杉木幼林根圈土壤磷酸酶活性、磷组分及其相互关系

通过对杉木人工林根圈土壤两种磷酸酶活性、８种磷组分及其相互关系研究，结果表明：（１）根圈酸性、中性磷酸酶活性分别比根圈外高１．４４、０．６６酚ｍｇ／ｇ（３７℃，１２ｈ），Ｒ／Ｓ值分别为１．９１和２．０１；（２）根圈全Ｐ、ＤＡ－Ｐ、Ａｌ－Ｐ、Ｆｅ－Ｐ、Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｐ分别比根圈外高２０３．４５，２．２１，３．０５，１０．９３，１０．３３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｒ／Ｓ值分别为１．６１，４．６８，３．６１，１．９７，２．４６，Ｃａ－Ｐ比根圈外低２．３４，Ｒ／Ｓ值为０．７２，Ｉ－Ｐ和Ｏ－Ｐ无显著差异；（３）根圈酸性磷酸酶活性与ＤＡ－Ｐ和Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｐ呈显著正相关，ｒ值分别为０．５８４和０．５７９，中性磷酸酶活性与全Ｐ、Ｉ－Ｐ和Ｏ－Ｐ呈显著或极显著正相关，ｒ值分别为０．５９４，０．７７３和０．６８６。     

四川盆周山地杉木人工林衰退与铝毒害阈值的探讨

根据四川盆周山地杉木人工林调查分析数据,借鉴国内外森林土壤酸化研究方法,在立地分类基础上,确定二代杉木人工纯林作为研究对象,选择根际土壤ｐＨ 值（ＫＣｌ） 、Ａｌ３＋ 、Ｃａ２＋ ／Ａｌ３ ＋ 和凋落物Ｃａ２ ＋／（Ｃａ２ ＋ ＋Ｆｅ３＋ ＋ Ａｌ３＋ ） 作为参数,探讨杉木人工林衰退与铝毒害阈值。研究结果表明,有的林地立地质量差,树种与立地不相适应,导致杉木人工林生产力下降;另有的林地,虽然立地条件较好,但是已出现铝毒害,导致杉木人工林衰退。铝毒害阈值是ｐＨ≤４－１８ ,Ａｌ３ ＋ ≥３１－６６ ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｃａ２ ＋ ／Ａｌ３＋ ≤１－８０９ ｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ 和Ｃａ２＋ ／（Ｃａ２ ＋ ＋ Ｆｅ３ ＋ ＋ Ａｌ３＋ ）≤０－５５ ｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ。     

活性炭铁含量测定方法的比较研究

由于Ｃｌ＾－的影响，按ＬＹ２１６－７９测定２１个试样的铁含量的结果，分别比按ＧＢ／Ｔ１２４９６．８－９０和原子吸收法平均偏高９．５４％、６．７８％。活性炭中铁主要以Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）形态存在，所占比例因活性炭品种不同而有所差异。     

热带山地雨林生态系统水文化学循环规律的研究

根据５ａ定位观测，对尖峰岭热带山地雨林更新林生态系统的水文化学循环规律数据分析表明，年均降雨量为２６６８．３ｍｍ，其中总径流量占４６．７％，蒸散量５３．３％，冠层留量１４．０％。Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的年均降雨输入量为７８．４ｋｇ（ｈｍ＾２．ａ），总径流输出５６．７ｋｇ／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ），净积累２１．６ｋｇ／（ｈｇｍ＾２．ａ），Ｓｉ，有机Ｃ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ的年均降雨输入量为２５．０ｋｇ（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）     

斑翅山鹑驯养繁殖技术研究

通过对斑翅山鹑４年驯养繁殖试验结果表明：斑翅山鹑易于驯养，产卵期５～７月，卵受精率８０．７％。人工孵化温度１～２０天３８℃，２１～２４天３７．５℃；相对湿度１～２０天６５％，２１～２４天７５％，受精卵平均孵化率为７８．７％。采用变温和不同日龄多种方式育雏，４个月龄育雏成活率达７１．２％。成鹑繁殖期饲料ＣＰ１８．６８％、ＣＦ２．４５％、Ｃａ２．１９％、Ｐ０．８４％、ＭＥ１０６７３ＫＪ／ＫＧ；非繁殖期饲料ＣＰ１６．８７％、ＣＦ２．４７％、Ｃａ１．２３％、Ｐ０．５１％、ＭＥ１１２２８ＫＪ／ＫＧ，能够满足繁殖和越冬期的营养需要。     

-漆酚树脂催化合成酯、缩醛和缩酮的研究

用ＦｅＣｌ３－漆酚树脂作催化剂合成了香料丁酸乙酯、苯甲醛１,２－丙二醇缩醛、环己酮１,２－丙二醇缩酮、苹果酯和草莓酯,产物收率分别达９３．７％,７８．５％,９１．６％、８９．１％和９０．２％,产物经ＩＲ证实。     

