驴流产样品中马疱疹病毒2型的鉴定与遗传进化分析

为了解马疱疹病毒2型(EHV-2)在驴群中的流行情况，本研究采集新疆伊犁察布查尔锡伯自治县某驴场流产母驴血清104份，利用PCR方法检测EHV-2的携带情况。结果显示，4份驴血清携带EHV-2，阳性率为2.9%，表明该驴场流产母驴携带EHV-2。遗传进化分析显示，本研究鉴定的EHV-2 Chabuchar16、Chabuchar31和Chabuchar34与波兰EHV-2 PL＿EHV2＿44、PL＿EHV2＿39＿Ⅷ株处于同一进化分支，EHV-2 Chabuchar35与波兰EHV-2处于另一进化分支，表明有2种EHV-2基因型感染驴，且均与致伊犁马流产的EHV-2 XJ-YLZS28和XJ-YLZS28株亲缘关系较远。同源性分析显示：EHV-2 Chabuchar16、Chabuchar31和Chabuchar34与波兰马源EHV-2 PL＿EHV2＿39＿Ⅷ株g B基因序列同源性为98%～99.6%，氨基酸序列同源性为97.5%～99.6%;EHV-2 Chabuchar35与波兰马源EHV-2PL＿EHV2＿3＿I株g B基因序列同源性为99.7%，氨基酸序列同源性为100%，...     

应用三重PCR快速同步检测和区分3种马疱疹病毒

马疱疹病毒(equine herpesviruses,EHV)主要有5个型:EHV-1/2/3/4/5,广泛分布于世界马群,其中危害最严重的有EHV-1/2/4,其中EHV-1是马呼吸道疾病、病毒性流产的主要病因,EHV-2与马的上呼吸道感染、结膜炎等有关,EHV-4主要引起急性呼吸道感染[1~5]。EHV在原发性感染后,病毒可在动     

马疱疹病毒8型TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立一种能够快速检测马疱疹病毒8型(EHV-8)的方法，本试验以EHV-8的全基因组序列为模板，针对糖蛋白B(gB)基因的保守序列，进行对比分析，设计EHV-8的特异性引物和探针，优化反应条件，建立EHV-8 TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法，并对该方法的敏感性、特异性和重复性进行验证，使用该方法进行临床样本检测。结果显示，建立的EHV-8 TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法对EHV-8 DNA模板的最低检测限为1.1×10² copies/μL,敏感性高；EHV-8与EHV-1、EHV-4、马流产沙门氏菌和肠产毒性大肠杆菌均无交叉反应，特异性强；批内重复性试验和批间重复性试验均表明该方法重复性好。对132份临床样本的检测结果显示，阳性检出率为10.61%,基因测序正确。由此可见，本试验建立的EHV-8 TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法能够满足EHV-8的检测需求，且该方法敏感性高、特异性强、重复性好，为EHV-8的进一步研究提供了有效的辅助检测手段。     

马疱疹病毒1型QuantStudio~(TM)3D数字PCR检测方法的建立

试验旨在建立一种高灵敏性的马疱疹病毒1(EHV-1) 3D数字PCR(3D-dPCR)检测方法,对EHV-1病毒含量较低的样品能准确定量检出,实现马鼻肺炎早期诊断及预防。根据EHV-1糖蛋白B基因保守区域设计特异性引物和探针,优化3D-dPCR反应体系中引物探针浓度和退火温度,对该方法进行灵敏性、特异性、重复性分析,建立了EHV-1的3D-dPCR方法。本研究建立的3D-dPCR方法,引物和探针最佳浓度分别为0.4和0.4μmol/L,最佳退火温度为60℃,该方法绝对定量曲线的R~2=0.998,线性关系良好,与实时荧光定量PCR方法相比灵敏度高10倍左右,最低检出限为5.83拷贝/μL;批内和批间重复性试验变异系数均3.2%;与EHV-4、马泰勒虫、马病毒性动脉炎的核酸无交叉反应;通过对123份临床样品进行3D-dPCR检测,结果显示,3D-dPCR方法阳性检出率为66.7%,高于世界动物卫生组织(OIE)中EHV-1的实时荧光定量PCR方法阳性检出率64.2%。3D-dPCR方法对病毒含量较高的样品与实时荧光定量PCR结果一致,对病毒含量较低的样品敏感性更高,能有效检出可疑样品。本试验结果表明,建立的3D-dPCR方法检测低拷贝数的临床样品时灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好,可用于EHV-1的准确定量检测。     

