农村奶牛养殖小区中存在的问题及对策

奶牛养殖小区是奶牛生产与生活的主要场所,小区的规划、布局与管理会直接影响到饲养奶牛的经济效益,社会效益与生态效益。作者通过对农村奶牛养殖小区在建设及生产管理中存在问题的分析与论述,提出相应对策,旨在为建设农村奶牛养殖小区提供参考,同时为促进奶牛业健康发展提供资料。     

Evaluation of association between polymorphism within the thyroglobulin gene and milk production traits in dairy cattle

In dairy cattle, many studies have reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) on the centromeric end of chromosome 14 that affect milk production traits. One of the candidate genes in this QTL region – thyroglobulin (TG) – was previously found to be significantly associated with marbling in beef cattle. Thus, based on QTL studies in dairy cattle and because of possible effects of this gene on fat metabolism, we investigated the association of TG with milk yield and composition in Holstein dairy cattle. A total of 1279 bulls from the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository Holstein population were genotyped for a single nucleotide polymorphism in TG used previously in beef cattle studies. Analysis of 29 sire families showed no significant association between TG variants and milk production traits. Within‐sire family analysis suggests that TG is neither the responsible gene nor a genetic marker in association with milk production traits.     

奶牛乳房炎的防治

奶牛乳房炎是一种常见病和多发病,是目前严重危害和困扰奶牛养殖业及产奶业最常见的疾病之一,此病的发生不仅严重地影响了奶牛产奶量和奶质,而且还会造成奶牛使用年限减少,淘汰提前,饲料汇报率降低,治疗和管理成本增加,乳中兽药和抗生素残留,危及人类健康和环境安全等巨大经济损失,直接影响着养殖业的经济收入。为了减少该病的发生,提高乳质量,对我场奶牛进行了奶牛乳房炎的发病规律和治疗情况的调查,并且提出相应的防治措施,有效的控制了乳房炎的发生。     

奶牛生产性能测定在陕西省应用成效调查

奶牛生产性能测定（DHI）对奶牛群体遗传改良、调整日粮和喂量、预防常见疾病、提高牛奶产量和质量有着非常重要的作用,同时可为牛群的标准化饲养、数字化管理提供依据。为了解该项技术在陕西的应用成效,笔者所在单位对其应用效果进行了调查,以期为今后更好地扩展该项工作提供依据。。     

宁夏规模奶牛养殖场发展现状、问题及对策研究——以宁夏A乳业公司为例

宁夏地处黄金畜牧养殖带,具有得天独厚的奶牛产业发展优势。以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,宁夏奶产业正在迈向高质量发展的道路。宁夏把奶业振兴作为实施乡村振兴战略、提高奶源质量、推进农业高质量发展的重要举措。宁夏A乳业公司按照“草畜一体化”的产业思路以“种优质草,养健康牛,产优质奶”为导向,以发展规模优质高产牧草为基础,大力推进规模化奶牛饲养。本研究以A乳业公司为例,探讨宁夏规模奶牛养殖场的发展现状及存在的主要问题,并提出针对性的对策建议,以期为规模奶牛养殖场及相关政府、管理部门制定奶业振兴战略提供参考。     

Triennial Lactation Symposium: Opportunities for improving milk production efficiency in dairy cattle

Increasing feed costs and the desire to improve environmental stewardship have stimulated renewed interest in improving feed efficiency of livestock, including that of US dairy herds. For instance, USDA cost projections for corn and soybean meal suggest a 20% increase over 2010 pricing for a 16% protein mixed dairy cow ration in 2011, which may lead to a reduction in cow numbers to maintain profitability of dairy production. Furthermore, an October 2010 study by The Innovation Center for US Dairy to assess the carbon footprint of fluid milk found that the efficiency of feed conversion is the single greatest factor contributing to variation in the carbon footprint because of its effects on methane release during enteric fermentation and from manure. Thus, we are conducting research in contemporary US Holsteins to identify cows most efficient at converting feed to milk in temperate climates using residual feed intake (RFI), a measure used successfully to identify the beef cattle most efficient at converting feed to gain. Residual feed intake is calculated as the difference between predicted and actual feed intake to support maintenance and production (e.g., growth in beef cattle, or milk in dairy cattle). Heritability estimates for RFI in dairy cattle reported in the literature range from 0.01 to 0.38. Selection for a decreased RFI phenotype can reduce feed intake, methane production, nutrient losses in manure, and visceral organ weights substantially in beef cattle. We have estimated RFI during early lactation (i.e., to 90 d in milk) in the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Holstein herd and observed a mean difference of 3.7 kg/d (P < 0.0001) in actual DMI between the efficient and inefficient groups (±0.5 SD from the mean RFI of 0), with no evidence of differences (P > 0.20) in mean BW, ADG, or energy-corrected milk exhibited between the 2 groups. These results indicate promise for using RFI in dairy cattle to improve feed conversion to milk. Previous and current research on the use of RFI in lactating dairy cattle are discussed, as well as opportunities to improve production efficiency of dairy cattle using RFI for milk production.     