热带山地雨林生态系统水文化学循环规律的研究

根据５ａ定位观测，对尖峰岭热带山地雨林更新林生态系统的水文化学循环规律的数据分析表明，年均降雨量为２６６８．３ｍｍ，其中总径流量占４６．７％，蒸散量５３．３％，冠层截留量１４．０％。Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的年均降雨输入量为７８．４ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），总径流输出５６．７ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），净积累２１．６ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）；Ｓｉ、有机Ｃ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ的年均降雨输入量为２５．０ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），总径流输出为１１２．３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），净损失８７．３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），更新林系统仅处于更新进展过程中，同时证实了冠层对降水化学的淋溶效应，净淋溶系数达４．１１；提出了降雨、林内净降雨、总径流的各水化学物含量与其相应水量的回归模式     

马尾松种源休眠期矿质营养元素的含量分析

用ＩＣＰ仪分析具有代表性的１０个马尾松种源休眠期针叶内矿质营养元素的含量。马尾松休眠期针叶的Ｐ和Ｍｇ在种源间与种源内个体间的含量差异不显著；Ｆｅ，Ａｌ两元素在种源间和种源内差异均显著。其中Ａｌ含量差异为种源内〉种源间。Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｓｉ，Ｎａ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ等９种元素均为种源间差异显著，种源内差异不显著。     

刺梨汁SOD及其同工酶活力测定和定位染色

用透析法去除Ｖｃ测定刺梨汁ＳＯＤ活力操作简便,结果真实可靠,测得刺梨汁ＳＯＤ活力为５８．８Ｕ／ｍｌ。ＣＨＣｌ３－ＣＨ３ＣＨ２ＯＨ处理测得ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ３８．４Ｕ／ｍｌ,Ｈ２Ｏ２处理测得Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ活力为１４．４Ｕ／ｍｌ,ＫＣＮ处理测得Ｍｎ－、Ｆｅ－ＳＯＤ活力为２２．８Ｕ／ｍｌ。聚丙烯酰胶凝胶电泳定位染色法证明刺梨汁具有ＣｕＺｎ－、Ｍｎ－、Ｆｅ－ＳＯＤ３种同工酶。     

岩棉板用酚醛树脂的研制

岩棉板用酚醛树脂的研制牛丽平，李华（中国林科院木材工业研究所北京１０００９１）１前言岩棉是以精选的玄武岩或辉绿岩为主要原料，经高温熔融制成的人造无机纤维。其主要化学成分为：ＳｉＯ＿２（４６％）、Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３（１５．６％）、ＭｇＯ（５．１％）、ＣａＯ...     

海南岛尖峰岭地区土壤类型及其数值分析

利用海南岛尖峰岭地区现有的64个土壤剖面分析资料,试用新拟中国土壤系统分类(二稿)标准,选择土壤腐殖质、pH、盐基饱和度、交换性铝及有效阳离子交换量等诊断特性,应用主组元和判别分析方法,将该地区的土壤区分为7个亚类4个土类,总的判别正确率达75.6％。为区域性土壤数量化系统分类的有益尝试,较之原有发生分类有所发展。     

沙田柚树施用活化磷肥的效果及机理研究

通过田间试验与室内模拟试验相结合，用相应活化剂处理水溶性P并配成沙田柚专用肥．进一步对其在广东梅县沙田柚产区施用的效果及机理进行研究。结果显示：(1)在沙田柚产区施用含活化P肥的专用肥，能有效改善柚树各生育期的P营养，从而能显著提高柚果产量和品质。(2)在梅县砂页岩赤红壤条件下，土壤中的Fe、Mn与P素有效性关系密切；Si可促进土壤中P的释放．适量的Ca可增加P的活性。(3)供试活化剂可控释水溶性P的释放、使土壤供P性能平稳。(4)在砂页岩赤红壤-植物体系中，活化剂对P的控释机理与不同地带性和不同母质的玄武岩砖红壤一样．是通过对土壤Fe、Mn、Al含量的调节而实现对P的活化。     