马疱疹病毒1型SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立马疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(EHV-1)的检测方法,本研究以EHV-1 gB基因的一段保守区域(1207 bp～1509 bp)作为检测的目的片段设计引物,通过对其反应条件的优化,建立了特异性检测EHV-1的SYBR Green I 荧光定量PCR方法.实验结果表明:该方法检测目的基因的灵敏度下限为10拷贝/μL,比常规PCR方法高100倍;与马疱疹病毒4型(EHV-4)及其他马传染病病原体无交叉反应;组内及组间的变异系数均小于2％.该方法检测速度快及高敏感性的特点为马鼻肺炎的防制提供了有力保障,同时也为进一步开展马鼻肺炎相关的研究提供了有效的辅助检测方法技术.     

马鼻肺炎

马鼻肺炎(Equine rhinopneumonitis,ER)是马属动物几种高度接触传染性疾病的总称。其病原体为亲缘关系密切的两种疱疹病毒-马疱疹病毒1型(EHV-1)和马疱疹病毒4型(EHV-4)。EHV-1和EHV-4在全世界广泛分布,并对所有年龄和种类的马以及其它马科动物的健康构成严重的威胁。世界动物卫生组织将马鼻肺炎列为B类动物疫病。多年以来,马鼻肺炎一直对世界养马业构成威胁。在大量饲养马匹进行传统耕作或以之作为农业经济一部分的国家中,EHV-1和EHV-4这两种病毒感染呈地方性流行。从马以外的其它马属动物,如斑马、亚洲野驴和驴,已经分离到与EHV…     

规模化驴场几种重要传染病的调查研究

为了解马流感(EI)、马鼻肺炎(ER)、布鲁菌病(Brucellosis)、日本脑炎(JE)和沙门菌病等重要传染病在养驴场的危害,在山东聊城市13个规模驴场采集血液、棉拭子和病料等样品共226份,并分别使用双重RT-PCR、real-time PCR、胶体金、C-ELISA、鉴别培养基等方法,对这些传染病进行了调查。结果表明,H3N8亚型EIV为阴性,马疱疹病毒4型(EHV-4)感染率为3.6%(2/55)、马疱疹病毒1型(EHV-1)为阴性,血清样品中的布鲁菌和JEV抗体检测结果为阴性,沙门菌属检测显示阴性。验证了这些检测方法对驴群样品检测的适用性,结果表明这些规模化驴场饲养的驴处于良好的健康状态。     

马疱疹病毒1型gG蛋白间接ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

为了解新疆马疱疹病毒1型(EHV-1)的流行情况,需要建立一种检测抗体的间接ELISA方法。采用纯化后EHV-1 XJ2015株的gG蛋白作为检测抗原,优化反应条件后建立检测EHV-1血清抗体的间接ELISA方法,并对该方法进行特异性、敏感性和重复性试验及商品化试剂盒的应用效果对比。结果表明,该方法仅与EHV-1阳性血清发生反应,不与马疱疹病毒4型、马流感病毒和马动脉炎病毒阳性血清发生反应,血清稀释1∶1 600后,仍可以检测到阳性,组内及组间变异系数均小于5%。与试剂盒进行检测结果比较,符合率为93.35%。建立了EHV-1 gG蛋白间接ELISA检测方法,可为EHV-1的快速诊断、流行病学调查及防控工作提供技术支撑。     

