Moisture extraction and crop yield as a function of distance from a row of Eucalyptus tereticornis

A study was made on the effect of an east-west tree line of years old Eucalyptus tereticornis on soil physical parameters and adjoining mustard and wheat crops as a function of distance from the tree-crop interface in north- and south-facing sides. Maximum soil temperature, pan evaporation, moisture extraction, number of plants/m², and yields of mustard and wheat did not differ significantly on the two sides of plantation. Plant growth parameters decreased linearly with distance from the plantation. Mustard yield, Y (kg/ha) was linearly related to moisture extraction, ME (mm) as Y = 1914–120.3 ME. Eucalyptus tereticornis was found to extract 5 times more water than mustard from 0–150cm soil profile. Mustard and wheat yield reductions in adjoining 10 meter strips on both sides of the plantation were 47 and 34 per cent, respectively. Eucalyptus tereticornis is, therefore, not a suitable species for row plantations in agro-forestry systems in deep water table conditions of semi-arid regions.     

Evaluation of coastal sandy soils and their saline ground waters for afforestation: A case study from India

A study was conducted in coastal Andhra Pradesh to evaluate current practices and suitability of coastal sandy soils for raising tree plantations. Poor soil moisture retention characteristics of these soils make irrigation an essential, but costly silvicultural practice for obtaining desirable establishment and growth. Saline ground water is the only available source of irrigation. Its use seems safe and successful in such soils. The farmers have adopted a specialized manual splashing technique (Doruvu) of seepage pits for irrigating tree plantations in their establishment phase. This technique was observed to be well suited to the sandy soils. Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus tereticornis were the two most popular species being afforested. E. camaldulensis is also in an introduction phase. Comparison of growth performance and biomass accumulation by C. equisetifolia and E. tereticornis plantations at different growth stages showed the former to be significantly better than the latter. Build up of the soil organic carbon was also found to be markedly more in comparable C. equisetifolia plantations than those of E. tereticornis. Similarly, the blanketing influence of C. equisetifolia plantations was observed to modify soil temperature extremes considerably more than in the case of E. tereticornis. The findings, indicated a vast scope for utilization of coastal sandy soils for afforestation with the successful use of saline ground waters.     

Physical properties of soil in Pine elliottii and Eucalyptus cloeziana plantations in the Vhembe biosphere,Limpopo Province of South Africa

Plantation establishment using invasive alien plants is common in South Africa,but the effects of these plants on soil physical properties in the Vhembe biosphere is unknown.In this comparative study,soils underneath Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus cloeziana were assessed for differences in physical properties compared to soils underneath adjacent natural sites in the Entabeni plantation in the Vhembe biosphere in Limpopo Province,South Africa.Soils were collected from topsoil over 3 months and quantified for gravimetric soil moisture,penetration resistance,soil infiltration,hydraulic conductivity and soil water repellency.For all 3 months,soils from both P.elliottii and E.cloeziana plantations were compact and had low penetration resistance compared to soils from adjacent natural sites.Soil infiltration and hydraulic conductivity were significantly(p\0.05)lower in soils from plantations compared to soils from adjacent natural sites,and more so from the E.cloeziana plantation than from P.elliottii.Soil water repellency was observed in soils from E.cloeziana only in May and June.Soils from the invasive alien tree plantation have decreased soil moisture,infiltration rate,hydraulic conductivity and are compact as well as repellent(only E.cloeziana),all poor soil physical properties.However,this decline in soil physical properties was not uniform between the two invasive alien plantation species;hence we cannot generalize about the effects of invasive alien plantation species on soil physical properties,and further research is required across different ecological regions.     