Risk of removal and effects on milk production associated with paratuberculosis status in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects on production and risk of removal related to Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) infection at the individual animal level in dairy cattle. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. ANIMALS: 7,879 dairy cows from 38 herds in 16 states. PROCEDURE: A subset of dairy cattle operations that participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2002 study was evaluated via a serum ELISA for antibodies against MAP and categorized according to ELISA score. Dairy Herd Improvement Association records were obtained to collect current and historical lactation data and removal (ie, culling) information. Production variables were evaluated on the basis of serum ELISA category. RESULTS: Cows with strong positive results had mature equivalent (ME) 305-day milk production, ME 305-day maximum milk production, and total lifetime milk production that were significantly lower than cows in other categories. No differences were observed for ME 305-day fat and protein percentages, age, lactation, and lactation mean linear somatic cell count score between cows with strong positive results and those with negative results. After accounting for lactation number and relative herd-level milk production, cows with strong positive results were significantly more likely to have been removed by 1 year after testing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Without management changes designed to reduce the farm-level prevalence of MAP infection, paratuberculosis will continue to reduce farm income by decreasing milk production and potentially increasing premature removal from the herd.     

世界奶绵羊产业及种质资源概况

奶绵羊产业是奶业的重要组成部分,是奶业中的小众特色产业。全球奶绵羊产业主要集中在地中海地区、中东地区和非洲部分国家。2019年全球奶绵羊数量为2.5亿只,绵羊奶产量总计为1 058.79万t,占总奶类产量的1.15%。全球的奶绵羊种质资源主要有东佛里生、拉考恩、阿瓦西等品种。中国发展奶绵羊产业,可形成我国羊产业的新业态,并丰富我国乳业品类结构,开发优质特色乳及其制品,实现羊产业的转型升级和提质增效,解决我国绵羊奶制品完全依赖进口的"卡脖子"问题,从而为乡村振兴、供给侧结构改革、消费升级以及健康中国等国家战略的实施贡献力量。     

The effects of liveweight loss and milk production on the risk of lameness in a seasonally calving,pasture fed dairy herd in New Zealand

Dairy herd managers have attempted to increase and maintain profits by selectively breeding dairy cattle for high production. Selection for milk production may have resulted in a tendency for greater liveweight (LW) loss postpartum. This study aimed to: (1) determine if excessive LW loss and milk yield in the first 50 days in milk (DIM) was associated with the development of lameness after 50 DIM, and (2) estimate the incidence risk of lameness in this herd attributable to excessive liveweight loss. The dataset comprised details from 564 mixed age cows from a single, seasonally calving, pasture fed dairy herd in New Zealand.     

基于灰色关联模型的奶牛牛群改良测定报告分析及其应用

Dairy herd improvement （DHI） could provide accurate and reliable information for pasture，which could be helpful for the management of herds.This paper analyzed the indicators of DHI，and based on DHI data from February 2012 to December 2012 of a dairy farm in South China， this paper performed trend analysis for milk fat rate，milk protein rate，milk lactose rate，the number of somatic cell and daily milk yield and make correlation analysis of factors of daily milk yield by gray relational model.The results showed that the milk production from February to October was declined，which showed that the rearing environment of herds was poor.The milk lactose rate，milk protein rate and milk fat rate were increased，which showed that the diet structure was reasonable and the dietary dry matter was adequate.The somatic cell count was less than 500000/mL，which showed that the incidence of mastitis was lower and the herds were in good health. The number of somatic cell was also the most influential factor of the daily milk yield，and there was a very strong negative correlation among them.Therefore，strengthening the management of cattle rearing environment，improving the level of breeding cattle breeding，adjusting the dietary nutrition structure and doing mastitis detection and prevention were very important for dairy managers.     

乳头封闭剂和不同干奶药品对预防奶牛产后乳房炎的研究

奶牛乳腺健康直接关系到奶牛生产性能,和牧场效益息息相关。如何有效预防奶牛乳房炎的发生,是牧场的重中之重。干奶期是奶牛乳腺机能恢复健康的一个重要阶段,对预防奶牛产后乳房炎的发生有着重要意义。本文利用长达1 年的时间,对635 头奶牛进行分组试验,并追踪观察其产后90 天内乳房炎的发生情况和产奶量情况。通过数据分析发现,奶牛干奶期联合使用抗生素和乳头封闭剂对奶牛进行干奶,比单独使用抗生素干奶,产后7 天的体细胞阳性率降低了28.58%;产后60 天临床乳房炎发病率降低了35.40%,产后90天降低了41.32%;各组之间的产奶量并无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

中药防治奶牛热应激研究进展

奶牛是一种耐寒怕热的动物,尤其是产奶期体内产热量大,且奶牛调节体温的能力有限,因此在众多的应激因素中,高温环境对奶牛的应激影响尤为突出。实践证明,适宜奶牛生活的温度范围在10-21℃之间,超过适宜温度时,奶牛体温开始上升,容易引起热应激。在我国,在饲料中添加中草药添加剂来防治热应激的研究颇多,本文对近年来使用中草药防治奶牛热应激的研究进行综述,以供参考。     

奶牛酮病的研究概况

奶牛酮病是由于体内代谢紊乱所引起的一种代谢性疾病,主要表现为产奶量、乳汁质量下降,繁殖性能降低,以及内分泌紊乱等,导致奶牛淘汰率增加,给奶牛场造成严重的经济损失。近年来,奶牛酮病的发生率有呈上升的趋势,与目前奶牛产奶量高、日粮结构改变有很大的关系。通过营养调控在一定程度上可以降低酮病的发生率。     

Detection of bovine leukemia virus in blood and milk by nested and real-time polymerase chain reactions.

