粉状高铜饲料对仔猪生长性能的影响

主要探讨硫酸铜对饲料适口性及仔猪生长性能的影响,试验分5个处理,其铜添加量分别为6、100、150、200和250 mg/kg,选用体质量约15 kg的25头三元(D×L×Y)杂交猪,试验期为20 d,试验期间观察猪的平均日增质量、日均采食量和料肉比3个生长性能指标.结果表明,在没有添加甜味剂和香味剂的粉状配合饲料中,铜的添加量达到200 mg/kg时,将极显著降低仔猪采食量.由于影响了采食量,各高铜添加组日增质量表现均为差异不显著.仔猪饲料中铜超过150 mg/kg时,极显著降低料肉比,提高饲料利用率.     

百福素在仔猪饲料中的应用研究

试验选用72头52日龄,体重15kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交商品代瘦肉型仔猪,完全随机分为3个组,每组24头。A组为对照组,饲料中添加抗生素,不加百福素;B组为试验Ⅰ组,饲料中添加0.1%百福素,;C组为试验Ⅱ组,饲料中添加0.2%百福素。B、C二组饲料中均不添加抗生素。经过36d的饲养试验,结果表明:①饲料中添加0.1%百福素提高仔猪日增重5.6%(P<0.05)和采食量0.85%(P>0.05),降低仔猪料肉比4.5%,为仔猪饲料中适宜的添加量;②0.2%百福素提高仔猪日增重3.8%(P>0.05),采食量1.70%(P>0.05),降低仔猪料重比2.3%;③饲料中添加百福素,对降低仔猪的腹泻频率、发病率方面有一定的作用,提高经济效益。     

不同铜水平对肉杂鸡817#生产性能的影响

选择1日龄肉杂鸡817#960只,随机分为4个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复80只。过渡期(1～6日龄)饲喂肉鸡前期配合饲料,试验分前期(7～21日龄)和后期(22～42日龄),分别饲喂肉仔鸡全价粉料。试验1、2、3、4组分别添加铜10、60、120、180mg/kg,铜源采用碱式氯化铜。试验于1、21和42日龄分别称重并记录各阶段各组的采食量,统计各阶段增重并计算料重比。结果显示,试验前期3组,也就是碱铜120mg/kg采食量最大,增重最多,料重比最低,但各组之间差异不显著。全程来看,3组日增重最高,料重比最低;采食量以2组也就是碱铜添加60mg/kg最高,但各组之间差异不显著;经济效益以3组经济效益最好。     

添加色氨酸、诱食剂对断奶仔猪生产性能和腹泻的影响

试验研究添加色氨酸和诱食剂对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和腹泻的影响。选择(23±1)日龄断奶的初始体重为(6.0±0.5)kg的48头PIC仔猪,随机分为4组(1个对照组、3个试验组)。对照组饲喂对照饲粮,试验1￣3组分别饲喂添加0.05%的色氨酸饲粮、添加0.02%的香味剂饲粮和添加0.02%的甜味剂饲粮,试验期为28d。结果表明:①在整个试验期内,与对照组相比,添加甜味剂显著提高仔猪的日采食量和日增重(P<0.05),显著降低仔猪的料肉比(P<0.05),使腹泻指数降低74.07%。②与对照组相比,添加色氨酸显著提高仔猪的日采食量和日增重(P<0.05);有降低料肉比的趋势(P>0.05),未降低腹泻指数。③与对照组相比,添加香味剂使采食量、日增重显著降低(P<0.05),料肉比显著增加(P<0.05),腹泻指数降低5.56%。④添加甜味剂与添加色氨酸在提高断奶仔猪采食量上差异不显著(P>0.05),但是添加甜味剂组仔猪的日增重显著高于添加色氨酸组的仔猪(P<0.05),并且前者的料肉比显著低于后者(P<0.05)。添加甜味剂组仔猪的腹泻指数比添加色氨酸组仔猪低75.0%。     

日粮中添加不同水平的Lactogene对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选用４８ 头３５ 日龄断奶仔猪于断奶后３ ～４ 周内研究在日粮中添加不同水平的Ｌａｃｔｏｇｅｎｅ 对仔猪生产性能的影响。Ｌａｃｔｏｇｅｎｅ 的添加量分别为５５ ×１０５ ，７０ ×１０５ ，８５ ×１０５ 和１０ ×１０４ 。结果表明：Ｌａｃｔｏｇｅｎｅ 不同添加水平对仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量及饲料转化效率影响差异不显著（Ｐ＞ ０－０５） 。与其它处理组相比，添加８５ ×１０５Ｌａｃｔｏｇｅｎｅ 组的平均日采食量最大，平均日增重以及饲料转化效率也最高。     

"中华动力酸"复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪的影响研究

试验选用48头体重7kg左右的三元杂交[杜×(长白×梅山)]断奶仔猪,按性别、体重随机分为2个处理,每个处理4个重复,分别饲喂基础日粮和试验日粮(基础日粮+0.1%复合酸化剂).试验全期30d,研究复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪日采食量、日增重、饲料利用率及腹泻率的影响.结果表明,复合酸化剂显著提高断奶仔猪采食量、日增重和饲料利用率(P＜0.05),降低仔猪腹泻率(P＜0.05),试验前期(0～15d)试验组日增重和采食量分别比对照组提高17.8%和9.96%,饲料利用效率提高8.9%,腹泻率降低65%;试验后期的效果没有前期显著.     

