化学药物杀虫除草的危害与生态学方法控制

本文分析了化学药物对杀虫除草的作用及其对生物与人类造成的危害以及污染大气、水体、土壤和景观所带来的恶果，指出应当积极广泛地开展生物防治，利用害虫天敌、昆虫性引诱剂、雄性绝育等生态学方法有效地控制害虫与野草。同时修订现行的环境管理制度，严格管理食品和药物。     

利用微孢子虫防治夜蛾类害虫

在发展无公害农业的前提下，日本除了利用微生物、病毒和天敌昆虫防治植物病害外，最后又开发了一种利用微孢子虫防治植物病害的技术，作者从自然界中分离出一种新的害虫天敌－微孢子虫，经试验对斜纹夜蛾的杀虫效果是病毒类生物杀虫剂的１０倍左右。用于防治十字花科植物的害虫，效果也很好，而且还证明该微孢子虫对水稻害虫，小茶蛾，菜青虫等都有防治效果。     

十字花科蔬菜害虫的化学防治

通过近几年对万州区几个蔬菜基地的调查研究,观察了为害十字花科蔬菜的主要害虫种类和为害特点,根据害虫活动规律和对药物的最敏感期,结合当前农药市场情况,选用高效、低(无)残、中低毒化学农药并列出其安全间隔期,对有效防治害虫、提高蔬菜的品质和经济效益有很好的效果。     

转基因植物的生态安全性风险

转基因植物的应用在对农业生产带来重大变革的同时,其安全性风险备受关注。本文重点论述了转基因植物的生态安全性风险,即转基因植物的使用带来的直接或间接的生态影响,包括：目标害虫对转基因植物的抗性,转基因植物对非目标害虫的毒性及其对寄主嗜好性、有益生物及天敌的安全性、生物多样性及生态系统结构的影响;基因漂移及杂草化问题及应用转基因作物后植保费用的变更等。针对这些关键问题,定量风险评估和制定风险预防与治理策略具有重要意义。     

茶树主要害虫综合防控技术

介绍茶树主要害虫的种类识别方法和主要为害特征,从农业防控技术、生物防控技术、性引诱捕杀技术、物理防控技术和化学防控技术等方面阐述了茶树主要害虫的综合防控技术。     

现代信息技术在害虫种群密度监测中的应用

害虫种群密度监测是害虫预测准确度关键，对农田生态系统中害虫综合管理有重要指导意义。该文从传统的害虫监测技术入手，分析了近年现代信息技术在害虫自动化监测中应用的进展，分析了计算机视觉、声音信号、传感器、雷达和遥感等信息技术在害虫密度估算中的优势和存在的问题，指出了计算机视觉技术和传感器技术是具有潜力的监测技术，阐述了现代信息技术在害虫自动化监测的主要方向和实现途径，对未来农田生态系统中害虫预测和综合管理具有重要意义。     

可拓工程方法在储粮害虫分类识别中的应用研究

利用图像识别储粮害虫过程中，需解决多种害虫的多特征参数和混和度大的分类识别问题。该文提出应用可拓工程方法，构造储粮害虫特征数据的标准物元矩阵与节域物元矩阵,计算待测粮虫与各类害虫的关联度，以关联度的大小对储粮害虫进行分类判别，程序计算结果表明，该方法可行有效。可拓工程方法应用在储粮害虫分类识别上有应用价值。     

广西澳洲坚果园害虫群落结构及其动态研究

为了科学指导生产,为澳洲坚果害虫的可持续控制提供科学依据,作者于2016年全年,在广西崇左市龙州县广西南亚热带农业科学研究所澳洲坚果园进行系统调查,研究害虫的群落结构和动态规律。研究结果表明,澳洲坚果害虫群落包括7目43科104种,其中鳞翅目、半翅目、缨翅目害虫为优势种群。蝽象类(主要是茶翅蝽和稻绿蝽)、荔枝异形小卷蛾、桃蛀螟、玳灰蝶海南亚种、茶黄蓟马是主要害虫,直接影响澳洲坚果的产量和品质,是生产上防治的重点。澳洲坚果害虫群落与气候和人工活动息息相关,每年的3-9月害虫发生的种类最多,数量较大,是加强综合防治的关键时期。在防治实践中,应注意保护天敌,保护果园生物多样性。     

储粮害虫声检测技术研究进展与展望

与传统的储粮害虫检测方法相比较，储粮害虫声检测技术以其简单、快速、价廉、准确等优点正日益受到重视。在综合分析国内外储粮害虫声检测技术研究的文献以及已有工作基础上，扼要评述了储粮害虫声检测技术研究的背景和进展状况，提出了储粮害虫声检测技术研究需要进一步解决的问题和发展趋势。     