南亚热带桉树林和针阔混交林土壤及凋落物持水能力比较

以桉树林（第2代和第1代）和杉木针阔混交林（10～11 a和5～7 a生）为研究对象,探讨南亚热带4种试验林0～100 cm土层土壤及凋落物持水能力。结果表明,在0～100 cm土层,针阔混交林土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均高于桉树林,而土壤非毛管孔隙度却显著低于桉树林（P＜0．05）,表明针阔混交林土壤中有效水的贮存容量高于桉树林。受土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度的影响,针阔混交林土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量显著高于桉树林（P＜0．05）。4种试验林田间持水量的差异不显著（P＞0．05）,说明4种试验林土壤保水能力基本一致。4种林分凋落物量表现为桉树林Ⅳ＞桉树林Ⅱ＞针阔混交林Ⅰ＞针阔混交林Ⅲ,桉树林凋落物最大持水量、最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量显著高于针阔混交林（P＜0．05）。     

A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest

Diversity, density and species composition of naturally regenerated woody plants under Eucalyptus grandis plantation and the adjacent natural forest were investigated and compared. Twenty plots, with an area of 20 m × 20 m for each, were established in both of E. grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest, independently. In each plot, species name, abundance, diameter and height were recorded. Numbers of seedling were collected in five sub-plots (4 m²) within each major plot. A total of 46 species in the plantation, and 52 species in the natural forest, which belongs to 36 families were recorded. The diversity of species (H′) is 2.19 in the plantation and 2.74 in the natural forest. The density of understory woody plant was 3842 stems/ha in the plantation and 4122 stems/ha in the natural forest. The densities of seedlings in the natural forest and the plantation were 8101 stems/ha and 4151 stems/ha, respectively. High similarity of woody species composition was found between the natural forest and the plantation. The E. grandis plantation was found favoring the regeneration and growth of Millitia ferruginia and Coffea arabica in a much better way than other underneath woody species.     

不同前茬立地类型对桉树人工林生长影响及土壤肥力分析

调查分析5种不同前茬立地类型的桉树人工林生长及其土壤肥力情况,结果表明：相思前茬立地类型的4.5a生桉树人工林具有最高的保存率、平均胸径、平均树高和平均每公顷材积,分别为92.4％、13.5cm、18.4m、153.6 m3,相思前茬立地可能是较理想的桉树人工林造林立地类型.进行桉树人工林多代经营时,相思、桉树前茬都是可以选择的立地类型,但一定要加强造林后的抚育管理,才能获得较高的材积.     

广东江门地区雷林1号桉的自然更新与扩散

调查了雷林1号桉单株的扩散情况及雷林1号桉林缘在广东江门地区主要植被类型(杉木人工林、红花荷人工林和灌木丛)中的扩散情况,采用小样方法调查了雷林1号桉林下乡土乔木树种的自然更新情况.调查发现:15年生雷林1号桉单株在45°扇形样地单向扩散的最大距离为17.82 m,扩散苗最多22株,平均树高4.72 m;雷林1号桉不能扩散进入20年生杉木人工林,可以扩散进入红花荷幼林,但实生苗数量很少,还可以扩散进入地被物较少的灌木丛,且更新苗数量较多.分析表明:雷林1号桉在引种栽培地能自然更新;雷林1号桉种子落地接触土壤、光照充足是其更新的主要条件;有5种乡土树种能在雷林1号桉林下自然更新且正常生长,因此,目前雷林1号桉对乡土树种的自然更新没有影响.     

Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia

Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations.     

Faunal use of bluegum ( Eucalyptus globulus ) plantations in southwestern Australia

We examined the faunal use of Eucalyptus globulus plantations in southern Western Australia, and compared use of remnant vegetation, agricultural land and plantations in different positions relative to large tracts of remnant vegetation. In general, faunal use of plantations is less than in comparison with adjacent remnant vegetation, but more than in open pasture. For all faunal groups there were almost twice as many species recorded in the native vegetation than in any site in the plantations or on agricultural land and they were in greater abundance. Faunal use of plantation edges and interiors did not show consistent patterns. Generally, edges next to remnants were most frequently used, but individual species showed a wide range of patterns of use across the various habitat types studied. More species of bird identified as being “at risk” were found in plantation edges than in interiors. Adjacency to remnant vegetation increased plantation use by some species, but the overall differences between isolated plantations and those adjacent to remnant vegetation were relatively small. We conclude that plantations provide some value in terms of habitat for some species, including some of conservation concern, but that this value is limited by the lack of habitat complexity in the intensively-managed plantations. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