驴源马疱疹病毒8型的分离鉴定与生物信息学分析

本研究旨在分离1株驴源马疱疹病毒8型（Equine herpesvirus type 8，EHV-8）毒株并分析其遗传特征。从山东省聊城地区某驴场采集病驴肺脏组织，经PCR方法鉴定EHV-8的感染情况；对EHV-8感染阳性的肺组织进行研磨，经反复冻融后接种于兔肾细胞（RK-13）细胞中，盲传3代，待出现细胞病变（CPE）时收集细胞，并通过PCR、间接免疫荧光试验、透射电镜等技术对EHV-8进行鉴定。利用PCR扩增获得分离株的ORF70全基因组序列，并进行生物信息学分析。研究结果显示，经PCR鉴定获得EHV-8感染阳性的肺脏组织，病料接种易感细胞RK-13后出现典型CPE，分别收集前3代的细胞培养物，经PCR扩增，均获得与预期大小一致的ORF70基因片段，将分离获得的EHV-8毒株命名为SDLC66，序列上传GenBank，获得登录号：MW816102。经测序和序列比对发现，SDLC66毒株与AHV-3毒株（GenBank登录号：U24184.1）ORF70基因的相似性为99%，与国内的EHV-8 wh毒株（GenBank登录号：JQ343919.1）、国外EHV-8/IR/2015/40（GenBank登录号：MF431614.1）、EHV-8/IR/2003/19（GenBank登录号：MF431611.1）参考毒株的相似性最高，均为99.8%。经遗传进化树分析发现，SDLC66与EHV-8（EHV-8 wh、EHV-8/IR/2015/40和EHV-8/IR/2003/19株）在一个小分支上，亲缘关系最近；与EHV-1型参考毒株（Hong Kong/57/1984、United Kingdom/32/1982、Oxfordshire/206/2013株）序列来源于同一大分支，亲缘关系较近，与EHV-4毒株（91c1和TH20p株）亲缘关系较远。间接免疫荧光试验可见与病毒蛋白特异结合的红色荧光信号；透射电镜观察可见直径约110 nm的圆形病毒粒子，并且核衣壳外有一层亮晕，亮晕外有一层囊膜。说明本试验成功分离得到1株驴源EHV-8毒株，为进一步研究其致病性和致病机制奠定基础。     

马疱疹病毒1型LAMP检测方法的建立

本试验旨在建立一种检测马疱疹病毒1型（EHV-1）的快速、灵敏、特异的环介导等温扩增技术（LAMP）,同时评价该方法的可靠性。根据马鼻肺炎糖蛋白B（gB）基因特异保守序列设计多对LAMP引物,利用LAMP Real Time Turbidimeter LA-320仪监测反应进程,进行引物筛选和反应条件的优化,建立能特异性扩增EHV-1 DNA的LAMP检测方法,并加入SYBR GreenⅠ通过肉眼判断结果。该方法在65 ℃恒温下作用50 min,使EHV-1 DNA获得了高效率的特异性扩增,与其他马易感病毒如马疱疹病毒4型（EHV-4）等无交叉反应;且具有极高的灵敏性,可检测到10^-4稀释的目标病毒,比普通PCR的灵敏度高10倍;反应结束后加入SYBR GreenⅠ肉眼观察的结果与LAMP Real Time Turbidimeter LA-320仪监测结果一致。通过将4份临床样品的LAMP检测结果与已得到验证的PCR结果进行比对,结果显示符合率为100%。本研究建立的LAMP检测方法具有快速、特异、灵敏、简单易操作且设备要求低等特点,具有实地检测EHV-1的前景。     

Isolation of equine herpesvirus-5 from blood mononuclear cells of a gelding.