Land-use effects on phosphorus fractions in Indo-Gangetic alluvial soils

Phosphorus (P) in soil exists both in organic and inorganic forms and their relative abundance could determine P supplying capacity of soil. Differential input of exogenous and plant-mediated phosphorus and carbon in soil under different land-uses could influence P availability and fertilizer P management. While the effect of land-use on soil organic carbon (SOC) is fairly well-documented, its effect on soil P fractions is relatively less known. We investigated the effect of different land-uses including rice–wheat, maize–wheat, cotton–wheat cropping systems and poplar-based agroforestry systems on soil P fractions and organic carbon accrual in soils. Total P concentration was the highest under agroforestry (569 mg P kg^?1) and the lowest under maize–wheat (449 mg P kg^?1) cropping systems. On the contrary, soils under rice–wheat had significantly higher available P concentration than the agroforestry systems, probably because of higher fertilizer P application in rice–wheat and prevailing wetland conditions during rice growth. In soils under sole cropping systems viz. rice–wheat, maize–wheat and cotton–wheat, inorganic P was the dominant fraction and accounted for 92.2–94.6% of total P. However, the soils under agroforestry had smaller proportion (73%) of total P existing as inorganic P. Among soil P fractions, water soluble inorganic P (0.13–0.26%) represented the smallest proportion inorganic P in soils under different land-uses. Agroforestry showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of SOC than the other land-uses. Soil organic C was significantly correlated with soil P fractions. It was concluded that poplar-based agroforestry systems besides leading to C accrual in soil result in build-up of organic P and the P supplying capacity of soil.     

Phosphorus cycling and soil P fractions in Douglas-fir and red alder stands

Nitrogen-fixing species can dramatically increase soil acidity and organic matter content, and potentially alter biogeochemical P dynamics. We compared ecosystem P cycling in adjacent stands of N₂-fixing red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and non-fixing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) in order to determine whether P-cycling rates within stands were related to soil P forms as measured by sequential P fractionation. Above-ground annual P uptake was 61% greater in the red alder stand, although soil available P, as measured by Bray (NH₄F–HCl) extraction, was only 10% of that found in the Douglas-fir stand. Total ecosystem P in the alder stand was only 69% of that found in the Douglas-fir stand, and could indicate a pre-establishment difference between stands. However, the percentage of total soil P released by Bray or NaOH extraction was also lower in the alder stand, which suggests that differences in total P alone did not control the patterns observed in P fractions. Concentrations of inorganic P sorbed to Fe and Al minerals and contained in Fe minerals and apatite were greater under Douglas-fir, while organic P was slightly greater under red alder. While fluxes of P in litterfall, uptake and resorption were 94, 60 and 292% higher in the alder stand, soil extractable fractions meant to represent available P were lower under alder. Static measures of available P do not appear to adequately reflect P supply, and the development of techniques to assess P turnover is needed to better understand cycling and plant availability of P.     

菜阳河自然保护区3种森林类型的土壤特性

对设于菜阳河自然保护区 3种森林类型的 8块监测样地的土壤剖面调查结果得出 :3种森林土壤有较明显的差异。季节雨林土壤为粗骨性赤红壤 ,水热条件好 ,有机质等养分含量丰富 ,阳离子交换量较高。山地雨林土壤为紫色赤红壤 ,总孔隙度达 5 0 % ,通透性尚好 ,土壤氮磷钾全量较其他两类土壤低 ,有机质含量及有效氮磷钾含量与季风常绿阔叶林接近 ,交换性能较好。季风常绿阔叶林土壤主要为黄色赤红壤 ,总孔隙度达 5 6 % ,非毛管孔隙度 11 5 1% ,土壤通透性及保肥能力较好。     

Effects of fertilisation on phosphorus pools in the volcanic soil of a managed tropical forest

Acacia koa forests benefit from phosphorus fertilisation, but it is unknown if fertilisation is a short or long term effect on P availability. Past research suggests that P cycling in soils with high P sorption capacity, such as Andisols, was through organic pathways. We studied leaf P and soil P fractions in a tropical forest Andisol for 3 years after fertilisation with triple super phosphate. Leaf P concentration and labile P remained high after fertilisation. Fertilisation had increased all the inorganic P fractions over the length of the study, while organic P fractions had not. The results suggested that the organic P fractions had a reduced role as a source of labile P after fertilisation. The size and dynamics of the sodium hydroxide- and hydrochloric acid-extractable P pools would suggest that either pool could be major sources of labile P. Because of the high level of poorly crystalline minerals in Andisols (allophone and imogolite), it would be expected that applied P would quickly lead to strong P sorption onto mineral surfaces and thus a rapid decline in P availability. We propose that the high organic matter present in these soils had masked some of the Al and Fe sorption sites, which allowed the sorption and desorption when large amounts of addition P were applied.     