川西低山丘陵区主要人工林土壤有机碳密度研究

基于森林土壤碳清查的方法,研究了川西低山丘陵区马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)和柏木(Cupressus funebris)人工林土壤的有机碳密度,结果表明,4种人工林土壤各层有机碳含量介于(4.34±0.75)～(23.41±2.75)g·kg-1,并随土壤深度的增加而降低;马尾松、杉木、巨桉和柏木人工林1 m深度内土壤平均有机碳密度分别为(79.9±10.0)、(125.9±21.2)、(145.4±22.1)和(157.9±29.2)t·hm-2;柏木混交林的土壤有机碳密度显著增加,柏木-栎针阔混交林和柏木-慈竹混交林的土壤有机碳密度分别为(187.9±16.0)和(158.6±15.4)t·hm-2.     

Molecular Discrimination of Eucalypt Clones Using the ISSR Marker System

Clonal forestry captures genetic gain generated by skillful selection and is now well recognized as a method for mass production of desired trees to obtain increased economic benefits. In Eucalyptus, clonal plantations have enhanced the productivity twofold, compared to plantations of unimproved seed origin. The present investigation was carried out to assess the genetic relationship of 41 eucalypt clones using the intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker system. The ISSR-derived dendrogram and principal coordinate analysis (PCA) clustered 39 clones into two groups of E. camaldulensis and E. tereticornis in agreement with their taxonomic classification. Further, a total of three clone specific diagnostic markers and five unique profiles were identified using five ISSR primers. The eucalypt clones analyzed in the present investigations are derived from the breeding populations of both the species and are presently being used for large-scale plantation and hybridization studies. The molecular marker based clonal discrimination can be used to avoid duplication of clones and quality control of planting stock.

[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Sustainable Forestry for the following free supplemental resource(s): ISSR Profiles of Eucalyptus Clones]     

桉树人工林和邻近天然林内土著的木本植物再生状况比较(英文)

本文调查了桉树人工林和邻近天然林内土著的木本植物多样性、密度和物种组成。桉树人工林和邻近天然林内分别圈画出20个20m×20m样地,记录下每块样地内的物种名称、物种丰富度、植株直径和高度以及采集亚样方(4m2)内幼苗数目。本试验中,记录人工林内木本植物46种,邻近天然林内52种,分别来自36个科。人工林内,物种多样性(H’)为2.19,林下木本植物密度为3842株/hm2,幼苗密度为4151株/hm2;而天然林内的物种多样性、林下树木密度和幼苗密度分别为2.74,4122株/hm2和8101株/hm2。两种林分的木本植物物种组成相似性较高。研究还表明,桉树人工林适合于Millitia ferruginia和小果咖啡生长和再生,而对下层木本则不适合。     

论中国桉树发展的贡献和可持续经营策略

我国最早于1890年引进桉树,刚开始主要作为庭院和四旁绿化树种,20世纪50年代在粤西和桂南大面积试种成功后,逐步推广作为南方主要造林树种.20世纪80年代,我国开始大规模种植桉树,1986年,全国桉树人工林面积达46.6万hm2,进入21世纪后,桉树发展迅猛,2015年达450万hm2,年产木材3000万m3,占全国商品林木材产量的26.9％,为保障我国木材安全做出了重要贡献.桉树产业已形成包括种苗、肥料、制材、制浆造纸、人造板、生物质能源和林副产品等完整的产业链,年总产值达3000亿元.发展桉树人工林具有非常重要的意义:一是缓解我国木材供应紧张局面,减少对外依存度,以保障国家木材安全;二是桉树产业已形成完整的产业链,构成国民经济不可或缺的一部分;三是对提高森林碳汇、发挥气候调节、完善森林的生态和防护功能具有重要意义;四是重要的民生林业,促进林农增收和农村致富.桉树科学发展的关键在于可持续经营.首先必须更新观念:由木材生产为主向木材生产与环境保护并重转化,由封闭式经营向开放式经营转化,由传统的永续利用向森林可持续经营转化.同时,必须推行以下可持续经营的技术措施:(1)立地与树种、品种相匹配;(2)适当的人工混交林措施;(3)进行科学的植被管理;(4)改进造林技术;(5)控制病虫害.     

