翘鳞肉齿菌营养成分分析及价值评价

翘鳞肉齿菌子实体营养成分,氨基酸和矿质元素分析结果表明,翘鳞肉齿菌子实体含有丰定的粗蛋白和氨基酸,粗蛋白含量可达２５５．５ｇ／ｋｇ,所含地１６种氨基酸含总量为２０８．７ｇ／ｋｇ,其中有７种人体必需氨基酸,总量达到８８．６ｇ／ｋｇ,占氨基酸总量的４２．５％,子实体还含有多种矿质元素,说明翘鳞肉齿菌具有极高的营养价值。翘鳞肉齿菌菌丝和发酵液和氨基酸和元素分析结果表明,菌丝和发酵液的氨基酸含量也较高,分     

糖槭叶枯病的初步研究

人工诱发试验表明,糖槭叶枯病的病原菌为木岑叶槭叶点霉ｐｈｙｌｏｓｔｉｃｔａｎｅｇｕｎ－ｄｉｎｉｓＳａｃｃ．ｅｔＳｐｅｇ．。该菌在ＰＤＡ等四种培养基上均能很好生长。菌丝生长温度范围为１５℃～３０℃,以２５℃生长最好。在ｐＨ６时菌丝生长最好。该病菌通过气孔侵入,潜育期为１０～１８天。病菌以分生孢子无菌丝在病叶上越冬,成为翌年初侵染源。喷洒７０％甲基托布津１０００倍液和７５％百菌清８００倍液均收到较好防治效果。     

普拉索芦荟组织培养技术研究

取普拉索芦菩嫩茎作外植体，培养于附加不同种类和激素浓度的ＭＳ或改良的ＭＳ培养基上，在附加 ６－ＢＡ１．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ时，丛生芽诱导效果最佳，萌发数量最多；在附加 ６－ＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ时，丛生芽生长最好，芽长且健壮，；在附加Ｉ ＡＡ０．２ ｍｇ／Ｌ时，生根效果最佳；当苗高 ３ ｃｍ以上，根长达２ ｃｍ以上时，开盖 ３ ｄ移入温室（１０～１６℃），炼苗 ３ ｄ后，移栽于蛙石；河沙；腐质土为０．５：１：１．５的混合基质的土壤中，成活率达９１．３％。     

杨叶枯病病原菌生物学特性初步研究

杨叶枯病Alternaria alternate（Fr．）Keissler是一种发生普遍且危害严重的杨树叶部病害。该菌的生长发育温度在5～35℃,菌丝和分生孢子的最适生长温度在20～30℃之间,孢子的致死温度为52℃,菌丝的致死温度为55℃。在pH3～10之间的培养基上均可生长,以pH值6～8为最佳。有无光照处理对菌丝生长差异明显,以黑暗与日光灯交替处理病原菌生长较快。在PDA培养基黑暗条件下培养该菌生长良好,其次是胡萝卜汁培养基,但在琼脂加水培养基上产孢效果最好。     

刺槐溃疡病病原菌的研究

刺槐溃疡病在山东沿海地区发生严重。研究结果表明主要病原菌为尖镰孢（ＦｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍＳｃｈｌｅｃｈｔ．），其次为腐皮镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｏｌａｎｉ（Ｍａｒｔ．）Ｓａｃｃ．）。尖镰孢的小型分生孢子头状，聚生于短的单出瓶梗上，分生孢子椭圆形至腊肠形，７．６～１５．４μｍ×２．５～３．８μｍ；大型分生孢子镰刀形至纺锤形，３～５分隔，２８．２～３８．４μｍ×４．６～５．１μｍ；厚垣孢子直径８．９～１２．８μｍ。腐皮镰孢的小型分生孢子生于伸长的分生孢子梗上，阔卵形至椭圆形，５．１～１０．２μｍ×２．５～４．８μｍ，孢子梗长３０～８０μｍ；大型分生孢子两端较钝，３～５分隔，２０．１～３３．３μｍ×２．６～５．４μｍ；厚垣孢子直径７．７～１０．２μｍ。菌落生长适温为２５～３０℃，最适温度２８℃；ｐＨ范围５～９，最适微酸至中性；碳源以蔗糖和葡萄糖最好，氮源以蛋白胨最好。     

