杉木建筑材林密度管理技术与生长效应的研究

根据杉木人工林现有林调查材料、固定样地材料及密度管理试验林材料，分析了不同立地类型、不同密度的杉木林分生长效应，在建立数学模型的基础上，提出了杉木建筑材林合理密度管理技术。     

浅谈杉木合理的造林密度

林不同地带、不同立地条件及良种等方面对杉木生长量的影响入手，通过对杉木不同造林密度的作用规律的详细分析，提出了杉木合理造林密度确定的原则和方法。     

庆元林场杉木速丰林栽培技术总结

通过对182块杉木标准地调查和不同造林时期栽培技术分析评价，总结出了“以立地控制，遗传控制，密度控制为中心，实行集约经营，定向培育”的杉木速生林栽培模式。使庆元林场万亩杉木速丰林平均年生长量达到12．3m^3/hm^2，超过了林业部速丰林生长指标。     

杉木混交林计算机辅助造林设计系统研究

通过对不同立地条件下杉木混交树种和不同经营水平的造林密度的研究，建立杉木交林计算机辅助造林设计系统。     

不同密度杉木林内辐射与叶面积垂直分布对生长的影响

本文通过对八年生杉木人工林内太阳辐射与叶面积垂直分布的观测与研究，用计算机绘图与计算，得出以下结果：杉木叶面积的垂直分布和叶面积指数与密度有关，冠形因密度增加由圆锥形变为圆柱形，叶面积指数是先上升后下降。杉木林内辐射的消减随密度的增加而加剧，在冠层深3／4处趋于平缓，当郁闭度低于0．85时，林冠下辐射有回升，用累加叶面积指数分层计算林冠消光系数，可减少因叶片分布不均匀而产生的误差，用累计值计算辐射，可简化观测与计算，用辐射吸收率、叶面积指数，杉木个体生物量及年均生物增长量4个指标对杉木林生长作综合评价，八年生杉木林生长的较适宜工是2m×1m。     

杉木人工林土壤养分变化规律

该文从不同立地条件、不同发育阶段、不同密度管理和不同轮伐期4个方面具体阐述了杉木人工林土壤养分变化规律。指出:立地不同土壤肥力不同,立地条件越好,土壤养分含量越高;林分发育阶段不同土壤养分含量不同,幼龄林阶段,养分含量越高,中龄林时最低,成熟林时又有所回升;杉木林通过合理间伐,适当降低林分密度,可保持和提高土壤肥力;适当延长轮伐期有利于杉木林的养分归还。在对各种研究结果与结论作简要概括的同时,对当前研究工作存在的问题及今后研究的重点进行了讨论。旨在为今后的研究提供阶梯,以有助于各项研究工作的展开。     

杉木人工林采伐迹地更新群落结构特征的研究

从杉木人工林科学经营和自然资源管理保护出发，根据定位研究和群落样地调查结果，分析和比较了湖南杉木中心产区会同杉木人工林不同采伐方式迹地上更新群落的组成结构和数量特征．结果表明：迹地群落中共有维管植物85科164属254种，其中乔木、灌木、藤本和草本分别为53种、85种、39种和77种；皆伐和间伐后物种多样性指数高；皆伐8a后迹地群落与皆伐2a后群落相似性较小，而与间伐8a后群落相似性较大；杉木人工林采伐迹地种类成分变更快．提出了合理经营和保护杉木林生态系统多样性和稳定性的措施．     

初植密度、间伐对杉木林分优势高生长过程的影响

初植密度、间伐对杉木林分优势高生长过程的影响＊洪玲霞关键词杉木优势高初植密度间伐立地质量是决定林分生长和收获的主要因素之一，在用材林经营与管理中，立地质量定义为“生长在某一地位上既定树种或林分类型林木的生产潜力”。以往的研究表明：许多树种的材积生产潜...     

阔叶林采伐迹地人工促进更新效果研究

通过对常绿阔叶林采伐迹地人工促进更新而形成的米槠林群落特征的研究，分析比较了人工促进更新林分与杉木人工林的生物量及生态，经济效益。结果表明，人工促进更新的米槠群落和生产力和经济效益均高于杉木人工林，林分总管蓄积量比杉木林高11．87％，总生物量比杉木林高22．10％；人工促进更新的投资利润率和财务内部收益率分别比杉木人工林高4％和11．03％。     

人工杉木林密度管理的探讨

我省十多年来人工杉木林发展很快,特别是丘陵地区面积剧增,加强林分密度控制管理,适时进行间伐,是当前林业生产中急待解决的一个课题。为了实现人工杉木林的速生丰产,笔者收集峡江县的一些调查资料,运用数理分析的原理,进行对杉木林分密度探讨,以求用简单图表,控制林分密度。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.