脸猪是太湖猪的一个重要类群，以繁殖性能特高而著称于世，但育肥性能差，胴体瘦肉率低，不能适应消费需求。我场与北京农业大学合作，...     

瘦肉型猪胴体品质和肌肉品质测定

选取适宰期大约克,长白纯种猪,社长大,长大,汉长大,大杜长,长大二（二花脸）杂种猪进行屠宰测定和肌肉品质常规分析。研究表明,大多数胴体性状和肌肉品质不存在非常显著的组合间差异。胴体品质总体而言比国外瘦肉型猪略差,但肌肉品质倨于国外报道的肉质性状。长大二三元杂交猪胴体品质和肉质性状与其它组合间差异不大。     

东安土猪与两广花猪内四元杂交组合对比试验

为了开发利用东安土猪地方品种资源,为东安土猪优质高效配套杂交组合筛选提供理论依据,采用杜洛克作为终端父本,长大东(东安猪)、长大广(两广花猪)、大长东、大长广为母本进行四元杂交组合进行试验,测定其繁殖性能、育肥性能及胴体品质。结果表明:杜长大东杂交组合猪窝产仔数为10.95头,与另外3个杂交组合比较差异显著(P0.05);含地方血缘12.5%的两广花猪组合日增重、饲料转化率高于含东安猪血缘的组合,但胴体质量无明显差异;四元杂交组合商品猪瘦肉率在60.09%以上。     

杜湘猪、杜圩猪横交后代生产性能比较分析

本研究对杜湘猪、杜圩猪横交后代繁殖、生长、胴体与肉质性状进行测定。结果表明,杜湘猪母猪较杜圩猪母猪体躯更长,背膘相对较厚,但背腰较长而窄;初产繁殖性能及胴体性状两者差异不显著;在肉质性状上,由于杜湘猪宰前活重极显著高于杜圩猪,脂肪沉积更加充分,使得大理石纹评分高于杜圩猪,其余指标均表明两者肉质优良。通过横交,毛色分离比例下降,但在繁殖、生长、肉质性状等方面仍存在整齐度低、一致性差等问题,还需进一步选育提高。     

法系大约克猪生产性能测定报告

山东省农科院畜牧所良种猪技术研究中心1998年10月从法国引进大约克原种猪,经过三年多的饲养、观察和选育,发现该品种猪具有适应性强,体质较粗壮,蹄质坚实,产仔数多,泌乳力强,胴体瘦肉率高等特点。现将法系大约克猪的生产性能测定结果报告如下。1材料与方法1.1测定猪的选择选择2000年春季产仔的法系大约克猪37窝,2000年秋季产仔的34窝和2001年春季产仔的42窝,统计母猪的繁殖性能;选择血统一致、体重相近、发育良好的健康生长猪进行生长肥育性能和胴体性状的测定。1.2测定性状母猪的繁殖性状、生长猪肥育性能和胴体性状。1.2.1母猪繁殖性状。…     

张杂谷替代玉米在育肥猪中的应用研究

为了拓宽张杂谷的应用渠道,在生猪育肥阶段开展了张杂谷替代部分玉米的试验研究。选择"杜×长×大"三元育肥猪,日粮中用张杂谷分别替代0、25%、30%、35%的玉米,研究其对育肥猪生长性能及胴体和肉质性状的影响。结果表明,替代比例为25%和30%时,育肥猪日增重高于对照组,分别提高了8.08%和8.36%,差异显著;料重比低于对照组,分别降低6.46%和4.76%;替代比例达到35%时,对育肥猪的生长性能产生了不利影响;对育肥猪胴体和肉质性状影响方面,3个试验组和对照组没有明显差异。综合考虑生产性能和经济效益情况,替代比例25%时最佳。     