Uptake of Macro- and Micro-Nutrients into Leaf,Woody, and Root Tissue of Populus after Irrigation with Landfill Leachate

ABSTRACT

Information about macro- and micro-nutrient uptake and distribution into tissues of Populus irrigated with landfill leachate helps to maximize biomass production and understand impacts of leachate chemistry on tree health. We irrigated eight Populus clones (NC 13460, NCI4O18, NC14104, NC14106, DM115, DN5, NM2, NM6) with fertilized (N, P, K) well water(control) or municipal solid waste landfill leachate weekly during 2005 and 2006 in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA. During Aug. 2006, we tested for differences in total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B, Mn, Fe, Cu, Al, and Pb concentration in preplanting and harvest soils; and in leaf, woody (stems?+?branches), and root tissue. Other than N, leachate did not increase the soil concentration of elements relative to preplanting levels. There was broad genotypic variation for tissue concentrations, with clone-specific uptake for most elements. Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, and Mn concentrations were greatest in leaves and least in woody tissue, while those of Fe, Cu, and Al were greatest in roots and least in leaves and woody tissue. Overall, successful uptake of nutrients without impacts to tree health validated the use of landfill leachate as an irrigation and fertilization source for Populus.     

Soil and sediment phosphorus fractions in a forested watershed at Acadia National Park,ME, USA

Phosphorus (P) is often the critical limiting nutrient controlling the productivity of natural waters. Understanding the linkages between terrestrial and aquatic P dynamics is essential to defining the mechanisms governing P availability in the ecosystem. We used P fractionation techniques to investigate landscape patterns of P distribution in soils, and associated stream and lake sediments, in a forested watershed at Acadia National Park, ME, USA. Specifically, we investigated the chemical and spatial distribution of P in primary and secondary mineral phases along a topographic and bathymetric transect based on distance from the stream for soils and lake sediments. The dominant P fraction was associated with aluminum (Al) hydroxides, a fraction that also included some iron (Fe) hydroxides and organic P. The Al–P fraction accounted for 62% and 66% of total P in all soil and lake samples, respectively. These results suggest that secondary Al, and to a lesser extent Fe, dominate P dynamics in these soils and lakes. Stream sediments appear to originate from deeper, less weathered portions of the soil with lower accumulations of secondary Al and Fe. As a result, stream sediments have little capacity for adsorbing P, relative to soil or lake sediments. Phosphorus fractionation results also suggested that both exposed and occluded primary apatite-P still persists in these soils, stream sediments, and lake sediments. Extractable apatite-P concentrations increased progressively with decreasing distance from the stream in the watershed and with increasing distance from the stream and depth in the lake. These trends were attributed to spatial patterns in the intensity of pedogenesis in the watershed and the influence of winnowing and sedimentation on lake sediment composition.     

Effects of calcium, boron and nitrogen fertilization on the growth of teak (Tectona grandis) seedlings and chemical property of acidic soil substrate

Many teak plantations are established on acidic soils with low nutrient availability. There is also poor documentation of nutrient budgets for teak, therefore, a pot experiment with optimal hybrid regression design (Roquemore R311A) was implemented with calcium, boron and nitrogen treatments with teak seedlings (Tectona grandis L.f.) planted in acidic lateritic red soil substrate. Seedling growth, biomass production and root development, and soil pH, and exchangeable Ca and Al concentration were measured. Plant height, root collar diameter, biomass of leaves, stems and roots, root volume, taproot length, number of lateral roots of teak seedlings were significantly and positively correlated with soil exchangeable Ca, pH and Ca/Al molar ratio, and negatively correlated with exchangeable Al. All growth traits were significantly affected by calcium, nitrogen and their interaction, but B fertilizer and other interactions had insignificant effects. To effectively cultivate teak seedlings in acidic soil substrates, 1.68 g kg⁻¹ quicklime (CaO) and 0.65 g kg⁻¹ urea was suggested to be added to neutralize soil acidity, and enhance soil exchangeable Ca content and Ca/Al molar ratio. Urea should not be added without quicklime.     

Growth and mineral nutrient analysis of teak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tectona grandis</Emphasis>) grown on acidic soils in south China

Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is widely planted in the world due to its high market demand, economic, ecological and social value. Its plantations have mostly been established and expanded into sites that are acidic to severely acidic in southern China. But, there are no available and specific evidence-based nutrient management techniques. To better recognize and understand the relationship between teak tree growth and nutrient content in the foliage and soil and establish nutrient norms are critical to optimally manage these young plantations. We studied the foliar nutrient and soil chemistry in 19 representative teak plantations aged 5–8 years. Regression analysis indicated that the mean annual increment of teak volume was linearly and positively correlated with foliar N, Ca, Fe and B concentrations, with soil base saturation percentage, available P and Zn concentrations, and negatively correlated with soil Al concentration. Only if the Ca and Mg contents in soil were enhanced, could the increase in soil base saturation percentage benefit teak growth. A revised classification of low-and high-yielding stands was established by using a sorting method of principal components over 6 foliar macro and 8 micro elements in a Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS). Specific DRIS norms for teak plantations in acid soils were derived. The nutrient balance of N, P, K Ca, Mg, Zn, B with Fe or Al, Ca with Mg, and Fe with Al provided a key to promote the growth of teak in acid soils. Meanwhile, soil Zn was also found as a primary trace element that affected teak growth in this study.