Horses are commonly infected by herpesviruses, but isolation of equine herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) has only infrequently been reported. We describe the isolation and characterization of a strain of EHV-5 from the blood mononuclear cells of a healthy adult horse in California. The virus was initially identified by EHV-5 specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and it caused lytic infection of cultured rabbit kidney cells only after repeated serial passage. Virions with characteristic herpesvirus morphology were readily demonstrated in cell culture lysate by transmission electron microscopy. A portion of the glycoprotein B gene of this strain of EHV-5 had 99% identity to the published EHV-5 sequence, and it was clearly distinguishable from other EHV (1-4) by virus-specific PCR assays. Prevalence of EHV-5 infection in a group of young racehorses was estimated at 64% using the EHV-5 specific PCR on nasopharyngeal secretions.     

Identification of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate specific, sensitive and rapid (< 8 hour) diagnostic tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of abortion and respiratory disease caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1; equine abortion virus) and EHV4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus). DESIGN: Primer sets based on nucleotide sequences encoding glycoprotein H (gH) of EHV1 and gB of EHV4 were designed and used in single round and second round (seminested) PCRs, and in a multiplex PCR for the diagnosis of EHV1 and EHV4 infections. METHODS: Oligonucleotide primers were designed for each virus, PCR conditions were defined and the specificity and sensitivity of the assays were determined. The tests were applied to tissue samples from aborted equine foetuses and to nasopharyngeal swabs from horses with acute febrile respiratory disease. RESULTS: Individual single round and a second round (seminested) EHV1 and EHV4 PCRs were specific in that EHV1 primers amplified all (n = 30) EHV1 isolates and did not amplify EHV4. Similarly EHV4 primers amplified all (n = 6) EHV4 isolates and did not amplify EHV1. Both PCRs were sensitive in that the first round EHV1 PCR detected 1220 molecules of EHV1 plasmid DNA and the first round EHV4 PCR detected 7280 molecules of EHV4 plasmid DNA. The EHV1 second round PCR was 100 times more sensitive in that it detected 12 molecules of EHV1 DNA and the EHV4 second round PCR was 1000 times more sensitive in that it detected 8 molecules of EHV4 DNA. There was a high correlation between detection of EHV1 by virus isolation and PCR when tissue samples from 71 aborted foetuses were examined; all samples positive by virus isolation were positive by PCR. Similarly the EHV4 PCR was at least as sensitive as virus isolation when applied to nasaopharyngeal swabs from horses with respiratory disease in that all samples positive by virus isolation were also positive by PCR. CONCLUSION: Individual single round and second round (seminested) PCRs and a seminested multiplex PCR were developed that enabled reliable, rapid detection of EHV1 and EHV4 in aborted foetal tissues and nasopharyngeal swab samples.     

Prevalence of latent alpha-herpesviruses in Thoroughbred racing horses

The objective of this study was to detect and characterize latent equine herpes virus (EHV)-1 and -4 from the submandibular (SMLN) and bronchial lymph (BLN) nodes, as well as from the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of 70 racing Thoroughbred horses submitted for necropsy following sustaining serious musculoskeletal injuries while racing. A combination of nucleic acid precipitation and pre-amplification steps was used to increase analytical sensitivity. Tissues were deemed positive for latent EHV-1 and/or -4 infection when found PCR positive for the corresponding glycoprotein B (gB) gene in the absence of detectable late structural protein gene (gB gene) mRNA. The EHV-1 genotype was also determined using a discriminatory real-time PCR assay targeting the DNA polymerase gene (ORF 30). Eighteen (25.7%) and 58 (82.8%) horses were PCR positive for the gB gene of EHV-1 and -4, respectively, in at least one of the three tissues sampled. Twelve horses were dually infected with EHV-1 and -4, two carried a latent neurotropic strain of EHV-1, six carried a non-neurotropic genotype of EHV-1 and 10 were dually infected with neurotropic and non-neurotropic EHV-1. The distribution of latent EHV-1 and -4 infection varied in the samples, with the TG found to be most commonly infected. Overall, non-neurotropic strains were more frequently detected than neurotropic strains, supporting the general consensus that non-neurotropic strains are more prevalent in horse populations, and hence the uncommon occurrence of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy.     