沼液复合型杀虫剂研究

该文根据畜禽粪便厌氧发酵后产生的沼液含有丰富的营养和抗病虫害功效以及害虫的生理生化特性，选用木醋液、杀虫抗生素、印楝素、鱼藤酮、烟碱、苦参碱、草木灰及蓖麻叶浸出液等能够增强毒杀害虫能力的多种原料与沼液混配制成不同类型的沼液复合型杀虫剂，用5种不同的沼液复合型杀虫剂对蚜虫的杀灭效果进行试验研究，结果表明各种沼液复合型杀虫剂对沼液杀灭蚜虫均有显著效果，提出5种沼液复合型杀虫剂的沼液与复合型添加剂体积比配方分别为BP01为8000～11000倍液、BP02为25000～30000倍液、BP03为8333～12500倍液、BP04为18000～25000倍液、BP05为10000～15000倍液。该研究为提高沼液杀虫效果，开发以沼液为主要原料的生物杀虫剂提供科学参考。     

高山退化草地不同恢复措施对土壤理化性质的影响

为了解高山退化草地不同恢复重建对土壤理化特性的影响,通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了高山退化草地3种恢复重建措施（围栏、禁牧和毒杂草防除）和对照重度退化草地土壤理化特性的变化规律。结果表明,退化草地恢复重建措施对土壤理化特性有明显影响。围栏、禁牧和毒杂草防除样地同层土壤容重显著低于对照重度退化草地（P < 0.05）。与对照相比,0—10 cm土层毒杂草防除和围栏处理土壤空隙度增加1.71%和1.44%,毛管持水量增加1.08%和1.15%。不同处理间土壤最大持水量表现为杂草防除 > 围栏 > 禁牧和重度退化草地,且之间差异达到显著水平（P < 0.05）。退化草地不同恢复措施间土壤化学特性有显著差异。禁牧和围栏样地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效钾含量显著高于对照（P < 0.05）。杂草防除样地0—30 cm土壤有机质、有效氮和有效磷含量显著高于对照。因此,分析祁连山高山重度退化草地不同恢复措施样地土壤理化特性对评价退化草地恢复治理成效,具有一定指导和参照价值。     

Hydrogen cyanide production by soil bacteria: Biological control of pests and promotion of plant growth in sustainable agriculture

Currently, plant diseases and insect infestations are mainly controlled by the extraneous application of pesticides. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of such agrochemicals can cause ecological and environmental problems, as well as human health hazards. To obviate the potential pollution arising from the application of agrochemicals, biological control of soilborne pathogens or insect pests using antagonistic microorganisms may be employed. Certain soil bacteria, algae, fungi, plants and insects possess the unique ability to produce hydrogen cyanide(HCN), which plays an important role in the biotic interactions of those organisms. In particular, cyanogenic bacteria have been found to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic fungi, weeds, insects, termites and nematodes. Thus, the use of HCN-producing bacteria as biopesticides offers an ecofriendly approach for sustainable agriculture. The enzyme, HCN synthase,involved in the synthesis of HCN, is encoded by the hcnABC gene cluster. The biosynthetic regulation of HCN, antibiotics and fluorescent insecticidal toxins through the conserved global regulatory GacS/GacA system is elaborated in this review, including approaches that may optimize cyanogenesis for enhanced pest control. In addition, the effects of bacterially synthesized HCN on the production of indole acetic acid, antibiotics and fluorescent insecticidal toxins, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase utilization and phosphate solubilization may result in the stimulation of plant growth. A more detailed understanding of HCN biosynthesis and regulation may help to elaborate the precise role of this compound in biotic interactions and sustainable agriculture.     

日光温室枣树昆虫群落及时间动态研究

对日光温室枣树昆虫群落指数及时间动态聚类分析研究的结果表明,日光温室枣树主要害虫防治可分为4阶段,其中2月、5月和6月昆虫群落处于极不稳定状态,优势种枣瘿蚊Contariniasp.、截形叶螨Tetranychusfruncatus发生量较大且易暴发,为化学防治关键时期。而1年其他时间则应视情况尽量采用农业、物理和生物等防治措施,以保护天敌,充分发挥天敌的控制作用。     

A participatory evaluation of improved cowpea cultivars in the Guinea and Sudan savanna zones of north east Nigeria

A number of improved varieties have been developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), combining diverse plant type with resistance or tolerance to several diseases, insect pests, and parasitic weeds and possessing other good agronomic traits. Trials were established with farmers to evaluate several new IITA-bred cowpea varieties on-farm in a process of participatory varietal selection. Central to this has been a ‘mother-daughter’ approach with researcher-managed ‘mother’ trials and farmer-managed ‘daughter’ trials in order to combine researchers' and farmers' criteria in evaluation of new varieties. In both set of trials, new varieties IT89KD-391, IT97K-499-35, and IT89KD-288 were favoured by farmers because of their high grain and fodder yields. Farmers have also shown interest in the continuous use of a local variety Kanannado Brown. It is suitable for relay intercropping; having a creeping habit, and the ability to smother weeds. The brown seeds fetch higher market prices. The implications are that improved cowpea varieties should be suitable for relay-intercropping and controlling weeds, be brown in colour, have large grain size, be pest resistant as well as give high yields of grain and fodder. At the same time, it is important that the farmer's criteria should be considered in breeding and varietal selection programmes.     