优质高效瘦肉型猪杂交组合筛选试验

为筛选优质高效瘦肉型猪杂交组合,1997～2003年在丹东市种畜场,以辽宁黑猪为母本,引进杜洛克、长白、大约克为父本进行二、三、四元杂交,以引进品种间二、三元杂交为对照,历时6年对9种组合系统比较了繁殖、肥育及胴体性状表现,并做了效益分析。结果表明,繁殖性能含黑猪血液母猪组合优于洋洋杂种,杜×大长黑母猪表现较好,产仔数一产为12头,经产为13.67头;35天断奶窝重,一产为106.3kg,经产是108.7kg;断奶成活一产11.6头,经产12头;平均利用年限6.5产以上,每产创效益866元,每头累计可创效益5629元。生长性能和胴体品质杜大长黑组合符合猪肉市场竞争的需要,日增重837g,料重比2.9,瘦肉率62%,肌内脂肪4.4%,肉质佳,一头育肥猪可创效益136.78元。杜大长黑为优质高效最佳商品猪组合。     

张杂谷替代玉米在育肥猪中的应用研究北大核心

为了拓宽张杂谷的应用渠道,在生猪育肥阶段开展了张杂谷替代部分玉米的试验研究。选择"杜×长×大"三元育肥猪,日粮中用张杂谷分别替代0、25%、30%、35%的玉米,研究其对育肥猪生长性能及胴体和肉质性状的影响。结果表明,替代比例为25%和30%时,育肥猪日增重高于对照组,分别提高了8.08%和8.36%,差异显著;料重比低于对照组,分别降低6.46%和4.76%;替代比例达到35%时,对育肥猪的生长性能产生了不利影响;对育肥猪胴体和肉质性状影响方面,3个试验组和对照组没有明显差异。综合考虑生产性能和经济效益情况,替代比例25%时最佳。     

二花脸猪及其杂种猪的肥育性能与胴体肉质

为探明二花脸种群与新引进的外种猪杂交利用的效果，试验以二花脸纯种为对照，分别对大约克猪×二花脸（大×二）、长白猪×二花脸（长×二）及杜洛克猪×二花脸（杜×二）杂种猪进行肥育与屠宰测定。结果表明：3个杂交组合中大×二的日增重585 g，料重比3.15，肥育性能相对较好；长×二组合的背膘厚2.8 cm，眼肌面积40.3 cm2，瘦肉率53.6%，胴体性状相对较好；杜×二组合的失水率33.2%，低于长×二（P〈0.05）和大×二组合（P＞0.05），肌内脂肪含量3.2%，高于长×二（P＞0.05）和大×二组合（P＞0.05），大理石纹评分3.19，肉色评分2.88，滴水损失等肉质指标也相对较好。3个杂交组合各有各的优点，在杂交生产中，可根据各地市场消费需求与养殖习惯选择相应的杂交组合。     

品种及杂交组合效应对育肥猪猪肉羟脯氨酸和pH值的影响

通过对不同品种及杂交组合氟烷基因显性纯合子育肥猪肌肉中羟脯氨酸和pH值2个指标的测定,来分析品种及杂交组合效应对猪肉质的影响。试验结果表明,品种及杂交组合效应对猪肉的嫩度有影响。在屠宰后的前4 d大长猪(大白猪×长白猪)猪肉中羟脯氨酸含量低于长大猪(长白猪×大白猪),说明其嫩度要好于长大猪;猪肉离体后pH值先下降后上升。随着冷藏时间的延长,长白猪和大白猪猪肉pH值的升高速度要比杜洛克猪、长杜猪(长白猪×杜洛克猪)、长大猪、大长猪的速度要慢,说明长白猪和大白猪肉的货架期较长。长白猪与大白猪正反交,对肌肉pH值影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

猪的平均日增瘦肉量活体测定方法研究

本文根据杜洛克和杜长大两个瘦肉型猪群的性能测定资料,对猪平均日增瘦肉量（简称日瘦肉量）的活体测定方法进行了研究。性能测定结果表明：全期日瘦肉量为杜洛克２１５．８１±１５．４８ｇ／天,杜长大２２５．００±２０．７７ｇ／天,测定期日瘦肉量为杜洛克２９２．４７±２５．５５ｇ／天。用超声活体测膘和逐步回归分析法筛选出可用于日瘦肉量活体测定的７个最优回归方程。为选择改良猪日瘦肉量的实际育种工作提供了有效的测定方法     