Prevalence of equine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-4 infections in equidae species in Turkey as determined by ELISA and multiplex nested PCR

In this report we examined the presence of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), and equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) in several equidae, including mules, donkeys, horses. The presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in respiratory diseases of equids, and ability of multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening in simultaneous diagnosis of horses acutely infected by EHV-1 and EHV-4 were also investigated. Sera from 504 horses, mules and donkeys sampled were tested for the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 specific antibodies. Blood samples taken from 21 symptomatic horses and nasal swabs taken from 40 symptomatic horses were tested for the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 by a multiplex nested PCR. A total of 14.3% (3/21) of buffy coat samples and 32.5% (13/40) nasal swab samples were found to contain EHV-1 DNA, while 19% (4/21) buffy coat samples and 22.5% (9/40) nasal swab samples were found to be positive for EHV-4 DNA. By species, 14.5% of horses, 37.2% of mules and 24.2% of donkeys tested were EHV-1 seropositive. EHV-4 specific antibodies were detected in 237 (81.7%) of 290 horse sera tested. Results from this investigation demonstrate that EHV-1 and EHV-4 are prevalent throughout the equid population, and that donkeys and mules might also represent an important source of infection for other equids. We also showed that the multiplex nested PCR assay might be useful for diagnosis of mixed respiratory infections in horses due to EHV-1 and EHV-4.     

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and differentiation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4)

A multiplex real-time PCR was designed to detect and differentiate equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4). The PCR targets the glycoprotein B gene of EHV-1 and EHV-4. Primers and probes were specific to each equine herpesvirus type and can be used in monoplex or multiplex PCRs, allowing the differentiation of these two closely related members of the Alphaherpesvirinae. The two probes were minor-groove binding probes (MGB) labelled with 6-carboxy-fluorescein (FAM) and VIC for detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4, respectively. Ten EHV-1 isolates, six EHV-1 positive clinical samples, one EHV-1 reference strain (EHV-1.438/77), three EHV-4 positive clinical samples, two EHV-4 isolates and one EHV-4 reference strain (EHV-4 405/76) were included in this study. EHV-1 isolates, clinical samples and the reference strain reacted in the EHV-1 real-time PCR but not in the EHV-4 real-time PCR and similarly EHV-4 clinical samples, isolates and the reference strain were positive in the EHV-4 real-time PCR but not in the EHV-1 real-time PCR. Other herpesviruses, such as EHV-2, EHV-3 and EHV-5 were all negative when tested using the multiplex real-time PCR. When bacterial pathogens and opportunistic pathogens were tested in the multiplex real-time PCR they did not react with either system. The multiplex PCR was shown to be sensitive and specific and is a useful tool for detection and differentiation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in a single reaction. A comprehensive equine herpesvirus disease investigation procedure used in our laboratory is also outlined. This procedure describes the combination of alphaherpesvirus multiplex real-time PCR along with existing gel-based PCRs described by other authors.     

Establishment of a novel equine cell line for isolation and propagation of equine herpesviruses

In the present study, an equine-derived cell line was established by transfecting primary fetal horse kidney (FHK) cells with expression plasmid encoding simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen and then cloning them by limiting dilution. The cloned cell line, named FHK-Tcl3, grew well and could be propagated over 30 times by splitting them 1:3. Equine herpesvirus (EHV)-1 and EHV-4 replicated well in FHK-Tcl3. EHV-2 and EHV-4 were isolated from samples collected from horses in the field using FHK-Tcl3, and EHV-3 also propagated in FHK-Tcl3. These results indicated that this novel cell line, FHK-Tcl3, can be used for isolation and propagation of equine herpesviruses.     