Arable weeds as indicators of agricultural intensity - A case study from Finland

The study aimed at developing an agro-biodiversity indicator based on trophic interactions between 25 common arable weeds and individual groups of farmland birds, pollinators (wild bees), phytophagous insects and insect pests. Each weed species was weighted based on the number of reported linkages with each animal group. Four biodiversity indices based on these weights were constructed and applied to exploring the ecological consequences of long-term changes in weed populations in Finland. Data were used from weed surveys of Finnish spring cereal fields conducted in the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s. The relative importance of weed species varied according to animal groups. Annual weed species able to produce numerous seeds were important for the farmland birds and some perennial weed species were important for the pollinators. The highest number of linkages was established between weed species and phytophagous insects. The number of harmful pest species associated with broad-leaved weeds was low for all species. The general pattern of changes in values of indices over recent decades was similar: there was a marked decline in the values between the 1960s and the 1980s, and a slight increase between the 1980s and the 1990s. These changes were regarded as being a consequence of changes in the intensity of agricultural practices. The slowest recovery of the values was for pollinators. The results suggest that the ecological consequences of changes in the intensity of agriculture can be explored with the aid of a biodiversity indicator based on species interactions. Owing to the differences in the importance of weed species for different animal groups, maintaining weed species richness is necessary to ensure ecosystem services are provided for the higher trophic levels in farmland.     

论诱导昆虫滞育的环境因素

昆虫滞育是在长期进化过程中昆虫对不利生活环境条件的不断适应以及环境对昆虫的选择造成的。文章论述了温度、光周期、湿度以及食料等主要环境因素对昆虫滞育诱导的影响,认为光周期和温度是诱导昆虫滞育最主要的因素;湿度主要通过改变昆虫对光周期和温度的刺激反应而影响滞育的诱导;食料作为昆虫的调节因子与光周期以及温度一起诱导昆虫的滞育,在温度和光周期都很少发生年变化的赤道地区,食料能够直接影响到昆虫的生长发育。     

Identifying rarity in insects: the importance of host plant range

Some phytophagous insects are rare because their host plants are rare. This study uses data on the distribution of plants and insects from Great Britain to establish whether a threshold exists for the geographical range of a host plant below which its specific insects can be consistently described as rare. Data on four well-studied insect taxa (macro-moths, gelechiid micro-moths, beetles, and tephritid flies) that have been afforded conservation status as Red Data Book (RDB) or scarce (nationally Notable-A and -B) are examined. The proportion of species that are rare in these taxa declines as host plant range increases. Extrapolating these patterns of host range/phytophagous insect rarity to less studied groups (aphids, agromyzid flies and tortricid micro-moths) identifies a large number of insects that are probable candidates for conservation. Empirical evidence supports the view that many of the species selected by this process are indeed rare and in need of conservation. Identifying a host plant range below which insect herbivores are therefore rare provides an economical and objective method for producing a shortlist of phytophagous insect species rare enough to warrant conservation measures.     

广灭灵CS及其混剂对豆田杂草防除效果及对后茬作物的影响

试验研究广灭灵CS与其混剂对豆田杂草防除效果及对后茬作物的影响结果表明,广灭灵36CS单剂对豆田禾本科杂草防除效果良好,对部分阔叶杂草无效;广灭灵与氯嘧磺隆混用,对豆田禾本科及阔叶杂草都有较理想的防效,但对玉米株高、穗位高度、秃顶有一定影响。广灭灵单剂及其混剂在玉米苗期可引起玉米白化现象,但对后茬小麦的生长较安全。     

Placement of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by drilling in spring barley grown for malt without use of pesticides

Abstract

The increasing consumer demand for food products that are produced without the use of pesticides are reflected in action plans to reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture. Most of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced is used for pig feed but some is used for malting – the primary step in the production of beer. The effects of fertilizer application method, type and rate on yield and grain quality were investigated in a malting barley crop without the use of pesticides. Twelve treatments where single and multiple nutrient fertilizers were either broadcast or placed in bands by drilling, were compared in a field experiment at two sites in Denmark during 1993–96. Weeds were controlled mechanically in all treatments, and chemical control of foliar fungal diseases and insects was only carried out in two treatments.

The placement of a compound NPK-fertilizer increased the grain yield and the quality parameters grain size and grading when weeds are controlled mechanically by harrowing. The effect of fertilizer placement on grain yield and quality decreased in the order NPK > NP > N>P. Herbicide-free growing of malting barley may be possible using fertilizer placement, but the use of chemical control of foliar fungal diseases and insects may be critical when pests exceed certain thresholds as they significantly reduce grain yield, grain size and grading. The aim of growing malting barley satisfactorily without the use of pesticides was only partly met.     

无公害水稻高产栽培配套技术研究

试验示范结果表明水稻无公害生产示范区实施作物健壮栽培、施用农家肥和水稻专用生物有机肥 ,应用无公害农药和农业措施 ,必要时限量使用高效、低毒和低残留化学农药防治病虫草等高产栽培配套技术 ,可减少种子、化肥和农药施用量 ,稻谷中农药和重金属等有毒害物质残留量低于绿色食品卫生指标 ,并增加田间蜘蛛等天敌 ,降低生产成本 2 85元 /hm2 ,增加稻谷收入 16 6 7元 /hm2 。