苹果渣干粉在生长猪饲料中的应用

选用50日龄杜×长×白三元杂交仔猪54头,随机分成试验1组、试验2组和对照组3个组,试验组分别在基础日粮上添加5%和10%的苹果渣干粉。统计日增重、采食量和料重比,进行方差分析。试验结果表明,添加5%的苹果渣干粉组猪日增重、采食量和料重比和对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),添加10%的苹果渣干粉组猪采食量和对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而日增重和料重比差异显著(P<0.05)。     

颗粒料和粉状料对断奶仔猪生长性能和经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究颗粒料和粉状料对断奶仔猪生长性能(日采食量、日增重、料重比等)和经济效益的影响。试验选择100头体重6.0 kg左右、(25±1)日龄的健康杜长大三元杂种断奶仔猪,按体重随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪,公母各半,分别饲喂颗粒料和粉状料,试验期14 d。试验结果表明:1)生长性能:①颗粒料组诱食性好于粉状料组。②断奶仔猪粉状料组与颗粒料组日增重、料重比差异显著(P0.05);和粉状料组相比,颗粒料组在断奶仔猪日采食量方面有改善趋势(P0.05)。2)经济效益:在当时的饲料原料价格下,每千克增重饲料成本颗粒料组(4.91元)低于粉状料组(5.43元)。综上所述,该试验条件下,断奶后仔猪使用颗粒料可较好地达到诱食目的,并改善了断奶仔猪的生长性能,提高了经济效益。     

酵母添加水平对断奶仔猪生产性能和免疫功能的影响

选用200头(公母各半)体重相近(6.83±0.65)kg的杂交(杜长大)健康断奶仔猪,随机分为5个处理组,探讨不同酵母添加水平对断奶仔猪生产性能、腹泻频率和机体免疫功能的影响。试验仔猪分别饲以含有活性酵母菌0、0.5×107、1×107、2×107、4×107CFU/g的日粮,试验共4周。在试验结束时分析不同酵母添加水平对断奶仔猪采食量、日增重、料重比、腹泻频率、血清IgG及细胞因子(IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IFN-γ)水平的影响。活性饲料酵母粉对断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻频率的影响结果表明:不同添加水平活性饲料酵母粉对断奶仔猪料肉比的影响极不显著(P>0.10);对腹泻频率虽然没有显著影响(P>0.05),但有随着添加水平的升高而降低的趋势(P<0.10);对日采食量和日增重,处理组间差异极显著(P<0.01),随着活性饲料酵母粉添加水平的升高,仔猪的日采食量和日增重均显著提高,但达到4×107CFU/g的添加水平时具有二次曲线下降趋势(P<0.10)。活性饲料酵母粉对断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响结果表明,不同添加水平活性饲料酵母粉对断奶仔猪血清IL-2和INF-γ没有显著影响(P>0.10),对血清IgG、IL-4和IL-10的水平虽没有显著影响(P>0.05),但有随着添加水平的升高而升高的趋势(P<0.10)。结论:①在断奶仔猪日粮中添加活性饲料酵母粉能改善生产性能,随着活性饲料酵母粉添加水平的升高,仔猪的日采食量和日增重均显著提高,达到2.0×107CFU/g的添加水平时其改善生产性能的作用最显著。②在断奶仔猪日粮中添加活性饲料酵母粉能增强断奶仔猪免疫功能,但其增强断奶仔猪免疫功能的作用机制及其最佳添加水平有待进一步研究。     

香味剂在仔猪料中的正确应用

平均体重１５６ｋｇ的仔猪８０头,随机分为４组,设两个试验组（ＡＢ）和两个对照组（ＣＤ）。每组２个重复,每个重复１０头猪。仔猪均已去势。Ａ组和Ｃ组为全价颗粒饲料,Ｂ组和Ｄ组为全价粉状料。试验组日粮在对照组日粮的基础上增加００５％的香味剂（进口）,经过４周的正式试验发现：①试验组Ａ和对照组Ｃ的日增重分别为６１０ｇ和６０３ｇ,饲料日采食量分别为１５９２ｇ和１５８０ｇ,饲料转化料为２６１∶１和２６２∶１,Ａ组转化率比Ｃ组高０３８％,差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。②试验组Ｂ和对照组Ｄ的日增重分别为５０４ｇ和４３８ｇ,饲料日采食量分别为１５０８ｇ和１４５６ｇ,饲料转化率为２９９∶１和３３２∶１,Ｂ组转化率比Ｄ组高９９０％,差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）。香味剂用于仔猪（不包括乳猪）全价颗粒饲料中,提高日采食量的效果不显著;而用在全价粉状饲料中,则可显著提高仔猪的日采食量。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.