Viruses associated with outbreaks of equine respiratory disease in New Zealand

AIM: To identify viruses associated with respiratory disease in young horses in New Zealand. METHODS: Nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from 45 foals or horses from five separate outbreaks of respiratory disease that occurred in New Zealand in 1996, and from 37 yearlings at the time of the annual yearling sales in January that same year. Virus isolation from nasal swabs and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) was undertaken and serum samples were tested for antibodies against equine herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV-5), equine rhinitis-A virus (ERAV), equine rhinitis-B virus (ERBV), equine adenovirus 1 (EAdV-1), equine arteritis virus (EAV), reovirus 3 and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3). RESULTS: Viruses were isolated from 24/94 (26%) nasal swab samples and from 77/80 (96%) PBL samples collected from both healthy horses and horses showing clinical signs of respiratory disease. All isolates were identified as EHV-2, EHV-4, EHV-5 or untyped EHV. Of the horses and foals tested, 59/82 (72%) were positive for EHV-1 and/or EHV-4 serum neutralising (SN) antibody on at least one sampling occasion, 52/82 (63%) for EHV-1-specific antibody tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 10/80 (13%) for ERAV SN antibody, 60/80 (75%) for ERBV SN antibody, and 42/80 (53%) for haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody to EAdV-1. None of the 64 serum samples tested were positive for antibodies to EAV, reovirus 3 or PIV3. Evidence of infection with all viruses tested was detected in both healthy horses and in horses showing clinical signs of respiratory disease. Recent EHV-2 infection was associated with the development of signs of respiratory disease among yearlings [relative risk (RR)=2.67, 95% CI=1.59-4.47, p=0.017]. CONCLUSIONS: Of the equine respiratory viruses detected in horses in New Zealand during this study, EHV-2 was most likely to be associated with respiratory disease. However, factors other than viral infection are probably important in the development of clinical signs of disease.     

Role of equine herpesviruses as co-infecting agents in cases of abortion, placental disease and neonatal foal mortality

Herpesviral infections frequently occur in horses. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible association of equine herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-3, EHV-4, EHV-5) with other causes of abortion, neonatal mortality or placental disorder. Sixty-seven abortions, 22 stillbirths, 14 cases of neonatal foal mortality and 3 cases of placental disease were investigated for infectious and non-infectious causes. Type-specific nested PCR assays and virus isolation were performed to detect EHV infections. A cause of fetal loss or placental disease was reached in 68 out 116 (58.7 %) cases. Twenty-seven cases were positive for EHV, and 22/27 (81.5 %) were positive for EHV-1 (16 neuropathogenic and 6 non-neuropathogenic strains), 4 (14.8 %) for EHV-2 and 3 (11.1 %) for EHV-5. The association between EHV infections and other etiological agents was statistically significant (two sided P?=?0.002). The odds ratio of EHV DNA associated with other diagnoses, especially with bacterial infection and premature placental separation, was 10.88 (95 % confidence interval: 2.15–55.16). EHV-1 was the main viral cause of pregnancy loss in this study, also associated with other etiological agents, including EHV-2 and EHV-5. The latter viruses in particular need to be more fully investigated to elucidate what role either or both may play as co-infecting agents with other established infectious causes of reproductive disease.     

Clinical signs and humoral immune response in horses following equine herpesvirus type-1 infection and their susceptibility to equine herpesvirus type-4 challenge.

A group of three horses was experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and showed clinical signs characterised by a biphasic febrile response, leucopenia and cell associated viraemia accompanied by virus shedding from the nasopharynx. A second exposure to the virus 18 days later resulted in the isolation of virus from the nasopharynx of one horse. This and a further group of three EHV-1 seropositive horses were subsequently infected with equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) 147 days after the initial EHV-1 infection and virus was shed from the nasopharynx in the absence of clinical disease. Following the first EHV-1 infection, virus specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) was present by day 5 and remained high until the second exposure at day 18 at which point levels decreased. In contrast, EHV-1 specific IgG, detected at day 6 peaked at day 18, after which time levels remained high. Virus neutralising antibodies and antibodies able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity were present by day 10. The immune response to EHV-1 is discussed with reference to the disease.