Concerns about retroviruses in livestock and products derived from them have necessitated the development of tests to detect the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in blood and milk from cattle. Dairy cattle (n = 101) from 5 different geographical areas were used for this study. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified 98% of BLV seropositive cattle (n = 80) from blood and 65% from milk, whereas real-time PCR detected 94% of BLV seropositive cattle from blood and 59% from milk. Bovine leukemia virus was also detected by PCR in approximately 10% of seronegative cattle (n = 21), most likely because of early detection before seroconversion.     

生物抗氧化剂对原料奶体细胞数的影响

原料奶中体细胞是间接反应奶牛乳房是否健康的一个有力数据。同时过高的体细胞也将直接影响到原料奶的质量和价格。因此,本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛80头,探讨日粮添加34g生物抗氧化剂对原料奶中体细胞的影响。结果表明,生物抗氧化剂对奶牛产奶量及乳成分无显著影响。但与对照组相比,试验组原料奶中体细胞数呈显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。因此,本研究表明,生物抗氧化剂能够有效降低原料奶中体细胞数,提高原料奶质量。     

过瘤胃保护氨基酸提高奶牛乳蛋白转化效率的研究

为提高奶牛乳蛋白含量和饲料蛋白质用于产奶的转化效率,选择体况、胎次、泌乳期相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛27头,采用L9（34）正交试验设计,研究奶牛不同小肠可消化蛋白（IDCP）供应水平日粮添加过瘤胃保护氨基酸（RPAA）对乳蛋白率含量和IDCP转化为乳蛋白效率的影响。结果表明,IDCP按《中国奶牛饲养标准》（2004）推荐需要量92%水平供应,组合添加过瘤胃保护赖氨酸（RPlys）32 g/d＋过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸（RPmet）8 g/d,日粮干物质中NDF水平控制在37%～41%,可有效提高泌乳前期奶牛乳蛋白含量与IDCP用于泌乳的转化效率。     

奶山羊养殖与其他养殖项目的比较优势

奶山羊养殖是一项投资小、设备及技术要求低、资金周转快、收益相对稳定的养殖产业项目,很适应农村发展.奶山羊以产奶为主,奶肉兼用,可提供营养丰富、适口性好的生鲜乳和鲜羊肉,市场需求量大;近年来,活羊出栏价相对稳定,在中小城市,羊肉价格保持在80元/kg左右,鲜羊奶市场价格在14元/kg左右.奶山羊体格健壮、活泼好动,适应性...     

Use of partial budgeting to determine the economic outcome of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection reduction strategies in three Ohio dairy herds

Efforts to reduce the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection were monitored in 3 Ohio dairy herds. Bacteriologic culturing of milk from all lactating cows in each herd was completed multiple times to identify infected cows and monitor reduction. Partial budgeting techniques were used to determine the economic outcome of the reduction program. Of particular emphasis was the economic impact of culling to maintain or achieve milk quality premium payments on the basis of bulk tank somatic cell counts. The prevalence of S aureusinfected cows was reduced in each herd. Culturing of milk from all lactating cows appeared to be an effective method to identify infected cows. Although numbers were limited, it also appeared that culturing of composite quarter samples was effective as a herd screening test to identify S aureus-infected cows. Bacteriologic culturing had a negative financial impact in all 3 herds. Using partial budgeting to assess the economic impact of the programs, it was determined that 2 herds experienced negative financial impacts as a result of an excess culling rate when compared with a 12-month baseline period prior to the initiation of the project. All herds had increased milk production per cow during the study as measured by the mature-equivalent method. However, when actual production was considered, increased milk production in each herd was not as great as that of other Ohio herds enrolled on Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing programs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

加快甘南奶牛产业建设的对策建议

奶牛产业是甘南州的优势特色产业.通过提高农牧民对奶牛产业的认识,建立奶牛生产优势带,加强奶牛品种良种化建设,推广科学饲养管理方法,有利于促进农牧民增收和甘南奶牛产业可持续发展.     

繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期泌乳性能及血液指标的影响

选择20头荷斯坦高产牛,采用配对分组设计分为对照组和试验组,每组各10头。对照组使用原日粮,试验组产前21d每天在日粮中添加繁奶康125g,于分娩当天添加量增至300g直到试验结束,以探讨日粮添加繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期产奶性能(产奶量及乳品质)的影响。结果表明,补充繁奶康,产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量试验组明显高于对照组(P0.05);奶牛采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及乳干物质含量两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。血液指标谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性两组间无显著差异(P0.05),高产奶牛补充繁奶康对泌乳早期产奶性能有较好的改善作用。