核桃离体胚的培养

本实验采用核桃成熟种胚的上胚轴以上部分为试材,采用不同的表面灭菌处理、基本培养基和生长调节物质浓度,研究各种处理对核桃离体胚生长发育的影响。结果表明：（１）未经表面灭菌处理的处植体生长发育明显优于经表面灭菌处理的外植体;（２）６－ ＢＡ有削弱顶端优势的作用,浓度越高,强度越大;（３）诱导顶芽、侧芽和丛生芽生长的适宜培养基配方和培养条件为：启动培养基１／４ ＭＳ＋ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ 或１／２ ＭＳ＋ １．０ ｍ ｇ／ＬＢＡ,待外植体萌发后分别转入１／２ ＭＳ＋ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ 或１／２ ＭＳ＋ １．０ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ,待材料进一步发育后分别转入ＭＳ＋ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／ＬＢＡ 或ＭＳ＋ １．０ ｍ ｇ／ＬＢＡ,以上各种培养基均含３０ ｇ／Ｌ蔗糖和７ｇ／Ｌ琼脂,ｐＨ５．８,培养条件为温度２５℃,光照１６ 小时／天,光强约２ ０００ Ｌｕｘ;（４）在无激素１／４ ＭＳ培养基上,具有一定大小的材料可形成不定根,说明低浓度无激素培养基适于核桃离体胚培养物的生根。     

马尾松离体培养条件下的微繁殖和菌根的形成*

以马尾松种胚作外植体进行不定芽诱导。基本培养基的种类对外植体不定芽的诱导起着决定性的作用，在ＧＤ附加２．０ｍｇ／ＬＢＡ的培养基上，外植体不定芽诱导率达７０％以上。ＩＡＡ或ＮＡＡ的加入不利于外植体不定芽的诱导。在不定芽生长培养基中，加入适量的ＩＢＡ能促进不定芽的伸长生长。伸长至０．５ｃｍ以上的嫩枝在１／２ＧＤ附加４．０ｍｇ／ＬＩＢＡ的培养基上，生根状况良好。生根后的小植株，在１／２ＧＤ培养基上接种Ｒｔ４９菌根真菌，菌丝侵染进入根部，形成组培菌根植株。     

雷林1号桉33枯梢病的病原鉴定

雷林１号桉３３号梢病病原菌鉴定为ＢｄｒｙｏｄｉｐｌｏｄｉａｔｈｅｏｂｒｏｍａｅＰａｔ．（Ｌｉｍｅｔａｌ，１９８５）。病原菌菌线体在温度３０～３３℃生长最好，分生孢子在２９～３１℃萌芽率最高，光照强度在１０００～２０００ｌｘ能迅速大量产生子座形成分生孢子，菌体在ｐＨ６．５生长最佳，相对湿度８１％～９０％，最适于菌丝发育。     

大叶黄杨褐斑病病原菌生物学特性的研究

大叶黄杨褐斑病ＣｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖａＲａｖ．病原菌生长最适温度为２５℃，低于５℃或高于３８℃均不能生长；偏酸环境有利于其生长，ｐＨ４．５生长最好。分生孢子在２５℃下萌发率最高，相对湿度１００％最利于萌发，ｐＨ值适应萌发范围较广，萌发率最高为ｐＨ４．０。菌落生长和分生孢子萌发对营养要求不严格，在ＰＤＡ、ＰＭＡ、ＰＳＡ培养基上生长较好，在蒸馏水中孢子萌发率亦达９０．４％；光照条件对其影响不大     

木霉菌株T95生物学特性的研究

木霉菌株Ｔ９５在ＰＤＡ培养基、麦芽糖培养基、查彼培养基、苹果树皮煎汁和基本培养基上均能生长。其中在ＰＤＡ、查彼和基本培养基上,菌丝生长较快,产孢量也较多。在ＰＤＡ培养基上,菌丝生长的温度范围是１５～３５℃,产孢的温度范围是１０～３７℃,菌丝生长和产孢的最适温度为２５℃;菌丝生长和产孢的ｐＨ值范围是２～１１,最适ｐＨ值为４。在基本培养基上,葡萄糖为菌丝生长的最佳碳源,木糖为产孢的最佳碳源;蛋白胨和牛肉浸膏是菌丝生长的最佳氮源,天门冬素是产孢的最佳氮源;维生素Ｂ１和Ｂ２对产孢作用较大。菌丝生长和产孢的最佳微量元素是Ｍｇ。分生孢子萌发需要一定的营养,ＰＤＡ膜好于２％琼脂膜。孢子萌发的温度范围是１５～３５℃,最适温度为２５℃;ｐＨ值范围是２～１１,ｐＨ值为３～５时萌发率较高;接种后８ｈ开始萌发,时间集中在１６～２４ｈ内。在２５℃时,孢子萌发的最适相对湿度为７０～８０％,最低相对湿度为５０％。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.