杜洛克、大白、长白猪的生长和肉用性状杂交效果研究

为筛选优化杂交组合,进行了杜洛克（杜）、大白（大）、长白（长）品种间杂交试验,测定了不同品种组合的生长速度、饲料转化率、胴体和肉质性状及其杂种优势率。结果表明,杜洛克、父系大白猪作终端父本与长大杂母猪杂交,其后代的日增重、饲料转化率、屠宰率、胴体长、眼肌面积、后腿比例、瘦肉率及肉质等主要性状均无显著差异。     

Effects of Duroc, Meishan, Fengjing, and Minzhu boars on carcass traits of first-cross barrows.

Duroc, Meishan, Fengjing, and Minzhu boars were mated to crossbred gilts during two breeding seasons. From each sire breed group each season, six pens of approximately eight barrows each were slaughtered. A pen of pigs from each sire breed group was slaughtered at 7-d intervals from 168 to 203 d of age each season. Breed of sire effects were significant for all age-adjusted carcass traits except carcass length, fat thickness at the last rib, color score, and firmness score. At 184 d of age, Duroc crosses had the heaviest (P less than .05) slaughter and carcass weights; Minzhu crosses were lighter (P less than .05) than Meishan crosses but not lighter than Fengjing crosses. Differences among age-constant traits reflect differences in BW. After adjustment to a constant carcass weight of 78 kg, the three Chinese breeds had very similar carcass characteristics. Carcasses sired by Durocs had significantly less backfat and larger longissimus muscle area than carcasses sired by the Chinese breeds. Weight of each trimmed wholesale lean cut and their total weight were significantly higher for Duroc crosses than for Chinese crosses. Breed of sire means did not differ significantly for belly weight, but Duroc crosses had less (P less than .05) weight of leaf fat. Relative to Chinese crosses, longissimus muscles from Duroc crosses had more marbling (P less than .05). Sire breed groups did not differ significantly for color or firmness score. Pigs sired by Meishan, Fengjing, and Minzhu produced carcasses with significantly less lean content at a carcass weight of 78 kg than did pigs sired by Duroc.     

瘦肉型和脂肪型肥育猪胴体性状和肉质的比较研究

选用体重为50 kg左右的宁乡猪和三元杂交猪各4头,屠宰后对其胴体性状、肉质及肌肉氨基酸与脂肪酸组成和含量进行比较。结果表明,宁乡猪的胴体重、皮重、脂肪重、脂肪率和均膘厚均显著高于三元杂交猪,肌肉重、瘦肉率和眼肌面积显著低于三元杂交猪（P<0.05）;宁乡猪的肉色显著优于三元杂交猪（P<0.05）;贮存损失显著低于三元杂交猪（P<0.05）;三元杂交猪肌肉各氨基酸含量均高于宁乡猪（P>0.05）;宁乡猪背最长肌和半腱肌的油酸含量显著高于三元杂交猪（P<0.05）,而背最长肌硬脂酸和亚油酸含量及半腱肌亚油酸含量均显著低于三元杂交猪（P<0.05）。     

优质猪杂交繁育体系的构建与优化

选用杜洛克、长白、大白3个国外引进品种,冀合白猪专门化母系B1个国内培育品系,以及1个地方品种太湖猪,模拟杂交繁育体系的生物经济学过程,构建了优质猪的杂交繁育体系,并以每头后备母猪平均每年的利润、每头标准化商品猪的利润、每1000头标准商品猪相对应的母猪头数和商品代出栏猪肌内脂肪含量(肉质指标)4个评价指标对杂交繁育体系进行了优化选择,结果在4种杂交配套组合中,杜洛克×(大白×冀合白猪专门化母系B)经济效率和商品代猪肉质最优。     