孟加拉羯布罗香(Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F)外生侵染菌根的水平分布

本文论述了孟加拉国吉大港大学校园里,不同年龄(5、10、20年)的羯布罗香(Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F)人工林内,距树木基部不同距离(1、2、3、4米)处,外生侵染菌根的水平分布状况.在山的3个部位(顶部、中部和下部)对各人工林外生侵染菌根的侵染进行了测定.在不同水平分布距离处的树下采集了1000cm3的根际土壤样本,不同距离和山高处的外生侵染菌根浸染率差异显著.在5年和10年林龄的人工林内,浸染率随着距树的距离的增加而快速下降,而在20年林龄的人工林内,浸染率随着距树基部距离的增加而急剧增加.山下部20年生人工林内距树4m处的浸染率最高(81.3%),山顶部5年生人工林内距树4m处的浸染率最低(55.33%).图6参32.     

Studies on root distribution of five multipurpose tree species in Doon Valley,India

Observations on the growth performance, rooting behaviour and distribution of fine roots of five tree species viz., Bauhinia purpurea, Grewia optiva, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala and Ougeinia oojeinensis (Family: Papilionaceae) are being presented here. Roots were exposed at the time of planting, 6 months, 16 months, and 28 months after planting. Total root weight and root volume were highest in Eucalyptus tereticornis and lowest in Bauhinia purpurea. Major part of the root system confined within 90–120 cm soil depth in case of Bauhinia purpurea, Grewia optiva and Leucaena leucocephala but Eucalyptus tereticornis and Ougeinia oojeinensis strike their roots to deeper depths. Bauhinia purpurea had its roots evenly distributed down to 120 cm. In general, the vertical distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) of the five species indicate that more the depth, fewer the number of roots. The observations on soil binding capacity, indicated that Ougeinia oojeinensis had the maximum and Eucalyptus tereticornis had the minimum binding value. Due to leaf shading and other litter fall significant increase of nutrient components in soils under the tree canopies has been observed. The study indicates that bulk of the roots of the five tree species are found near the surface, but observation on soil moisture and nutrient content does not indicate variation under the tree canopies and in open, hence there may not be root competition in initial years of plantation.Authorised for publication by the Institute as contribution No.3311/239/89.     

桉树用材林林木资产评估的方法及应用

本文根据桉树速生、短轮伐期的特点,结合用材林林木资产评估方法,按立地等级差异进行桉树林地的资产评估。充分考虑桉树调查小班的林龄及生长状况,按照经营成本、利息、利润及税收等因素对林木资源价值量及其分布结构进行核算评估。通过应用案例分析,用常规的评估方法对速生桉用材林进行评估不能合理地反映林木资产价值。针对幼龄林采用重置成本法评估其林木价值,在栽植时至评估基准日期间,林木因快速生长所产生的价值不能体现。而采用“现行市价法”进行评估,是对有蓄积的幼龄林林木资产价值评估的首选方法,可真实反映其林木价值,为桉树林地林权流转提供可靠的依据,在生产实践中切实可行。     

Increasing and Sustaining Productivity of Tropical Eucalypt Plantations Over Multiple Rotations