小肽添加剂对生长猪生长性能的影响

试验研究三种不同的小肽添加剂制品对生长猪生长性能的影响。试验选用72头初始体重在(34.64±8.32)kg的杜×长×大三元阉公猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复3头猪试验各组分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组),基础日粮加100mg/kg小肽A(小肽A组),基础日粮加100mg/kg小肽B(小肽B组),基础日粮加50mg/kg小肽C(小肽C组),试验期28d。测定其对生长猪的生长性能的影响,结果表明,与对照组相比,小肽A组、小肽B组和小肽C组的生长猪的平均采食量分别提高了9.8%、7.0%和12.5%(P0.05),平均日增重分别提高了15.8%、12.8%和21.7%(P0.05),料肉比分别降低了5.1%、6.3%和8.5%(P0.05)。     

猪血浆蛋白多态性预估杂种优势的探讨

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法测定了杜长大、大杜长大、大长大、长大、杜洛克等５个品种组合的转铁蛋白、后白蛋白、后转铁蛋白、血液结合素、淀粉酶的多态性。根据这些位点基因频率计算了基因平均杂合度，对这些品种组合的基因平均杂合度与主要经济性状以及主要经济性状的杂种优势率进行了相关分析。结果表明，平均杂合度与日增重、屠宰率和瘦肉率间存在非常显著或显著正相关，平均杂合度与日增重杂优率、屠宰率的杂优率间也有非常显著正相关。因此猪血浆蛋白位点平均杂合度可作为一项预估杂种优势率的遗传指标。     

Comparison of growth performances,carcass characteristics,and meat qualities of Okinawan indigenous Agu pigs and crossbred pigs sired by Agu or Duroc boar

Indigenous Okinawa Agu pigs are crossed with Large White × Landrace (WL) pigs to improve their meat production, but there is little information regarding the crossbreeding effects. The study aims to compare growth, carcass characteristics, and meat qualities of Agu pigs with those of WL crossbreeds with Agu sires (WLA) or Duroc sires (WLD). WLA pigs showed better growth performance and carcass characteristics and less intramuscular fat (IMF) contents than Agu ones, but they had higher fat deposition, smaller longissimus dorsi muscle area, and higher IMF contents than WLD pigs. Agu pigs showed higher water holding capacity than the other two breeds. The inner layer of Agu backfat contains higher and lower proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), respectively, than that in WLD animals. WLA animals had intermediate values for the fatty acid content in the inner backfat, although MUFA contents were equal to those of Agu pigs. Fatty acid profiles in IMF were similar to those in the backfat. These results indicate that crossbreeding of Agu with WL pigs improves growth performance and carcass quality. Particularly, WLA pigs have higher IMF contents and MUFA concentrations and lower PUFA concentrations than WLD pigs.     

Screening 52 single nucleotide polymorphisms for extreme value of glycolytic potential and drip loss in pigs

Low heritability of meat quality traits and the lack of their systematic registration in breeding programs have encouraged the search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within genes coding the proteins involved in muscle and fat metabolism. In this report, a panel of 52 SNPs was used to find which alleles and genotypes are more/less frequent in groups of pigs differentiated by extreme value of glycolytic potential (GP) and drip loss (DL). The analysis was carried out in 52 fatteners (chosen from 246 pigs), of which 28 were Landrace and 27 Landrace × Yorkshire. Two designs were performed: I, fatteners were divided into two groups showing extreme value of GP (<125 versus >145), II, fatteners were divided into two groups showing extreme value of DL (<6.0 versus >6.0). Allele frequency differences between the phenotypic groups of extreme GL or DL were not influenced by the breed. The frequency of 52 SNPs alleles for each of group was calculated and a chi‐squared test was used to estimate the significance of differences in allele frequencies between alternative groups in each experimental design. Three SNPs (DECR1, PPARGC1, MC4R) and another two (CYP21, SFRS1) showed significant differences between groups of extreme GP and DL, respectively. To exemplify and validate potential associations of candidate SNPs for GP and DL, 293 fatteners representing three commercial breeds/crosses (95 Landrace, 66 Landrace × Yorkshire and 132 Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc were genotyped for DECR1 and CYP21 by PCR‐RFLP assays. DECR1 showed significant associations with GP in Landrace and Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc fatteners. CYP21 showed significant associations with DL in all breeds/crosses. Interestingly, the CYP21 polymorphism revealed adverse associations trend in Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc pigs in comparison to Landrace and Landrace × Yorkshire fatteners.