Summary

Eucalypt plantations in India are an important source of fiber for paper making and fuel for local villagers. Large areas of land have supported eucalypt plantations for several rotations, and productivity has generally been declining through successive rotations. In 1997, we initiated a project to examine site management options as a way to improve the productivity of these sites. We established a large experimental infrastructure at each of four sites in Kerala, consisting of up to five separate fully randomized block experiments at each site, examining interrotation management options (organic matter manipulation, N and P fertilizer input, legume cover cropping, weed control). Two of the sites were typical lowland plantations with Eucalytus tereticornis, and the other two sites were typical upland plantations with Eucalytus grandis. Following treatments, we monitored plantation productivity and impacts on soil and nutrient cycling for one full rotation (6.5 years). We found it is possible to increase the volume growth of E. grandis by up to 48%, and E. tereticornis by up to 268% through a combination of optimum site practices (mostly weed control and nutrient addition), but productivity responses are dependent on site-specific factors. Key outcomes of this research are presented, with special reference to application in the broader context of tropical eucalypt plantations.     

Diseases of eucalypts in the central and northern provinces of Mozambique

In the mid-1970s, Mozambique embarked on several forestry projects to promote and establish large plantation areas with eucalypt trees. The planted species included Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. saligna and E. tereticornis. Similar to other regions of the world, pests and pathogens pose a significant threat to eucalypt plantations in Mozambique, but little is known regarding the diseases of trees in the country. The aim of this study was to provide the first detailed consideration of the possible disease problems affecting plantation- grown eucalypt species in the central and northern provinces of Mozambique. Isolates of fungal pathogens were obtained from material displaying disease symptoms collected during two field surveys conducted in 2010 and 2011. Representative fungal isolates were identified using DNA sequence data. Stem canker diseases caused by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae, Cryphonectriaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae, as well as leaf spots caused by species of Calonectria, Pilidiella, Pilidium and Phakopsora myrtacearum were commonly encountered. Their relative importance to the future of planation forestry in Mozambique is discussed.     

Effects of altitudinal gradient on species composition of naturally regenerated trees in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix kaempferi</Emphasis> plantations in central Japan

Species composition and community structure of naturally regenerated trees in Larix kaempferi plantations and natural forests were compared in relation to altitudinal gradient. Fifty-nine L. kaempferi plantations and 26 natural forest stands including old-growth and secondary forests were selected from 1300 to 2000 m a.s.l. in Mt Kushigata of central Japan. Vegetation plots (10 × 10 m) were established in each stand (85 plots in total). Species composition differed significantly between forest types, particularly on high altitude plots. Some species were significantly biased to natural forests, while no species were biased to plantations. Although some species that responded significantly to altitude were common to both forest types (e.g., Acer ukurunduese, Castanea crenata, and Fraxinus lanuginose f. serrata), some differed between forest types (e.g., Fagus japonica, Prunus maximowiczii, and P. nipponica). Thus, plantation management altered species responses to altitude. Altitude should be considered when planning and carrying out forest ecological restoration in plantations, because species composition of naturally regenerated trees has already been changed by past plantation management. In particular, attention should be paid to ecological restoration at high altitude.     

海南西部桉树人工林生长特征及其对气候环境的响应

在海南西部儋州林场选取空间相邻、自然条件相似、不同林龄序列的桉树人工林作为研究样地,通过定点系统监测,分析不同林龄桉树人工林生长变化特征及其对气候环境的响应。结果表明:1)桉树人工林胸径4—7月增长较快,7—10月增长最快,其它月份明显减缓。2)1—3a桉树人工林平均单株材积和单位面积材积年内增加幅度逐渐增加,3a达到最大值,4a较大,5a增长明显减缓。3)林龄显著地影响单株桉树生长,其中3a影响最大;土壤水分、降水极显著影响桉树生长,而气温对单株生长量影响不显著。4)土壤水分随林龄增加而减少,较低土壤水分对桉树人工林生长产生干旱胁迫作用,致使桉树单株材积增加减少,尤其是5a桉树人工林材积增加量减少最为明显。